the language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between vietnamese and english ( viewed from language, cultural and social perspective

POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT ---0O0--- GIÁP THỊ BÍCH HẠNH THE LANGUAGE MIXING PHENOMENA IN VERBAL COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH VIEWED FROM LANGUAGE, CULTURAL AND S

POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT -0O0 -

GIÁP THỊ BÍCH HẠNH

THE LANGUAGE MIXING PHENOMENA IN VERBAL

COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS BETWEEN

VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH

(VIEWED FROM LANGUAGE, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PERPECTIVES)

HIỆN TƯỢNG PHA TRỘN NGÔN NGỮ TRONG QUÁ TRÌNH GIAO TIẾP BẰNG LỜI GIỮA TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH

(NHÌN TỪ GÓC ĐỘ NGÔN NGỮ, VĂN HÓA VÀ XÃ HỘI)

PROGRAM I

MA MINOR THESIS

Major: Linguistics Code: 60 22 15

Hanoi, 2009

POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT -0O0 -

GIÁP THỊ BÍCH HẠNH

THE LANGUAGE MIXING PHENOMENA IN VERBAL

COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS BETWEEN

VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH

(VIEWED FROM LANGUAGE, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PERPECTIVES)

HIỆN TƯỢNG PHA TRỘN NGÔN NGỮ TRONG QUÁ TRÌNH GIAO TIẾP BẰNG LỜI GIỮA TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH

(NHÌN TỪ GÓC ĐỘ NGÔN NGỮ, VĂN HÓA VÀ XÃ HỘI)

PROGRAM I

MA MINOR THESIS

Major: Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Văn Độ

Hanoi, 2009

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART A – INTRODUCTION 1

I Rationale 1

II Aims of the study 3

III Scope of the study 3

IV Methodology 3

V Design of the study 4

PART B – DEVELOPMENT 5

CHAPTER I: THEORITICAL BACKGOUND 5

I.1 Comparison of languages and cultures 5

I.2 Borrowing (language) and pidgin 6

I.2.1 What is borrowing? 6

I.2.2 What is pidgin? 7

I.3 Relationship between language, culture and society 7

CHAPTER II: BASIC FEATURES OF THE VIETNAMESE AND 10

ENGLISH MIXING PHENOMENA 10

II.1 Morphological features 10

II.1.1 Fully English forms 11

II.1.2 Half English-half Vietnamese 13

II.2 Phonological features 14

I.2.1 Fully English pronunciation 14

II.2.1 Half English – half Vietnamese pronunciation 15

II.3 Grammatical features 16

II.3.1 Function as nouns 16

II.3.2 Function as verbs 17

II.3.3 Function as adjectives 17

CHAPTER III: DISCUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR SOLUTION 18

III.1 Origin of Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena 18

III.2 Impacts of Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena 19

III.2.1 Positive impacts 19

III.2.2 Negative impacts 20

III.3 Ages and different views on Vietnamese -English mixing phenomena 21

III.3.1 Ages and frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing 22

III.3.2 Ages and different views on Vietnamese - English mixing phenomena 25

III.4 Suggestions for solution 28

PART C: CONCLUSION 31

I Summary of the findings 31

II Suggestions for further study 32

BIBLIOGRAPHY 34 APPENDIX A I

TABLES AND CHARTS

Table 1 – Frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people under 35 22 Chart 1 – Distribution of frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people under 35

23 Table 2 – Frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people under from 35 to 50 23 Chart 2 – Distribution of frequency of using Vietnames-English mixing by people from 35 to

50 23 Table 3 – Frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people above 50 24 Chart 3 – Distribution of frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people above 35

24 Table 4 - Ages and English qualification 25 Chart 4 – Ages and different views on Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena 26

PART A – INTRODUCTION

I Rationale

As from implementation of renovation, then joining in WTO, Vietnam has much more chance

of communicating with and learning people from other countries, however, we have been facing many challenges One of the challenges is how to preserve the traditional culture from negative effects of other cultures during the process of integration The communication and use of language in communication is a cultural feature of the whole culture More and more foreigners come Vietnam for different purposes such as business, tourism, working, etc Therefore, the use of foreign language in communication, especially the international language

as English, is indispensable

Wherever you go, wherever you are, you can hear English words used by many Vietnamese

people, especially the young ones at work, at home, on street such as ok, bye bye, stress, email, fan, chat, game, tuổi teen, sale off, shop, shopping, etc or sentences like:

“- Thằng cha đó trông giống gay lắm, chẳng thấy manly chút nào

- Cần gì manly Biết gallant và nhiều money là OK rồi!”

Not only at speaking, such sentences are also presented in written, especially in emails

Instead of saying “Kính gửi/chào bà H/ông D”, they write “Dear/Hi Ms H/Mr D” and the

content of the email is written in Vietnamese, but at the end of the email under their full name

is their titles at work in English like: HR Manager, PR Manager, Sales Executive, … and the good bye like Best regards, Pls contact, …or the content of the email only need “FYI” (For

your information)

Thanks to the integration process, Vietnamese people have been accessed to diversified products with competitive and reasonable prices More and more producers produce the same product, so the competitiveness is fierce They always change the labels, packages and advertise noisily on mass media I do not want to discuss about the quality of the products here, I just want to discuss about the language used for the names, slogans, labels and on the packages of many products in Vietnam current market are English, even many products are

made in Vietnam and its producers are Vietnamese such as Vinatext mart, Vinatexco, Fivimart, hapro, Lavi, Diana 4teen, safeguard, lifebuoy, kotex xì-tin, saigontourist, FPT Telecom, khaisilk, vietravel, vinamilk, etc

For example, the advertisements for soft drink:

- “Trà barley không độ - Thức uống không thể thiếu cho mọi bữa ăn” (Marketing &

Family Magazine issued on March 2008, pp.9)

- “Number 1 Juicie – căng tràn sự tươi mát” (Marketing & Family Magazine issued on

The use of Vietnamese in mix with English like this becomes more and more popular in our society, and it is not only used by ordinary people but also used on mass media There are many different ideas and discussions around these phenomena Anyway, it keeps spreading and has both positive and negative impacts on our mother tongue, culture and, to some extent, our society Whatever the reasons are, and whatever we should do to preserve the purity of our mother tongue and maintain our cultural and national values This is the main reason why I

have chosen the title “The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives)” for my Thesis It is expected to be an interesting and helpful material for those who care for the

purity of the mother tongue and national cultural values while using a foreign language like English

II Aims of the study

The study is mainly aimed at:

- Pointing out the spread of the language mixing phenomena between English and Vietnamese in verbal communicative process and the impacts of the phenomena on the culture and society;

- Characterizing these phenomena;

- Suggesting ways to improve the situation in Vietnam

III Scope of the study

Within the framework of a MA Minor Thesis, I will focus on the Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena in the following fields:

- Science and technology;

V Design of the study

The study is divided into three main parts:

PART A: INTRODUCTION

This part includes the rationale for choosing the topic, the aims, the scope, the methodology and the design of the study

PART B: DEVELOPMENT

This part contains the main content of the study and is divided into three chapters:

Chapter I: Theoretical background

I.1 Comparison of languages and cultures

I.2 Borrowing (language) and pidgin

I.3 Relationship between language, culture and society

Chapter II: Basic features of Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena

II.1 Morphological features

II.2 Phonological features

II.3 Grammatical features

Chapter III: Discussions and suggestions for solution

III.1 Origin of Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena

III.2 Impacts of Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena

III.3 Ages and different views on Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena

III.4 Suggestions for solutions

PART C: CONCLUSION

This part recapitulates the main findings of the study and draws out the significance of the study and gives out some suggestions for further study

PART B – DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORITICAL BACKGOUND

I.1 Comparison of languages and cultures

Language mixing phenomena seem to be indispensable during the globalization process in Vietnam in particular and other countries in general Today, many Vietnamese people, especially the young ones and the ones who have been studying English as their focus, who are working for foreign and joint venture businesses, have tendency to use the Vietnamese in mix with English The systematic comparison of English language and English culture will help us to recognize the nature of the phenomena, then improve the situations

According to Robert Lado (1960:1), many linguistic distortions heard among bilinguals correspond to describable differences in the languages involved He also found that individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings, and the distribution of forms and meanings of their native language and culture to the foreign language and culture – both productively when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture, and receptively when at attempting to grasp and understand the language and the culture as practiced by natives

Robert Lado (1960) found some points in learning a foreign language:

In learning the sound system of a foreign language, the sounds that are physically

similar to those of the native language, that structure similarly to them, and that are similarly distributed “Learning” of such phonemes occurs by simple transfer without difficulty On the other hand, the sounds that are not part of the sound system of the native language, that structure differently, or that are differently distributed Learning

of these occurs more slowly, and difficulty with them is more persistent

In learning a foreign grammatical structure, it is observed that the grammatical

structure of the native language tends to be transferred to the foreign language Learner tends to transfer the sentence forms, modification devices, the number, gender, and case patterns of his native language

To understand the nature of language mixing phenomena, it is also necessary to compare two cultures Robert Lado (1960:111) also confirmed that we cannot hope to compare two cultures unless we have more accurate understanding of each of the two cultures being compared We must be able to eliminate the things we claim to do but actually don‟t do We must be able to describe the things we do without being conscious of doing them, and we must make sure we are able to describe practices accurately, not haphazardly or ideally And we must be able to describe the situations in which we do what we do

We can assume that when the individual of culture A trying to learn culture B observes a form

in culture B in a particular distribution spot, he grasps the same complex of meaning as in his own culture And when he in turn engages in a unit of behavior in culture B he chooses the form which he would choose in his own culture to achieve that complex meaning (Robert Lado, 1960:114)

It is obvious that by comparing the two culture systems, we can predict what the trouble spots will be as the native culture habits are transferred

o Same form, different meaning: we will expect trouble when the same form has different classification or meaning in the two cultures

o Same meaning, different forms: We can expect another kind of trouble spot when the same meaning in two cultures is associated with different forms The alien observer seeking to act in the culture being learned will select his own form to achieve the meaning, and he may miss altogether the fact that a different form is required

I.2 Borrowing (language) and pidgin

To have a comprehensive view on the language mixing phenomena, it is necessary to

distinguish the borrowing and pidgin

I.2.1 What is borrowing?

A borrowing or loan word is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_word) In other word, borrowing is

word derived from another language

The ones who use loan words may loan information or loan meaning Words borrowed into different languages are sometimes spelled as in the original language (such as many of the loanwords above) Sometimes loanwords retain original (or near-original) pronunciation, but undergo a spelling change to represent the orthography of the adopting language In fact, most languages modify loanwords to fit native pronunciation patterns

I.2.2 What is pidgin?

A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or

more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade Pidgins are not the native language of any speech community, but are instead learned as second languages

languages.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin )

The creation of a pidgin usually requires:

 Prolonged, regular contact between the different language communities

 A need to communicate between them

 An absence of (or absence of widespread proficiency in) a widespread, accessible interlanguage

So, the English words are used by Vietnamese people at present are borrowing or pidgin? Chapter II will give the answer with further discussion

I.3 Relationship between language, culture and society

Language, culture and society have a close and interactive relationship Language is the verbal expression of culture A culture's language contains everything its speakers can think about and every way they have of thinking about things According to Kramsch (2003:3), language

is the principle means whereby we conduct our social lives When it is used in contexts of communication, it is bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways

Simply, as Alleen Pace Nilsen writes, "Language and society are as intertwined as a chicken and an egg The language that a culture uses is telltale evidence of the values and beliefs of

that culture."

According to Nguyen Van Do (2004:71), language, culture and society are inseparable with the nuclear of people as they cannot exist without people The diagram shows somewhat this relationship It is unable to consider this factor without considering the others Language and culture are always together, affect the development of one another and also the development

of society, in which people always play the main role

According to Kramsch (2003), language expresses, embodies and symbolizes cultural reality

Language expresses cultural reality: the word people utter express facts, ideas or events that

are communicable Words also reflect their author's attitudes and beliefs, their point of view, that are also those of others

Language embodies cultural reality: members of a community or a social group do not only

express experiences; they also create experience through language They give meaning to it through the medium they choose to communicate with one another, for example, speaking on the telephone or face-to-face, writing a letter or sending an email message, reading the newspaper or interpreting a graph or chart The way in which people use the spoken, written,

or visual medium itself creates meanings that are understandable to the group they belong to,

People Language

for example, though a speaker's tone of voice, accent, conversational style, gestures and facial expressions

Language symbolizes cultural reality: language is a system of signs that is seen as having

itself a cultural value Speakers identify themselves and others through their use of language; they view their language as a symbol of their social identity The prohibition of its use is often perceived by its speakers as a rejection of their social group and their culture

In short, language, culture and society have a close relationship The social development, the cross-culture are synonymous with the development and the change of language All of us who wish to improve social relation across cultures and groups of people must be concerned with the effects on others of the way they talk and write

CHAPTER II: BASIC FEATURES OF THE VIETNAMESE AND

ENGLISH MIXING PHENOMENA

Vietnam has been integrated into the world for more than 20 years, therefore the exchange of trade and culture is indispensable requirement No need to say much, we all recognize our society has been significantly changed in the context of globalization The prominent change

is shown in the growth of infrastructure and living utilities Visiting any Vietnamese house, we also see “the air” of the East-West civilization through the modern equipments like Television, fridge, air conditioner, gas oven, washing machine, multi rice cooker,…The offices, departments, agents all are equipped with modern machines like fax machine, photocopy machine, internet, mobile,…It is as a matter of course

Beside the above mentioned changes, our language has been affected and changed to some extent Many new words appear, foreign languages are used widely by Vietnamese people at work and life, especially English which is considered as an international language of integration process

Frequent use of English should be encouraged, however, the issue is discussed here is the use

of Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena by many Vietnamese people at current Vietnam society in which the people do not speak the whole Vietnamese sentences but they

only mix some English word in their communication For examples, “Sorry mày nha tối qua papa với mama cắt cơm, money hết sạch, chứ không thì tao đi overnight với tụi bay rồi Từ giờ tới chiều có chương trình gì thì “phôn” cho tao một tiếng See you!”

The Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena are presented through the following basic features:

II.1 Morphological features

To analyze the morphological features of the language mixing phenomena, it is necessary to know what morphology is According to Mark Aronoff and Krinsten Fudeman (2004:1-2),

morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure and how they are formed

Morphology plays a vital role in our understanding of the nature of language This is because words are at the hub of language – and hence linguistics (Francis Katams (2003:1))

Meanwhile using English in mix with Vietnamese, the Vietnamese people sometimes borrow the fully English words, but they sometimes change the form of the English words and

“create” a “new English” – half English and haft Vietnamese

II.1.1 Fully English forms

Fully English means the English words used in their full form by many Vietnamese people It

seems most of Vietnamese people no longer feel strange to the English words like sale off 10%, Jeans shop, spa, salon auto, hotel, seafood restaurant, coffee, etc…shown at the

advertising board, restaurant and shop signs, which are easy to see on the streets, especially in big cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City Many English words are used in their full form without any change

It does not exaggerate that coming into the offices, first and foremost Joint venture companies, the businesses working with foreign partners or multiculture working environment, we seems

to be in another world or like a fish out of water

At the monthly meeting of a Cosmetics Distributing company, manager of Business

Department reminded her staffs that “Chúng ta cần thêm feedback của người tiêu dùng để order sản phẩm Nếu cần ta phải làm survey để có hiệu quả…”

Or discussing about the difficulties in the ground clearing, a staff said “Với project này, em nghĩ cần phải có cuộc face to face talk với người dân để…”

- Chú cho anh cái “contact” của nó để anh tiện giải quyết công việc!

(Conversations among IT staffs at their office)

These phenomena are also used widely on mass media like Television, Newspapers, Magazines,…It becomes popular in Vietnam and many Vietnamese people now can understand and pronounce well the English words used regularly by MC, journalist,

broadcasters like hat trick, fair play, World Cup, live show, Miss world, Miss Universe,

V-League, …

Just skipping some newspapers, it is not difficult to see sentences like:

- “Giải bóng chuyền bãi biển quốc tế tour châu Á năm nay đã cho chúng ta nhiều bài

học” (Duc Truong, “Ket thuc giai bong chuyen bai bien nu quoc te 2009- Nhieu

chuyen vui buon” Sport & Culture Newspaper No.18 (29/4-7/5/2009), pp.13)

- “Khán giả Việt giờ đây có thể xem tức khắc những bộ phim tranh giải Oscar trước cả khán giả Mỹ, có thể down load những ca khúc hoặc album đang trên top ten của Billboard, có thể đọc những cuốn sách best-seller qua bản dịch nóng hổi, …” (Pham

Thi Thu Thuy, „The gioi lam gi tren san khau” Sport & Culture Newspaper No.18 (29/4-7/5/2009), pp.49)

Even at the title of the article, our journalists also use the English words such as:

- “Iran cáo buộc báo chí quốc tế kích động "hooligan" biểu tình” (Nhat Vi

gradually understandable and used widely in Vietnam For example, software, email, file, folder, blog/blogger, online, offline, laptop, website, password, wireless, phone,…

II.1.2 Half English-half Vietnamese

Many English words used in mix with Vietnamese are not kept with their full forms, but changed into a new form (half English and half Vietnamese) to create meaningful phrases or sentences We can hear and see the following words and phrases everywhere in Vietnam from

the street to the office and even on mass media: cửa hàng photocopy/fotocopy, máy fax, gara ô

tô, bye nhé, câu lạc bộ Dance Sport, gala cười, chơi game, dân gay, fan hâm mộ, chat với sao, đường link, đồ second hand, vốn ODA, tuổi teen, chạy sô (show), 4U (for you), 4 teen (for teen), etc

Or sentences like:

- “Con bye bye cô chú đi”

- “Chat với Lâm “kinh kông” trong “Lập trình cho trái tim”

(http://www.vtv.vn/VN/TrangChu/TinTuc, 19 June 2009)

- “Hiện tại Nhà văn hóa thanh niên có khá nhiều môn học năng khiếu như khiêu vũ,

thanh nhạc, người mẫu, MC Bên cạnh đó chương trình teen năng động thời @ với

những buổi dã ngoại kết hợp…” (Hai Duyen, “Gioi tre Sai thanh dua nhau hoc nang khieu” http://vnexpress.net , 19 June 2009)

- Or “Tự đến trường với xe đạp điện, Miss Teen Huyền Trang dí dỏm kể, nhiều bạn trai

trong phòng thi để ý khiến cô thiếu tập trung…” (Dam Vinh-Tra Bang, “Hoa hậu Thùy Dung và Miss Huyền Trang kể về thi tốt nghiệp” http://vnexpress.net/GL/Xa-hoi/Nhip- dieu-tre/2009/06/3BA0FCEE/ , 20 June 2009)

II.2 Phonological features

Phonology is the study of the sound patterns found in human language; it is also the term used

to refer to the kind of knowledge that speakers have about the sound patterns of their particular language Everyone who knows a language knows (unconsciously of course) its phonology Despite the infinitive variatios, which occur when we speak, all speakers of a language agree that certain utterances are the “same” and other are “different” Phonology tells us why this is the case (Ha Cam Tam, pp.1-2)

The study of the phonological features of the Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena is to study the sound of the English pronounced by Vietnamese people Sound of some English words are kept the same but some are changed by the non-native users

I.2.1 Fully English pronunciation

Many Vietnamese people can understand and pronounce well such English words as World Cup /wə:ld kʌp/, Fair play /feə plei/, SEA GAMES / si: geim/, MC/ em'si:/, live show /liv ∫ou/, download/ daun'loud/, top ten/ tɔp ten/, tour/ tuə/, shopping/ '∫ɔpiη/, resort/ ri:'zɔ:t/,, Number 1 /'nʌmbə wʌn/, etc…

For examples,

- “ Cuối tuần này tụi mình đi shopping nhé!”

- “Ông gửi bản hợp đồng vào email cho tôi nhé!” – “Ok! Chiều nay tôi gửi cho ông”

- “Anh có đôi giầy xịn thế? – Đồ secondhand đấy!”

- “Em mặc size M hay S?”

We are not surprised to hear the English song “Happy birthday” sang by Vietnamese people at someone‟s birthday party, even little children can sing this song well:

“Happy birthday to you Happy birthday to you Happy birthday, happy birthday Happy birthday to you”

II.2.1 Half English – half Vietnamese pronunciation

Although all the Vietnamese consonants except one are written the same as in English, their distribution (their occurrence, either at the beginning or at the end in syllables) often differs from English, and their pronunciation differs in subtle but noticeable ways from the pronunciation of their English counterparts Although some combinations of consonants can

be difficult, the fact that a Vietnamese word is always based on only one syllable will help western people to say the word easily In contrary, an English word is often combined by more than one syllable, which makes Vietnamese people face difficulty in pronunciation

Therefore, as using English in mix with Vietnamese, Vietnamese people have tendency to change sound of English and pronoun the word with half English and half Vietnamese For instance,

pronunciation

Pronounced by Vietnamese people

1 Gallant /’gælənt/

Ga lăng

2 Container /kən’teinə/

No English Correct

Or the sentences like:

- “Trong buổi họp khách hàng tới, phải mời đại diện các ban, ngành tới dự vì họ là

những chuyên gia rất pro /pờ rồ/”

- “Cảnh sát Anh và Xcốtlen mới đây cho biết, bất chấp đã có luật chống /hu-li-gân/ (hooligan) và các đạo luật tăng cường cho luật này của quốc hội hai nước, nhưng nạn /hu-li-gân/ Anh vẫn tiếp tục tăng” (Minh Hạnh, “8 triệu đô la vẫn không trị được /hu-

li-gân/ Anh, http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/vn/28/4098/)

- “"/Vi-lic/"(V-League) đã lên chuyên nghiệp từ nhiều năm, sân bóng có đủ các màu da

và quốc tịch nhưng vẫn nghiệp dư…”(Nguyễn Bỉnh Quân, “Từ bóng đá tới bóng đá”,

http://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Tu-da-bong-toi-bong-da/20077/43284.laodong)

II.3 Grammatical features

The English words are mixed in Vietnamese sentences with various functions, they may function as nouns, verbs, adjectives

II.3.1 Function as nouns

- “Theo anh chương trình này đang có quá nhiều problem, các chú phải tìm cách xử lý

khẩn cấp tất cả các error của nó trước khi nó die”

- “Các anh xem thế nào chứ, budget năm nay của bọn em cứ bị xén liên tục thế này thì

mấy cái program của em run thế nào được.”

- “Hai tay golf nữ xuất sắc nhất sẽ được tham gia vòng trung kết Golf Her World khu

vực châu Á 2009” (P.V, “Giải Golf Her World Việt Nam 2009 khởi động”, Sport & Culture Newspaper, No.18, issued on 29 April-7 May 2009, pp.4)

- “Theo dự báo của trưởng đại diện WB tại Thái Lan, …IMF dự báo tăng trưởng kinh tế

của Thái Lan năm 2009 đạt 4,5% ” (Vu Le, “Triển vọng kinh tế Thế giới 2009” Banking Times No.31, issued on 23 February 2009, pp.9)

II.3.2 Function as verbs

- “Ba tuần nữa em finish dự án sẽ cùng với các anh xử lý cái case đó”

- “Chị nghĩ là với problem này, chúng ta nên discuss lại Các bạn mà không sure là các

bạn không thể handle được!” (Manager of Marketing Department of Even Organizing

Company discussed with her staffs)

- “Anh có thể arrange cho em một appointment với director bên đó được không, em cần collect một số thông tin về mấy cái project này”

- “Nếu ngày mai đi shopping thì phone cho tôi một tiếng nhé!”

- “Bà make up một tí đi Tôi ra khỏi nhà mà không make up cứ thấy không tự tin thế

nào ấy”

II.3.3 Function as adjectives

- “Một phong cách cực kỳ kool (cool) qua các mẫu thời trang phá cách, qua các mái tóc cực kỳ hiphop…”(“Dân teens với Yomost, ngày hội thử thách”)

- “Cậu may mắn quá đấy, có người yêu vừa handsome, vừa ga-lăng”

- “Cô ta lúc nào cũng ăn mặc rất mốt (mode)”