Buổi 05: GERUND INFINITIVE & TO-INFINITIVE A.Gerund (Danh-động-từ) 1) Gerund là hình thức “Verb + ing” được dùng tương tự như danh từ. Gerund có thể làm các chức năng trong câu như sau: A. Chủ từ (Subject) - Swimming is good for our health. B. Túc từ (Object) - My brother practises speaking English every day. C. Sau giới từ (After prepositions: in, on, at, of, with, without, by, about, to, before, after, from… ) - She left the party without saying goodbye to anyone. 2) VERBS + GERUND: một số động từ thông dụng được theo sau bằng Gerund: - admit: thừa nhận - avoid: tránh - delay: trì hoãn - deny: phủ nhận - detest: ghét - dislike: không thích - consider: suy xét - enjoy: thích, khoái - feel like: cảm thấy thích - finish: hoàn thành - (not) mind: không ngại - give up: từ bỏ - imagine: tưởng tượng - involve: dính líu - keep (on): tiếp tục - miss: bỏ lỡ - postpone: hoãn lại - practise: luyện tập - put off: hoãn lại - risk: đánh liều - spend (time): dùng thì giờ - suggest: đề nghị - waste (time): phí thì giờ - can’t stand: không chịu nổi - Susie considered looking for another job. - Some wanted to go by train. The others suggested going by bus. 3) Những động từ sau đây có thể theo sau bằng Gerund hoặc To-infinitive mà ý nghĩa không thay đổi: start, begin, continue, intend, like, love, hate. - Miss Ha started teaching/ to teach in this school ten years ago. - He continued working/ to work even though it was very late. 4) Một vài cách nói thông dụng thường theo sau bằng Gerund: - be/ get used to: quen với - be accuctomed to: quen với - be excited about: phấn khích về - be capable of: có khả năng - be responsible for: chịu trách nhiệm về - be interested in: thích thú quan tâm - be tired of: mệt, chán - look forward to: trông chờ - be bored with: chán - to insist on: cứ khăng khăng - be fed up with: chán - to succeed in: thành công về - It’s no use/ good doing some thing: Không ích gì… - There’s no point in doing something: Không cần thiết… - It’s (not) worth doing something: Không đáng để làm… - It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do. 5) Chúng ta sử dụng GO + VERB + ING đối với một số sinh hoạt thường ngày, đặc biệt sử dụng nhiều trong lĩnh vực thể thao. - go shopping: đi mua sắm - go swimming: đi bơi 1 - go sightseeing: đi tham quan - go fishing: đi câu cá - go climbing: leo trèo - go sailing: du ngoạn bằng đường thủy - go skiing: trượt tuyết - go riding: cưỡi ngựa - How often do you go swimming? - I have to go shopping this morning. 6) After possessive adjective: dùng sau tính từ sở hữu - Please forgive my coming late. - His driving carelessly often causes accidents. B. Động từ nguyên thể không có “to” < infinitive without to / bare infinitive > 1) Sau trợ động từ ‘ do / don’t / does / doesn’t / did / didn’t , và các động từ khiếm khuyết (Modal verbs) như : can, could, may, might, will, shall, should, would, must, dare, ought to, would rather/ had better, have to… ) - You may go now. / - They must finish the work by now. 2) Câu đề nghị -câu mệnh lệnh: Let’s + Vo / Vo + O + please - Let’s go to the cinema. / - Open the window, please! 3) Câu truyền khiến chủ động: S + have + somebody + Vo - She have her sister look after the child. / - He had a painter paint the gate. 4) Sau động từ tri giác ( perceptive verbs ) như: hear, watch, see, smell, taste, feel, notice, observe,… - We heard them sing all morning. / - He saw the thief enter the hall. 5) S + make/ let + O + Vo - They let him enter the room without a ticket. / - My parents make me go to bed early. C. Động từ nguyên thể có “to” <to infinitive> 1) Verbs + To–infinitive: “To–infinitive” được dùng sau một số động từ thông dụng: afford: có đủ tiền agree: đồng ý appear: xuất hiện arrange: sắp xếp attempt: cố gắng ask: hỏi, yêu cầu choose: chọn decide: quyết định demand: đòi hỏi determine: quyết tâm expect: mong đợi fail: thất bại happen: xảy ra hesitate: do dự hope: hy vọng learn: học manage: xoay xở offer: tự nguyện plan: dự định pretend: giả vờ promise: hứa refuse: từ chối resolve: quyết tâm seem: dường như threaten: đe đọa want: muốn would like: muốn - They promised to come back soon. - He can’t afford to take a taxi. 2) Verbs + Object + To–infinitive: “To–infinitive” cũng được dùng sau một số động từ với cấu trúc ‘động từ + túc từ + To–infinitive’: advise: khyên allow: cho phép ask: yêu cầu enable: tạo điều kiện encourage: khuyến khích forbid: cấm force: bắt buộc invite: mời order: ra lệnh permit: cho phép persuade: thuyết phục remind: nhắc nhở request: yêu cầu tell: bảo 2 urge: thúc giục want: muốn warn: cảnh báo would like: muốn Ex: They don’t allow us to smoke in the office. Ex: He persuaded his parents to lend him the money. 3) S + be + adj + to V (adj: glad, happy, ready, kind, nice, anxious, polite, good…) Ex: I’m happy to make friend with you. 4) Verbs + how / what / when / where / which / why / + To–infinitive Ex: He couldn’t think what to say. Ex: He taught me how to play the game. 5) To–infinitive for purpose: “To–infinitive” cũng dùng để chỉ mục đích Ex: He went to the station to meet her. Ex: They borrowed the money from the bank in order to buy a car. 6) Trong các cấu trúc: a) S + be/ V + too + adj/adv (for O)+ to V (quá … không thể ) - She is too tired to go for a walk. b) S + be/ V + adj/adv + enough + to V (đủ… để) - He isn’t rich enough to travel everywhere by taxi. c) It + be + adj + to V - It is nescessary to to wear a helmet while riding a motobike. d) It + take + O + thời gian + to V. ( Ai đó mất bao lâu làm gì ) - It takes me 15 minutes to go to school. *** VERBS + Gerund or To-infinitive: Những động từ sau đây có thể theo sau bằng Gerund hoặc To-infinitive, nhưng ý ngĩa khác nhau: A. Stop + Gerund: ngừng việc đang làm - They stop working because it was too late. Stop + To-infinitive: ngừng lại để làm một việc khác - On his way to the office, he stop to buy a newspaper. B. Remember / FORGET + Gerund: nhớ/ QUÊN lại việc đã xảy ra - My grandmother still remembers looking after me when I was a baby. Remember / FORGET+ To-infinitive: nhớ / QUÊN việc cần phải làm - Please, remember to post my letter on your way to work. C. Try + Gerund: thử làm việc gì - “I’ve got a bad headache.” “ Why don’t you try taking an aspirin?” Try + To-infinitive: cố gắng làm việc gì - He try to work very hard to earn more money. D. Mean + Gerund: có nghĩa là - If we catch the early train, it’ll mean getting up at 5:30. Mean + To-infinitive: có ý định làm gì - I’m sorry, but I didn’t mean to hurt you. E. Need + Gerund: (Việc gì) cần phải được làm - The room is too dirty. It needs cleaning. (= It needs to be cleaned…) Need + To-infinitve: (Người nào) cần phải làm việc gì - You need to clean the room. It’s too dirty. (= You have to learn…) F. Regret + Gerund: ân hận vì đã làm gì - She regretted telling him a lie. 3 Regret + To-infinitive: lấy làm tiếc khi nói điều gì - I regret to inform you that your appication has been unsuccessful. Exercises Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: gerund, infinitive or to infinitive 1. Why do you keep on ___________ at me like that? (look) 2. Would you mind ____________ the radio down? (turn) 3. She enjoy ______________ TV so often. (watch) 4. Would you like ____________ to a party? (come) 5. Alice loves _____________ but she hates ____________ up. (cook / wash) 6. I hoped __________ other people with their work. (help) 7. He promised ____________ me soon. (phone) 8. I’ll help you ____________ the pary if you like. (arrange) 9. My uncle let me ___________ his motorcycle while he was on holiday. (borrow) 10. The police observed a man _________ the bank. (enter) 11. Did you hear him _________ out? (go) 12. She noticed him __________ the party without __________ goodbye. (leave / say) 13. It was getting dark and I couldn’t ____________ read. (see) 14. She made believe that she was about ____________ a rich man. (marry) 15. I didn’t have enough time ___________my work yesterday. (finish) 16. It’s important ____________ the meeting on time. (start) 17. Many northerners look forward to ______________ a garden in the spring. (plant) 18. Why do the police want________ to you? (talk) 19. He is too young ____________ this problem. (understand) 20. Mr. Smith is very interested in _______as a teacher because he enjoy ________children. (work / teach) 21. This book was written by the well-known writer. It is worth __________.(read) 22. She apologised for _________my dictionary without ________ for permission and promised never ______ it again. (borrow / ask / do) 23. The doctor advised him to give up _________ (smoke) 24. My cousin is keen on ___________ the English club. (join) 25. One of my favourist sport is ____________ (swim) 26. I’m happy ___________ that you have passed the exams. ( know) Exercise. I. Choose the correct form ( Infinitive with to or without to or gerund). 1. We can (trust) trust him. 2. I am glad (see) to see you. 3. Give up (smoke) smoking. 4. It is difficult (answer) to answer the question. 5. I enjoy (be) being with you. 6. John is fond of (eat) eating ice – cream. 7. We will (be) be famous one day. 8. I am interested in (learn) learning karate. 9. We can not (park) park our car here. 10. Gareth is bath at (give) giving compliments. 11. We managed (arrive) to arrive in time. 12. We asked her (repeat) to repeat her question. 4 13. He insisted on (pay) paying the bill. 14. I used to (get) get up early. 15. I am used to (get) getting up early. 16. I would rather (stay) stay at home. 17. I spent a lot of time (write) writing the essay. 18. Why should they (do) do this? 19. I am looking forward to (hear) hearing from you soon. 20. You had better (take) take the bus. II. Complete the second sentence so that has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and five words, including the word given. 1. My teacher wouldn’t let me leave early. (refused) My teacher refused to let me leave early. 2. Jill sang without stopping for an hour. (continued) Jill continued to sing/ singing for an hour without stopping. 3. Richard thinks he’s going to do well. (expects) Richard expects to do that he ll do’ well. 4. What are your plans for the summer? (intend) What do you intend to do for the summer? 5. Clearing up my room is something I dislike! (hate) I hate clearing up my room. 6. Liz said she’d go to the cinema with me. (agreed) Liz agreed to go to the cinema with me. 7. See you late, I hope. (hope) I hope to see you late. 8. What do you fancy doing this evening? (want) What do you want to do this evening? III. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. 1. The thief forced her to hand over the money. The thief made her hand over the money. 2. We didn’t have enough money to buy the car. We couldn’t afford to buy the car. 3. Tina and Brian are getting married. Tina and Brian have decided to get married. 4. “Let’s go out for some fresh air!” said she. She suggested going out for some fresh air. 5. Jane said:” Remember to come home early, Tim.”. Jane reminded Tim to come home early. 6. What are you thinking of doing? What do you intend to do? 7. I’ll see you in the morning, I expect. I expect to see you in the morning. 8. “ I won’t help!” said Tom. Tom refused to help. 9. They are pulling down the old theatre. The old theatre are being pulled down. 10. The floor needs cleaning. 5 The floor needs to be cleaned. 11. He doesn’t want the other people to see him. He hates being seen by the other people. 12. She’s interested in skiing. She’s fond of skiing. IV. Select the correct answer for each sentence. 1. Whenever we meet, Jack avoided________ at me. A. to look B. looking 2. Most people enjoy _______ to different parts of the world. A. to travel B. traveling 3. Maria needs ______ another job. Her present company is going out of business. A. to find B. finding 4. May I change The TV channel, or do you want _______ more of this programme? A. to watch B. watching 5. Joan is considering ______ her major from American studies to psychology. A. to change B. changing 6. Although Joe slammed on his brakes, he couldn’t avoid _____ the small dog that suddenly darted out in front of his car. A. to hit B. hitting 7. I hope _____ my autobiography before I die. Do you think anyone would read it? A. to write B. writing 8. Joyce thanked us for _____ them to dinner and said that they wanted to have us over for dinner next week. A. to invite B. inviting 9. If you delay _____ your bill, you will only incur more and more interest charges. A. to pay B. paying 10. My lawyer advised me not _____ anything further about the accident. A. to say B. saying 6 . + to V - It is nescessary to to wear a helmet while riding a motobike. d) It + take + O + thời gian + to V. ( Ai đó mất bao lâu làm gì ) - It takes me 15 minutes to go to school. *** VERBS + Gerund. die. Do you think anyone would read it? A. to write B. writing 8. Joyce thanked us for _____ them to dinner and said that they wanted to have us over for dinner next week. A. to invite B. inviting 9 5:30. Mean + To- infinitive: có ý định làm gì - I’m sorry, but I didn’t mean to hurt you. E. Need + Gerund: (Việc gì) cần phải được làm - The room is too dirty. It needs cleaning. (= It needs to be