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This study is considered an approach to investigate the usage ofmetaphor and metonymy and their impacts on the editorials’ headlines. The writer also hopes that this research will be regarded as a reliable material for further researches on the two tropes and their roles, not only in daily communication but also in linguistics. In addition, another aim of the research is to help ESP learners improve their comprehensive understanding of editorial headlines during their studying.
MISNISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS DIPLOMATIC ACADEMY OF VIETNAM ENGLISH FACULTY NGUYEN THI HONG NHUNG METAPHOR AND METONYMY IN EDITORIALS’ HEADLINES SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS Hanoi, May 2013 MISNISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS DIPLOMATIC ACADEMY OF VIETNAM ENGLISH FACULTY NGUYEN THI HONG NHUNG METAPHOR AND METONYMY IN EDITORIALS’ HEADLINES SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS SUPERVISOR: LE THANH MAI, Ph D Hanoi, May 2013 APPROVED BY SUPERVISOR LE THANH MAI, Ph.D Date: May 13, 2013ACCEPTANCE PAGE I hereby state that I: Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung, class TA36C, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung May 13, 2013 DISCLAIMER I hereby declare that this dissertation is my own original work and has not been submitted before to any institution for assessment purposes Further, I have acknowledged all sources used and have cited them in the bibliography section Signature: Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung May 13, 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This graduation paper is finished thanks to the support and the help of many people who gave me valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of the research I would like to dedicate my acknowledgement of gratitude toward the following significant advisors and contributors: First and foremost, I wish to express the deepest gratitude to my research supervisor, Dr Le Thanh Mai, English for Specific Purposes Division, English Faculty, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam, for her valuable advices, enthusiastic encouragement and helpful guidance on this study Her willingness to give me her time so generously has been very much appreciated Without her persistent help, this graduation would not have been possible A special thank should be given to my brother for his endless patience to read my graduation paper, correct mistakes and give suggestions Even though he does not major in Linguistics, he has helped me accomplish my work with his great English skill I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by my friends, especially Ngo Xuan Thuy and Le Phuong Linh, in encouraging me and keeping my progress on schedule Finally, I am indebted to my family and my friends for offering me great support and encouragement throughout my study ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES 10 14 Panther, K & Radden, G (1999) Metonymy in language and thought John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia 15 Panther, K., Thornburg L & Barcelona A (2009) Metonymy and Metaphor in Grammar John Benjamins Publishing Company 16 Pragglejaz Group (2007).”MIP – A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse” Metaphor and symbol, 22(1), 1–39 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc 17 Reah, D (1998) The language of newspapers Routledge 18 Sapir, E (1921) Language – An introduction to the study of speech New York: Harcourt, Brace 19 Stefanowitsch, A & Gries, S (2006) Corpus-Based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 171 Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin-New York - Journals: Anderson, J (2011) Metaphor in writing: A study on metaphor usage in the online sport sections of two British newspapers English Linguistics, School of Language and Literature Ansary, H & Babaii, E () The generic integrity of newspaper editorials: A systemic functional perspective Asian EFL journal BBC World Service (2003), Learning English – The language of the media, news reports, sports commentaries, arts reviews, and more” BBC Corporation Boroditsky, L (2000) Metaphoric structuring: understanding time through spatial metaphors Cognition 75 (2000) 1-28 Standford University Brdar-Szabo, R & Brdar, M.(2003).Referential metonymy across languages: what can cognitive linguistics and contrastive linguistics learn from each other? International Journal of English Studies, vol (2), 2003 85-105 University of Murica Chow, M (2010) A comparative study of the metaphor used in the economic news articles in Britain and Hong Kong Department of English, University of Birmingham 72 Dijk, T (1992) Racism and argumentation: “Race riot” rhetoric in tabloid editorials In F H.van Eemeren (Ed.), illuminated ( 242-259) Dordrecht Argumentation: Foris Dijk, T (1996) Opinions and ideologies in editorials International Symposium of Critical Discourse Analysis, Language, Social Life and Critical Thought, Athens Ferraro, F (2011) Toward Improving the Automated classification of metonymy in text corpora Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester 10 Janda, L (2011) Metonymy in word-formation Cognitive Linguistics 222(2011), 359-392 11 Lakoff, G & Johnson M (1980) Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language The Journal of Philosophy, Volume 77, Issue (Aug., 1980), 453-486 12 Mio, J (1997) Metaphor and Politics Metaphor and Symbol, I2(2), 113133 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, inc 13 Murphy, G (1996) On metaphoric representation Cognition 60 (1996) 173-204 14 Praskova, E (2009) Grammar in Newspaper Headlines Department of English and American Study, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, University of Pardubice 15 Schultz, M (2012) Metaphor and metonymy: A study of figurative language in newspapers School of Language and Literature Linnaeus University 16 Shutova, E & Teufel S (2008) Logical Metonymy: Discovering Classes of Meanings Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge 17 Shutova, E., Sun, L & Korhonen, A Metaphor Indentification using verb and noun clustering Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge 18 Slaski, N (2009) Topic-strigged metaphors in newspaper headlines Profesional Communication and translation studies, (1-2)/2009, 59-66 19 Soler, H (2008) A metaphor corpus in business press headlines Iberica 15 51-70 Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) 20 Stallard, D (?) Two kinds of metonymy Cambridge USA 73 21 Truszcynska, A (2002) Conceptual metonymy – The problem of boundaries in the light of ICMs Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 38, 2002/2003, 221-237 School of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland 22 Velasco, O (2001) Metaphor, metonymy and image-schemas: An analysis of conceptual interaction patters Journal of English Studies – Volume 3, (2001-2) 47-63 23 Warren, B (1999) "Aspects of referential metonymy" Klaus-Uwe Panther and Guenter Radden (eds.), Metonymy in Language and Thought, 121135.Philade-phia: John Benjamins 24 Warren, B (2006) Referential Metonymy Scripta Minora, 2003-4, Royal Society of Letters at Lund, Sweden (2006) 25 Whyte-Earnshaw, C (2010) Structural Metaphor: An Exploration of the Subjective Experience of Psycho-analytic Essence Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology, Ontario Institute for Studies in - Education, University of Toronto Internet sources: Editorials: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial Retrieved on May 10th, 2013 Mauritania: Shortages hit millions The New York Times, April 24, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/world/africa/mauritaniashortages-hit-millions.html?_r=0 Retrieved on May 1, 2013 Obama won third debate, Poll says Huffingtonpost, October 25, 2012 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/25/obama-debatepoll_n_2019172.html Retrieved on May 1, 2013 APPENDIX Appendix 74 Lists of the headlines using metaphor - In the headlines of The Guardian online newspaper Headlines Unthinkable? A silent spring Margaret Thatcher: setting it in stone 04/12/2013 Margaret Thatcher: Corporation blues 04/11/2013 Israel-Palestine: a mountain to climb 04/11/2013 North Korea: Russian roulette with China 04/09/2013 Margaret Thatcher: a ceremony on the sly 04/09/2013 Pakistan: chequered progress 04/07/2013 European Union: time to get aboard 04/02/2013 Energy mis-selling: hot – and very bothered 04/03/2013 10 The Rite of Spring: sounds of the century 04/05/2013 11 Unthinkable? Ban disgraced drivers 04/06/2013 12 George Osborne: paying the price of failure 04/02/2013 13 Political rhetoric ignores immigration facts Planning: our rural romance mustn’t stop us building homes David Miliband: Labour’s lost big beast Germany and Europe: on top, but not in charge Cyprus and the euro: crisis island Budget: cutting the poor adrift makes no economic sense The arts world must make room for more women at the top Press regulation: instead of sensible reform, we now have a sloppy mess Cyprus: deserted island 03/30/2013 03/17/2013 24 Obama in Israel: waiting for Godot The budget: giving, taking - but not growing Red Nose Day and aid: funny money 25 Cameron and alcohol: losing his bottle 03/13/2013 26 Lending: billions down the drain 03/12/2013 27 North Korea: tighten your seatbelt Press regulation: after Leveson, let's put hysteria and mistrust behind us 75 03/12/2013 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 28 Date of publication 04/12/2013 03/31/2013 03/27/2013 03/26/2013 03/24/2013 03/24/2013 03/24/2013 03/23/2013 03/22/2013 03/20/2013 03/15/2013 03/17/2013 - In The New York Times online newspaper: Headlines A Big Budget With Lots of Holes Betting on the Buzzer Beaters 04/08/2013 Census budget cuts show willful ignorance 03/24/2013 Down to the wire 03/27/2013 Eating With Our Eyes Closed 04/10/2013 Good Sense on the Morning-After Pill 04/06/2013 04/11/2013 10 Hope Leaves the Shadows at the Capitol Obama Makes a Giant Leap for Brain Research Platitudes Loom After the Newtown School Carnage The Immigration Spring 11 The Rugged Road for Gun Control 04/12/2013 12 The Sequester Hits the Reservation 03/21/2013 13 Trading in the Dark 04/07/2013 14 When ICE Ran Amok 04/09/2013 15 Who Can Bring the E.U To Its Senses? 03/31/2013 Date of publication 04/02/2013 Appendix 76 04/02/2013 03/30/2013 04/01/2013 Lists of the headlines using metonymy - In The Guardian online newspaper: - Headlines Britain's banks: time for a Leveson Councils under pressure: cut, cut – and cut again 03/27/2013 David Miliband: Labour's lost big beast 03/27/2013 Food Security: enough on our plates? 04/07/2013 Leveson vote: no cause for hyperventilating 03/17/2013 03/17/2013 Obama in Israel: waiting for Godot Press regulation: after Leveson, let's put hysteria and mistrust behind us Secret courts: the Lords must prevent this perversion of true justice Trident renewal: nations with nuclear options 10 Unthinkable? No Falklands war 03/22/2013 11 Yield swerve: Tokyo's answer to the inflation crisis The New York Times online newspaper: 04/04/2013 Date of publication 04/02/2013 Headlines 03/17/2013 03/09/2013 04/04/2013 Date of publication After the ‘London Whale’ 03/21/2013 The White House joins the cash grab 03/12/2013 Hope Leaves the Shadows at the Capitol 04/11/2013 Hunger Strike at Guantánamo 04/06/2013 India’s Novartis Decision 04/05/2013 Keep Guns Out of Criminal Hands 03/23/2013 Malicious Obstruction in the Senate 03/29/2013 One Industry’s Hold on the Senate 04/02/2013 77 I n Progress on Okinawa 04/06/2013 10 Report Card on Health Care Reform 03/24/2013 11 The Sequester Hits the Reservation 03/21/2013 12 Upon Further Review at Rutgers 04/04/2013 13 Walking While Black in New York 03/21/2013 Appendix Lists of the headlines using metaphor regarding politic issues and international affairs and their types - In The Guardian: Headlines Israel-Palestine: a mountain to climb North Korea: Russian roulette with China Pakistan: chequered progress Energy mis-selling: hot – and very bothered Cyprus and the euro: crisis island Budget: cutting the poor adrift makes no economic sense 78 Types Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Press regulation: instead of sensible reform, we now have a sloppy mess Cyprus: deserted island The budget: giving, taking - but not growing Press regulation: after Leveson, let's put hysteria and mistrust behind us North Korea: tighten your seatbelt Obama in Israel: waiting for Godot Political rhetoric ignores immigration facts Germany and Europe: on top, but not in charge David Miliband: Labour's lost big beast European Union: time to get aboard George Osborne: paying the price of failure Lending: billions down the drain Cameron and alcohol: losing his bottle - Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Orientationa l Structural Structural Structural Structural Structural In The New York Times: Headlines 10 11 12 The Rugged Road for Gun Control Hope Leaves the Shadows at the Capitol When ICE Ran Amok A Big Budget With Lots of Holes Who Can Bring the E.U To Its Senses? Platitudes Loom After the Newtown School Carnage Census budget cuts show willful ignorance Arizona’s Barrier to the Right to Vote The Sequester Hits the Reservation Trading in the Dark The Immigration Spring Down to the wire 79 Type Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Ontological Structural Structural Orientational Appendix Lists of the headlines using metonymy regarding political issues and international affairs and their types - In The Guardian Headline Type Britain's banks: time for a Leveson Controller for controlled Food Security: enough on our plates? Trident renewal: nations with nuclear options Yield swerve: Tokyo's answer to the inflation crisis Councils under pressure: cut, cut – and cut again David Miliband: Labour's lost big beast Unthinkable? No Falklands war 80 Controller for controlled The place for the institution Institution for people responsible Institution for people responsible Place for the event Leveson vote: no cause for hyperventilating Press regulation: after Leveson, let's put hysteria and mistrust behind us 10 Secret courts: the Lords must prevent this perversion of true justice - Controller for controlled Controller for controlled Institution for people responsible In The New York Times Headline 10 Type Hope Leaves the Shadows at the Capitol Place for institution The White House joins the cash grab Place for institution Progress on Okinawa Place for the event One Industry’s Hold on the Senate Malicious Obstruction in the Senate Institution for people responsible Institution for people responsible Report Card on Health Care Reform Used for user Keep Guns Out of Criminal Hands The part for the whole The Sequester Hits the Reservation Institution for people responsible After the ‘London Whale’ Controller for controlled Walking While Black in New York The part for the whole 81 ... used in headlines of newspaper editorials? How are the occurrence frequencies of metaphor and metonymy in the editorials? ?? headlines? – Which types of metaphor and metonymy are mostly used in headlines. .. investigating and calculating the occurrence frequency of metaphor and metonymy in editorials? ?? headlines Thirdly, explaining the reasons why they are used and what functions they perform in headlines. .. CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Occurrence frequencies of metaphor and metonymy in the editorial headlines 1.1 Metaphor and metonymy? ??s prevalence in the editorial headlines 41 Following the steps