ic,\ 'ltE T (El, x(. \.\ nudxc rAN CAUTRUC VIET DE TAI, SANG KIEN, GIAI PHAP KHOA HOC .q \TDc vrdr sANc, cr.qr pHAp rHoa Hoc. l. Ouan niem vd s6ne kidn kinh nshiOm Kinh nghi€m Id n6i ddn nhdng vi€c dd lirm, dir c6 kdt qua'r, dd duoc kidm nghiem trong thdc td, kh6ng phii Id nhilng vi6c du dinh ldm hay dang cdn trong suy nghi. Trong [ruc ti6n giSo duc (GD) vi giang day, ngudi GV v6i nhiing tri thr1c, k! ning, k! xio tich lu! duoc vi bing nhfrng hoat ddng cu thd kh6c phuc duoc nhffng kh6 khln md nhfrrrg bicn phdp thong thudng khong girii quydt duoc, gtip phAn ning cao hi€u qui rd ret ffong cong t1c GD vir giring day thi c6 the coi l] SKKN. IL Trinh tu m6t SKKN: 1. Phiin thft nhiit'. Dit v{n d6. Trinh biy lf do dd xul[t SKKN, cdn ncu rO ]not hien tuohg nio d6 trong thuc den hoat dong GD (VD: ndi dung ci, ohua cap nhatl phucrng phdp kh6ng phn hgp; hLnh rhuc tri chLic tlon dicu r Hicn tuorg d6 c6 i nghia vd t6c dung nhu thd nio trong cong tdc GD, c6 miu thuAn gifra thuc trang v) y€u cdu mdi nhu thd nio, ddi h6i phrii gi6i quy6t. 2. Phtin tht? hcti: Ndi dung. a, Co sd khoa hoc (li ludn) dd dd xudr ra SKKN. VD: Thay ddi cdu tnic n6i dung ciia mQt bai, mdt chuong thi co so khoa hoc li dua ffen dac didm qud trinh nhdn thfc ciia HS, cdc nguydn t5c DH b. Niri dune cu thd cfia SKKN: Trinh biy cu thd ndi dung viit vi c(ti gi? N€u nhirng vitc dii ldm, nhiing suy nghl sdu sdc vd <:dc bi€n PhdP c(ii ieh cu thd. c. Hidu qui ciia SKKN: Dd dim bio tinh khoa hoc, chfng minh cho nhfng nhdn diDh cta minh, t6c gi6 viSt SKKN cdn: , - Trinh biy thi rghiem, thuc nghidm d6 tidn hdnh (ndu c6) - CAn ncu rO trong / huc t€'dti tip dung SKKN cl6 ri diu (cho cA nhan, tap thd, dia phudng ) -NEut6 kt? qu.ti cu /ry'khi 6p dung SKKN. Cdn c6 su so sdnh, phdn tich, drlnft gizi SKKN d6. 3. Phdn tl'rit ba: Kdt luAn chung vd tli xudt. Cdn n€u kh6i qudt: - 'l nghla cia SKKN d6 vdi cdng tdc GD, day hoc. - Nhfrrrg nhAn dinh chung vd 6p dung SKKN vir khi nang vAn dung SKKN. - Nhiing f kidn dd xulit dd 6p dung SKKN (vd quan l1;, vd GV-HS, vA cd sd vat chat, thidt bi ). B. E6 TAI NGHION CTU KHOA HOC GIAO DUC (NCKHGD): I. Xdc dinh dd tiii nehiOn citu (NC): Trong NC khoa hoc gi6o duc (KHGD), dd tii c6 thd bit ngu6n ti thuc t6n gi6o duc, til nhiing ltr6ng m6c, kh6 khan ftong GD vir giing day. Niy sinh ti nhiing mau thuan gifia muc dich GD vi phudng tien GD, gifra ndi dung vii phucmg phdp GD, gitn vidc td chrlc GD td phia thdy gido v6i vidc tidp nhAn c6 i thfc va dch cuc cira HS, tt sqr mong mudn tim hidu c6c con dudng nang cao chdt h-tong GD vd day h9". II. Dd cudne mdt dd tad NC KHGD: Dd cudng c6 kdt cdu logic nhrr sau: rud oAu 1. Lj do chon dd' tdi (hay tinh cdp thi4l ciia vd'n di NC) NgLtdi NC cdn tre ldi: tai sao chon dd tii niy? Cau h6i niry duoc tl.a ldi fi€n ccr sd ph6t hi€n c6c mAu thuin, c5c thidu s6t cira lf thuydt hay thuc tien tlcn cd s& nhftlg ydu cliu brlc thidt phAi giii quydr. Nhu vay, NC dd tii nhLr ld mot ycu cCu ctp thi6t c[a thrrc td GD hidn tai. Tinh cdp thidt cira dd tii cing c6 thd lAp luAn bing c6ch xa'Lc dinh tAm quan trong cdc vZin dd tdc gia vira phdt hien. Giii quydt duoc c6c vdn dd niy dem lai loi ich thidt thuc gi vd ngrroc lai ndu vin dd khong drrdc gitii quydt sd dan tdi kh6 khin, bit cAp gi? 2. Muc dich NC Muc dich NC li muc rieu mi dd tdi hrrdng t6i. Muc dich cua cdc dd rii NC KHGD thudrrg ddt ra ld nang cao chit lucrng vd hidu qui cia qud trinh GD vA dilo tao, chdt lrrong td chfc vi quin l! he th6ng GD. 3. Khtich.thd vd ddi tuqng NC 3.1 . Kh(icl1 thd NC Kh6ch rhd NC tdn tai ddc lap vrli f thfc cia chi! thd NC. X5c dinh khdch thd li xdc dinh mdt gidi han bit buoc dd hudng de tdi t6i muc deu, d6 lir d6i tuong NC 3.2. Ddi tttong NC Ddi tucmg NC le ddi tuong truc tidp ciia nhdn thfc, l) cdi phii kha'rm phr4, phii tim hidu bin chdt vI quy luAt van dong ciia n6. Cing mat khdch thd c6 thd c(t nhiiLt d6i ttctng NC VD: Dd tiri NC "Mdt sd biAn phdp hitth thdnh ki ncing liim vitc t'tti stich gido khoa cho HS tt'ttdng THCSTI; N A, huyinTdn Lac, tinh H c.,a Binh". Kh6ch thd NC: Qur4 trinh hoc tAp cita HS trudng THCS Til Ne' huycn Tan Lac, tinh Hoi Blnh. Ddi tuons NC: Mdt so bien phdp hinh thinh ky nang lim vi€c vdi s6ch gi6o khoa cho HS trudng THCS Tt Nc, huyen Tan Lac, tinh Hoi Binh 1. Gid thuyal khoa hoc cie thuydt khoa ho c lit gid dinh vd bitn chlt ddi ludig NC v) 1A Iuan didm chi ddn con drrong di dd kh6m phd ddi trrcmg. Giri thuydt khoa hoc thddng duoc kdt n6i bing cic tii Ne'u thi .!a'' ., hoic cd thd s€ VD: V6i tle tiri trcn c6 thd neu gie thuydt: "Ndu lp dung d6ng b0 c6c bien phdp: Xay dung ky nang tem van dong trong qu6 trinh hoc tap tren l6p; Rbn ki nang doc' ghi ch6p 6 tr€n I6p cho m5i HS, sCg6p phdn hinh thdnh k! ning ldm vi0c v6i srich gi6o khoa cho HS'. 5. Phuong phdp nghiAn citu: 5.1. t'ic phrcng phcip NC lt luatt. 5.2. Ctic plumng pltdp NC thttc ti€.n: Quan sdt su pham, didu tra GD, NC sri'n phdm hoat ddng GD, tdng kdt kinh nghiem GD ddc biet lI PP thuc nghicm su pham. 6. Co sd, pham vi, thdi gian nghiAn crt:u: PHAN NOI DUNG Chuons l: Co sti li luin vh thuc tion cfia v{n ali nghicn crifu' 1.1. So l dc lich sft vdn dd nghiin c(tu. 1.2. Ctt si li ludn c a vd'n ili nghiAn citu: - Girii thich c5c rhuat ngii khoa hoc lidn quan ddn tlti tli, sil dung trong dd tli' - Phali fch rO luan didm NC cua t6c gii' c6c vt'n dd lf luan llm co so cho .ld tdi NC. 1.3. Cd s6 thuc ti6n (thuc trang) cira vdn dd nghi4n citu' - Thuc trang kinh tdxd hdi (neu khdi qurit). - Thgc t4ng cira vt'n dd NC (n€u r'6 ring, ty mi c6 c6c sd lidu chftng minh)' Chrrcn.re 2: C6c bi€n phip (hay giii phip) thdc hi€n - Neu vA phan tich, chfng minh c6c bien phdp da thuc hicn Dua vio giri thuydt khoa hoc tld phdn tich nhan x6t, rrit ra c6c kdt luAn cho tirng vdn dA da dudc nghion ciru. Chudns 3: Thuc nghidm str Pham . 3 - Trinh biy : Muc dich TN, nOi dung TN, qu6 trinh TN, c6c kdt qui, sd lidu di thu thap, do dac dudc. Srl dung cdc bang thdng k€ vi chc bidu d6, dd thi (ndu c6) dd so s6nh kdt qui sau thuc nghi€m v6i tru6c thuc nghidm vi v6i ddi chtmg. St dung phudng ph6p th6ng k€ to6n hoc dd xir li sti li€u. - Neu bat nhilng ph6t hicn, nhfng kdt ludn d6c d6o mdi m6 de rhu thap duoc. KET LUAN CHUNG VA KIEN NGHI - Li phdn co dong nh,it, thd hicn tap trung tit ce c6c kdr qua nghi€n crlu dd dat dudc. NCu l0n nhfrng kdt luin chinh, co ban nhdt, tdng hop c6c kdt quri nghi€n cfu. Neu nhrlng kien nghi dc xuat. PhAn phu luc: c6c phu luc (ndu c6): VD c6c phidu didu tra thirm dd, ciic gi6o 6n mdu, quy trinh td chfc hoat ddng GD Tii li6u tham khrio (xdp thf tu : A, B, C t€n t6c gii theo tdnh tu sau: Ho, ten t6c gie; tCn tAi lieu; mp; tham khao trang; Nhir XB; nan.r XB). sO crAo DUc - DAo rao noA siNH 4 . qudt: - 'l nghla cia SKKN d6 vdi cdng tdc GD, day hoc. - Nhfrrrg nhAn dinh chung vd 6p dung SKKN vir khi nang vAn dung SKKN. - Nhiing f kidn dd xulit dd 6p dung SKKN (vd quan l1;, vd. ra SKKN. VD: Thay ddi cdu tnic n6i dung ciia mQt bai, mdt chuong thi co so khoa hoc li dua ffen dac didm qud trinh nhdn thfc ciia HS, cdc nguydn t5c DH b. Niri dune cu thd cfia SKKN: . t€'dti tip dung SKKN cl6 ri diu (cho cA nhan, tap thd, dia phudng ) -NEut6 kt? qu.ti cu /ry'khi 6p dung SKKN. Cdn c6 su so sdnh, phdn tich, drlnft gizi SKKN d6. 3. Phdn tl'rit