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- 1 - PREFACE 1. The essential of topic About the mode of management operation derived from “bau ganh” (theater family), Cai luong Stage Art was “under” many different management modes: Private Management Mode, Government Management Mode, Flexible Management Mode of management subjects in the period of Art Cultural Operation Socialization. Theater Family Operation of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art in the early years of XX century as well as the Government Management Mode after our Liberation, had achieved some specific success. In our Reform, the Traditional Stage Art form generally, Cai luong Stage Art particularly had to cope with many challenges resulted from the marketing mechanism and the mass international integration. Above all others, the reform of management was more and more important for the development of the Peoples’ Theater Art, especially Cai luong Stage Art. Presently, Cai luong Stage Art as well as the Peoples’ Theater Art are in danger of falling behind, less audience. How to preserve the unique traditional values of the Peoples’ Stage Arts and to improve and prove them in the contemporary life? How to improve art quality of the plays, and to reach the economical objectives in order to improve the living quality for artists today? By surveying, assessing the management modes of each period, we want to study the impact of management modes and their deep effects on the formation and development of the Southern Cai luong Stage Art. As a result of survey, we conducted some experiences, defined the achievements as well as the shortcomings of the management modes to The Southern Cai luong Stage Operation in every development period. Since the dissertation suggests some solutions of the management model in - 2 - order to partly consolidate and develop The Southern Cai luong these days and in the future. 2. History of the studying There were a lot of research and works of Cai luong Stage Art. Some authors mentioned the management, the management mode of Cai luong Stage Art as follows: Memoirs of 50-year theater passion, written by Vuong Hong Sen - 1968 - mentioned the history of Cai luong Stage Art and the team with significant important contributions in the formation and development of Cai luong Stage Art, they were composers, artists, musicians, etc. In which, role of a guarantor who contributed to the formation of Cai luong Stage Art was retold in the memoirs. Vietnam Stage Art, by Tran Van Khai - 1970, taking an overview of progress of the Southern Cai luong Stage Art Formation. Stories of Cai luong, by the People’s Artist Ba Van - 1989. In this memoir, Ba Van mentioned the theater family and the guarantors that he ever knew, worked or collaborated with during his Stage Art Operation time. He affirmed that Cai luong Stage Art after our liberation was the most super stage that determined and honored the artists’ positions, manners in a new society. History of Cai luong Art, by Truong Binh Tong - 1997. Apart from the mention of the origin, development history of Cai luong Stage Art, the work mentioned the formation, typical and style of Cai luong Stage Art, emphasized the role of a guarantor since before 1975 and the achievements of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art under the leading of our Party and Government after our Liberation Day. Vang bong 1 thoi (A famous moment) - 2007, by Huynh Cong Minh, recording the successful moments of the artists, composers, theater - 3 - managers under the camera of a professional journalist on The Southern Cai luong Stage Art from 1955 until now. Cai luong Stage in Ho Chi Minh City, by Nguyen Thi Minh Ngoc - Do Huong - 2007. This book led the readers to the thought of declining trend of Cai luong Stage Art presently. Music and Cai luong stage by Tuan Giang - 1997. As a musical composer, the author went into the details of explaining the formation of the Cai luong Stage Art and Cai luong music of amateurs that associated with the historical periods. At the same time, the author also analyzed, evaluated in terms of the development of this stageart form. The Southern Cai luong Stage, by Do Dung - 2000. In this work, it referred to the role of the guarantors - the private management mode and the role of the headleaders - the government management mode. The matter of Stage in the marketing mechanism, by Ngo Thao - 2000. In this book, the author mentioned generally the art performance operation of Vietnam Stage through the period between 1945 and now. The matters of the theater family, the theater guarantor, the private management mode in the early period of Cai luong combining with the people who contributed to the success in the formation of Cai luong Stage Art were recorded in the memoirs of the senior artists, composers, etc. The dissertation will continuously contribute to the studying of the Southern Stage Art’s formation and development under the impacts of the management modes, and review their interactions to the Art Subjects. 3. Purpose of studying This dissertation is carried out to study the Southern Cai luong Stage Art, study the strong impact of the management modes to the formation and development of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art throughout the different periods. As a result of study, assessment of strong points as well as shortcomings points under this impact, and then it suggests some - 4 - Reform solutions of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art unit’s management mode in order to be suitable for the present real conditions. 4. The Object and studying Cope 4.1. The Object Topic “The Southern Cai luong Stage Art under the impact of management modes” directs to the object of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art and its management modes; their wide effects on the art subjects overseen from the theory and the reality. 4.2. The Cope Space Studying the management modes, the role of the managements in The Southern Cai luong Stage Art in the West-Southern such as Vinh Long, Tien Giang, Bac Lieu, etc. and Saigon, presently Ho Chi Minh City. Time Studying the management modes, the role of the managements of Cai luong Stage Art in Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) and the West-Southern from the beginning and developing until now. Surveying Studying 2 areas including art content and form, and the management of creative workforce, the capital and material foundation, the performance business. 5. Method of studying The Interdisciplinary Approach: Art, culture, history. The Countryside Approach: Interviewing, discussing an idea to collect the information of an object. We will approach to the audience and the managements, directors, actors/ actresses, and leaders of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art units to refer to the professional reviews of the people who have directly worked, contributed to the art. - 5 - 6. Contributions of the dissertation 6.1. Theory By analyzing the historical facts which impacted the existence and development of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art, the dissertation synthesizes and completes the theory system of management mode, completing and reforming the management mode of theaters, the units of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art these days. 6.2. Reality The dissertation reflects the current conditions of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art and gives some feasible solutions to improve the quality and the organizational effects, the management of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art now and in the future. The dissertation’ result will be a document for the government managements, the public and non-public Cai luong Units for reference to acknowledge the management modes in the Stage Operation Socialization period under the guideline of our Party and Government. 7. Structure of the dissertation Apart from the preface (08 pages), Conclusion (03 pages), Portfolio of References (09 pages), the dissertation’s content is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1: Theory and History of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art (37 pages). Chapter 2: The impact of Management Modes in the progressive of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art (63 pages). Chapter 3: Solutions of Management Mode Reform of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art in the new age (33 pages). - 6 - Chapter 1 THEORY AND HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN CAI LUONG STAGE ART 1.1. The concepts and relevant technical words 1.1.1. The Southern Cai luong Stage Art 1.1.1.1. Cai luong Stage Art Cai luong Stage Art is a form of the Peoples’ theater stage. This form, including many different art forms, such as poetry, stage art (including directors, actors/ actresses), music, fine art, dancing, and other facts such as sound, voice, lightning, etc. 1.1.1.2. The Southern Cai luong Stage Art The Southern Cai luong Stage Art (including the Eastern and the West-Southern provinces) is a part of Vietnam Cai luong Stage Art. 1.1.2. The concept of Management Modes 1.1.2.1. Management Mode Management Mode is the organizational and control mode and the method of operations in order to make sure the continuous and effective operation of a system, an organization. 1.1.2.2. The Government Management Mode The Government Management Mode is based on the collective- owned relationship of production materials and workforce. A direct operation of production - trading activity in an economic unit under the government’s general management and in law. It aims to make the production and trading develop, assure and expand the capital, with the more and more interest and expanding reproduction cope, to increase the workforce’s income. 1.1.2.3. The Private Management Mode * Theater Company - 7 - Theater company (stage) is a social organization of the artists of Land Puppet, Water Puppet, Comedians resulting from the contribution of many members or it is founded by a wealthy and powerful person in a village. * Theater Family The free competition made most of the wealthy people who liked Cai luong theater art found the group. The first managements were called the group guarantors. * The Private Management Mode The Private Management is the organizational and control mode and method of the operation of an individual as specific requirements under the Government’s general management. 1.1.2.4. The Art and Cultural Operation Socialization * Concept of Socialization The Socialization of the social activity is the process of operation, arrangement in order that the social subjects (individuals, groups, organizations, communities, social organizations) can join consciously in the social activities based on the awareness of their roles and positions in every social activity, and then make the social activity suitable for the society’s development. * The Art and Cultural Operation Socialization The Art and Cultural Operation Socialization, in fact is the socialization of organizational and operational power of the art & cultural production’s operation and arrangement in the trend of various management subjects, in order to draw the crowd of the social forces, the collectives and the individuals that stand for caring the cultural activity, the organization and operation of the process of production under the law of the government. 1.1.2.5. Management Mode - 8 - Management Mode is the description of the management mode’s main features in order to study the management mode. 1.1.3. Regional Culture The Natural and Social condition is one of the reason which speeds up development of the culture. The geographic, humanity, social background impacts, etc. are the facts which impulse the formation and development of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art. 1.2. Cai luong Stage Art in the natural and social environment in the Southern. 1.2.1. The Natural Environment The process of formation and development of Cai luong Stage Art in the Southern goes with the features of natural environment here. In the earlier, the theater groups traveled by marine in the boats and did their performances on an empty land, etc. 1.2.2. The Social Environment The culture of migrates in the new land was the collection of cultural memory and the communication in the social environment. The communication and various transforms of the culture between Vietnamese culture and the west, which was the direct exchange between Vietnamese and French cultures, occurred in the Southern rather fast and widely. It was that its self-structured process, eliminating the unsuitable values in the new environment, and the development or the creation of new values helped people exist and develop in the water-river plain, along with the minorities with different cultural features, Cai luong Stage Art came up then. 1.3. Progressive of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art The forming progressive of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art was in the current of the Peoples’ theater Stage. - 9 - 1.3.1. The premises of Folk Culture in the formation of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art 1.3.1.1. The Southern Classical Theater In Vietnam Peoples’ tradition theater Art, the classical Theater is the Peoples’ typical Stage Art. 1.3.1.2. The Folk performance forms In the process of working and production and in the daily life, the Southern farmers took an inspiration to create the various forms of the Folk Performance in order to exchange their feelings, decrease their tensions, difficulties. 1.3.1.3. The Royal Music, Ritual Music Apart from the classical theater, the Royal Music composed by confucians, musicians from Hue moved into the Southern. Some compositions were used to offer sacrifices to the Spirits, in the funerals, called the ritual music. 1.3.1.4. The Amatuer Performance In the early XX century, the amateur performance derived from Hue was publicized strongly. The Southern Amatuer performance was a form which was formed in the late XIX century, and the early XX century in the Southern. Because of their Root memory, the rhythm, the voice of the amateur performance contained the sorrow and they were the people’s favourites. 1.3.1.5. The Acting Singing The first form of the Acting Singing was from Vinh Long, founded by Professor Pho Muoi Hai, as known as Tong Huu Dinh. And then it was developed by Mr. Nguyen Tong Trieu and successful in My Tho. It can be said that it was the premise of a new form of the Peoples’ Stage Art - Cai luong Stage Art. 1.3.2. The appearance of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art - 10 - After the night of 16 th November 1918, firstly the guarantor Andrea Than and then the guarantor Nam Tu who introduced Cai luong onto the Stage. In 1922, it was the typical year in which the piece “Trang Tu thu vo” (Trang Tu tried getting married) and the piece “Kim Van Kieu” performed in My Tho Theater, next in Cho Lon Theater and then in Morden Saigon. 1.3.3. Typical of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art Typical of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art was singing. The singing or playing the musical instruments in Cai luong Art remained the acting. To reach the harmony of acting and singing, the style and the performance of the piece had to be unified, containing the true feelings, attracting the audiences into the details of the piece. 1.3.4. Production of Goods is a dynamic of the appearance of Cai luong Stage Art “The basic typical of the small goods production was that the direct producer concurrently the production material owner (belonging to their ownership or renting), the combination of their labour and the production material in order to produce goods for sale”. Since the fact of Cai luong Art showed that the money-owned people made the theater groups in order to sell a special product - the pieces. The guarantors of Cai luong theater groups came up from a landowner, capitalist, private businessman, etc. Sub-conclusion The formation of Cai Luong Stage Art in the late XIX century and the early XX century was an obvious event because it was from the inside of the Peoples and the people’s bringing up. The goods marketing economy in the late XIX century and the early XX century in the Southern, with the impact of the value regulation through the competition of supply - demand, the consumption of the money, etc. From the management, operation of the guarantors with a production and trading target of [...]... voice (Quang) and some short songs, The new orchestra used the Piano or the Organ The new orchestra had 2 functions which played for a foundation of the new music and of the performance The old orchestra was still the soul of the performance * The content and form The styles of Chinese performance, social, historical, swordsman, hometown memorial performance, etc were still used by the guarantors in... independently and privately and employed by the guarantors The Information and Culture industry only manage the piece’s content and operation orientation Some - 17 - non-public units are operated and controlled directly by the managements of the Information and Culture Service but the investment and the entering are still controlled by the private management - Management of the performance business... with an author, “buying of the actresses, bribing the actors” was one of the actions that the guarantor đi in order to expand the theater group’s reputation and to affirm his theater management - Management of capital and material foundation - 13 - The guarantors themselves bought the boats to transport the background screens, special tools and personnel in the group for their performance Some guarantors... director and the artist whose names went with the theater group and the performance piece - Management of capital and material foundation The public Cai luong units were granted with subsidy and the material foundation The non-public Cai luong units (collectives)’s capital was self-granted and they gathered the workforce, asked for license from Service of Information & Culture for their performance business... has been strengthened and completed continuously in topic, style, content and art form Cai luong Stage Art was formed and developed based on its active creation, it showed and found out the new of the Southern people The economic, political, cultural, social changes made changes in the management; the private management in the competitive marketing economy, and the guarantors’ management was the premise... Mode - Management of the creative force The Stage socialization is an opening door in order that the creative force can make for their living with their job Since the cancelation of working license, the artists, actors/ actresses perform completely freely So the stages are in the passive of artists and the performance piece’s quality is affected very much - Management of the capital and material Management... about the impact of management practices on the development of The Southern Cai luong Stage Art throughout periods Each management mode has an impact on the content and form of art, which makes a change and bring corresponding quality of art 4 Socialization of stage operation has created momentum to encourage the role of managers in the Renewal and Integration era After more than a decade socialization,... yet made significant achievements due to the specific nature this form as well as its forces who are not dynamic and do not keep up with trend changes of the times It remains difficulties, challenges awaiting to be solved by contemporary managers, artists 5 In the market mechanisms in Vietnam now, artistic units should be dynamic, flexible in their management mode for integration and development, The... country into an economic-social crisis, the inflation was serious and it made the people life difficult 2.2.1.2 The Southern Cai luong Stage Art in 1975 - 1986 * The composition and orchestra Many Folk song rhythm with the improved rhythm of the musicians presented on Vietnam Radio Station The authors quickly put the improved Folk rhythm into the Vietnamese classical theater and the performance - 15 -... Cai luong units - Management of the performance business operation To meet the entertainment requirements of the audience, Cai luong Stage not only has many changes of content and art form but also changes of the business form - 20 - 3.1.2.3 The success and the shortcomings of the public and nonpublic model * Public model Some active units receiving the socialization guideline planned to develop the . The first managements were called the group guarantors. * The Private Management Mode The Private Management is the organizational and control mode and method of the operation of an individual. The communication and various transforms of the culture between Vietnamese culture and the west, which was the direct exchange between Vietnamese and French cultures, occurred in the Southern rather fast and. assure and expand the capital, with the more and more interest and expanding reproduction cope, to increase the workforce’s income. 1.1.2.3. The Private Management Mode * Theater Company - 7