Vegetable Production and Marketing in Africa Socio-economic Research This page intentionally left blank Vegetable Production and Marketing in Africa Socio-economic Research Edited by Dagmar Mithöfer World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya and Hermann Waibel Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce Nosworthy Way Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 E-mail: cabi@cabi.org Website: www.cabi.org CABI North American Offi ce 875 Massachusetts Avenue 7th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: cabi-nao@cabi.org © CAB International 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vegetable production and marketing in Africa : socio-economic research/ edited by Dagmar Mithöfer, Hermann Waibel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-649-5 (alk. paper) 1. Vegetable trade–Africa. 2. Vegetables–Africa–Marketing. 3. Agriculture– Economic aspects–Africa. I. Mithöfer, Dagmar. II. Waibel, Hermann, 1951- III. Title. HD9220.A352V44 2011 338.1’75096–dc22 2011003308 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 649 5 Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert Production editors: Tracy Head and Simon Hill Typeset by AMA DataSet, Preston, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by Antony Rowe. Contents Contributors vii Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiii External Reviewers xv 1 An Overview 1 H. Waibel and D. Mithöfer 2 Theoretical Concepts for Socio-economic Research of Vegetables in Africa 9 H. Waibel 3 Framework for Economic Impact Assessment of Production Standards and Empirical Evidence 25 D. Mithöfer 4 The Impact of Food Safety Standards on Rural Household Welfare 45 S. Asfaw 5 The Impact of Compliance with GlobalGAP Standards on Small and Large Kenyan Export Vegetable-producing Farms 67 K. Mausch and D. Mithöfer 6 Food Production Standards and Farm Worker Welfare in Kenya 85 C. Ehlert, D. Mithöfer andH. Waibel 7 Group Culture and Smallholder Participation in Value Chains: French Beans in Kenya 97 J. Paalhaar and K. Jansen 8 Export Vegetable Supply Chains and Rural Households in Senegal 111 M. Maertens, L. Colen and J. Swinnen v vi Contents 9 Comparative Assessment of the Marketing Structure and Price Behaviour of Three Staple Vegetables in Lusaka, Zambia 127 D. Tschirley, M. Hichaambwa and M. Mwiinga 10 Value Chains and Regional Trade in East Africa: the Case of Vegetables in Kenya and Tanzania 149 T. König, J. Blatt, K. Brakel, K. Kloss, T. Nilges and F. Woellert 11 Supply Chains for Indigenous Vegetables in Urban and Peri-urban Areas of Uganda and Kenya: a Gendered Perspective 169 K. Weinberger, M. Pasquini, P. Kasambula and M. Abukutsa-Onyango 12 Private Voluntary Standards, Co-investment and Inclusive Business 183 E. Blackmore and J. MacGregor 13 An Approach to Strengthening Vegetable Value Chains in East Africa: Potential for Spillovers 195 J.M. Lenné and A.F. Ward 14 Challenges for Economic Impact Assessment of Classical Biological Control in Kenya and Tanzania 209 A. Asfaw, D. Mithöfer, B. Löhr and H. Waibel 15 Indirect and External Costs of Pesticide Use in the Vegetable Sub-sector in Kenya 227 I. Macharia, D. Mithöfer and H. Waibel 16 Integrated Pest Management Training and Information Flow among Smallholder Horticulture Farmers in Kenya 243 N. Bekele, D. Mithöfer, D. Amudavi and G. Obare Index 263 Contributors Mary O. Abukutsa-Onyango, Associate Professor of Horticulture, Maseno University, Kisumu-Busia Road, Maseno, PO Box 333, 40105-Maseno, Kenya. Present address: Professor of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Thika Road, Juja PO Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. mabukutsa@yahoo.com David Amudavi, Consultant, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, and Lecturer, Egerton University, Department of Agricul- tural Education and Extension, PO Box 536-20155, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya. damudavi@africa- online.co.ke Anna Asfaw, Research Assistant, Leibniz University of Hannover, Faculty of Economics and Management, Königsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany. Present address: Economic Adviser, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Postfach 5180, 65726 Eschborn, Germany. anna.asfaw@gmx.de Solomon Asfaw, Research Associate, Leibniz University of Hannover, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Königsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany. Present address: Economist, Agricultural and Development Economics Division, Food and Agricul- ture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Solomon.Asfaw@fao.org Nigat Bekele, Postgraduate Research Fellow, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, and PhD Candidate, Egerton Univer- sity, Department of Agricultural Economics and Business Management, PO Box 536-20155, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya. nbekele@icipe.org Emma Blackmore, Researcher, International Institute for Environment and Development, 3 Endsleigh Street, London, UK. emma.blackmore@iied.org Jantje Blatt, Landscape Ecologist, Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development (SLE), Humboldt-University, Hessische Str. 1–2, 10115 Berlin, Germany. www.berlinerseminar.de. sabine.doerr@agrar.hu-berlin.de Kristian Brakel, MA in Islamic Studies and Education, Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development (SLE), Humboldt-University, Hessische Str. 1–2, 10115 Berlin, Germany. www. berlinerseminar.de.sabine.doerr@agrar.hu-berlin.de Liesbeth Colen, Junior Researcher and PhD Student, Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance (LICOS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. Liesbeth.Colen@econ. kuleuven.be vii viii Contributors Christoph Ehlert, Research Assistant, Leibniz University of Hannover, Faculty of Economics and Management, Königsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany. Present address: Research Associate, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung e.V., Hohen- zollernstraße 1–3, 45128 Essen, Germany. christoph.ehlert@rwi-essen.de Munguzwe Hichaambwa, Research Associate, Food Security Research Project, Lusaka, Zam- bia. munguzwe.hichaambwa@iconnect.zm Kees Jansen, University Lecturer, Technology and Agrarian Development Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. kees.jansen@wur.nl Phyllis G. Kasambula, Senior Technician, National Agricultural Research Organization Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute Horticulture Research Programme, PO Box 7065, Kampala, Uganda. Present position: Agronomist, National Agricultural Research Organiza- tion National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) Horticulture Research Pro- gramme – Namulonge, PO Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda. mirembegaliwango6@gmail.com Kristina Kloss, Business Administration, Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development (SLE), Humboldt University, Hessische Str. 1–2, 10115 Berlin, Germany. www.berlinersemi- nar.de.sabine.doerr@agrar.hu-berlin.de Thomas König, Agricultural Economist, Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development (SLE), Humboldt University, Hessische Str. 1–2, 10115 Berlin, Germany. (www.berlinersemi- nar.de). Present position: Senior Adviser for Sustainable Development/Agricultural Econo- mist, Offi ce of the Mountain-River-Lake Development Committee of Jiangxi Province (MRLDO), North One Road, 14, Provincial Governmental Complex, Nanchang City, 330046 China. thomas.koenig@cimonline.de Jillian M. Lenné, Consultant, North Oldmoss Croft, Fyvie, Turriff, Aberdeenshire AB53 8NA, UK. jillian.lenne@btopenworld.com Bernhard Löhr, Coordinator, Development of biocontrol-based IPM for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. in Eastern and Southern Africa, International Centre for Research on Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Present address: Consultant, zum Breitbusch 7, 76855 Annweiler, Germany. blohr55@gmail.com James MacGregor, Senior Researcher, International Institute for Environment and Develop- ment, 3 Endsleigh Street, London, UK. Present address: Regional EcoNomics™ Director, Europe & Africa WorleyParsons, Parkview, Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex, UK. James.MacGregor@WorleyParsons.com Ibrahim Macharia, Research Associate, Leibniz University of Hannover, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Königsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany. mach4ibra@ yahoo.com Miet Maertens, Professor, Division of Agricultural and Food Economics, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. Miet.Maertens@ees. kuleuven.be Kai Mausch, Research Assistant, Agriculture and Development Economics, Faculty of Eco- nomics and Management, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany. Present Address: Associate Professional Offi cer (Economics), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi. K.Mausch@cgiar.org Dagmar Mithöfer, Scientist/ Economist, International Centre for Research on Insect Physiol- ogy and Ecology (icipe), PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Present address: Senior Mar- keting Specialist/Economist, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), PO Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. d.mithoefer@cgiar.org. Mukwiti N. Mwiinga, Lecturer and Researcher, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia. mwiingam@gmail.com or mwiingam@msu.edu Thorsten Nilges, Political Scientist, Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development (SLE), Humboldt-University, Hessische Str. 1–2, 10115 Berlin, Germany. www.berlinersemi- nar.de.sabine.doerr@agrar.hu-berlin.de Contributors ix Gideon Obare, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Business Management, Egerton University, PO Box 536-20155, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya, and Visiting Professor, Food Security Centre, University of Hohenheim, Wollgrasweg 43, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany. obarega@egerton.ac.ke Janneke Paalhaar, Research Assistant, International Development Studies, Department of Technology and Agrarian Development, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. Present address: Adviser Eelerwoude, Goor, the Netherlands. jannekepaalhaar@hotmail.com Margaret W. Pasquini, Research Offi cer, CAZS Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, Wales, UK. Present address: Assistant Professor, Centro Interdis- ciplinario de Estudios sobre Desarrollo, Universidad de los Andes, Calle 18 a No. 0–03 este, Bogotá, Colombia. mpasquin@uniandes.edu.co Jo Swinnen, Professor and Director, Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance (LICOS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. Jo.Swinnen@econ.kuleuven.be David Tschirley, Professor, International Development, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. tschirle@ msu.edu Hermann Waibel, Professor, Institute of Development and Agricultural Economics Faculty of Economics and Management, Leibniz University of Hannover, Königsworther Platz 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany. waibel@ifgb.uni-hannover.de Andrew F. Ward, Senior Adviser, DFID Research into Use Programme, PO Box 9200, Umoja House, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Present address: PO Box 50050, 15101 Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia. dr_a_f_ward@hotmail.com Katinka Weinberger, Global Theme Leader Marketing, The World Vegetable Center (AVRDC), PO Box 42, 74199 Shanhua, Taiwan. Present Address: Director, Centre for Alleviation of Pov- erty through Secondary Crops’ Development in Asia and the Pacifi c (UN-CAPSA), Jalan Merdeka 145, 16111 Bogor, Indonesia. k.weinberger@uncapsa.org Franziska Woellert, Human Geographer, Centre for Advanced Training in Rural Development (SLE), Humboldt-University, Hessische Str. 1–2, 10115 Berlin, Germany. www.berlinersemi- nar.de.sabine.doerr@agrar.hu-berlin.de This page intentionally left blank [...]... developing countries, vegetable production has increased steadily over the past four decades (Weinberger and Lumpkin, 2005) This production increase is a response to the growing demand for vegetables caused by growing populations and rising incomes, since vegetable demand is income elastic The increasing volumes of international trade of both fresh and processed vegetables (Aksoy and Beghin, 2005) are part... have become important vegetable exporting countries; if North Africa is included, the continent has become the main external supplier of vegetables to the EU (Weinberger © CAB International 2011 Vegetable Production and Marketing in Africa: Socio-economic Research (eds D Mithöfer and H Waibel ) 1 2 H Waibel and D Mithöfer and Lumpkin, 2005) This development emphasizes that vegetable production must receive... The demand for fresh and processed vegetables is increasing worldwide, putting pressure on domestic and international markets Vegetables are high in vitamins and essential micronutrients that are otherwise lacking in the diets of many poor rural and urban consumers Vegetables can be sustainable and affordable sources of these micronutrients Vegetable production provides high returns to both land and labour,... chains of indigenous vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of Uganda and Kenya The authors find that indigenous vegetables support a large number of small businesses along the supply chain in urban and peri-urban areas The authors describe the actors involved and provide an overview on the value and size of the market for indigenous vegetables in both capital cities, as well as in a smaller city in. .. of vegetable producers’ decisions and behaviour, and for the design of effective and efficient incentive conditions for the promotion of sustainable vegetable supply chains Many of the socio-economic studies on vegetables available to date contain comprehensive and detailed information, but such studies are data driven and are not always © CAB International 2011 Vegetable Production and Marketing in Africa: ... America, in sub-Saharan Africa vegetable production is still lagging behind (Weinberger and Lumpkin, 2007) However, vegetable exports from subSaharan Africa have increased tremendously over the past two decades Some sub-Saharan African countries, such as Kenya for French beans, Côte d’Ivoire for green onions (Weinberger and Lumpkin, 2007) and Senegal for French beans and tomatoes (Maertens and Swinnen,... crop in many African countries, its production- to -marketing system faces many challenges At the production level, access to high-quality inputs and information on pest management is essential Consumer concerns for food safety and the adherence to good agricultural practices increasingly drive changes in vegetable production- to -marketing systems Perishability poses particular challenges to marketing and. .. 2005) are part of this development Nevertheless, in spite of impressive growth rates in production in some parts of the world, supply has been falling behind domestic demand in some countries leading to an increase in the real price of vegetables While the growth in vegetable production has concentrated on Asia and Latin America, in sub-Saharan Africa the vegetable revolution’ has not fully ‘exploded’... growing urban and peri-urban populations will depend on traditional supply chains mainly characterized by spot-market trading and open wet markets Therefore, understanding vegetable marketing and supply chains in domestic and regional markets is key to promoting efficient market An Overview structures for rural poverty alleviation and feeding growing cities Next to market linkages, pest and disease control... (Aksoy and Beghin, 2005) Developing countries have become the main exporters of fresh and processed vegetables Although developing countries have expanded vegetable production continuously during the recent past, this growth shows large regional disparities While the growth in vegetable production in terms of production volumes as well as per capita consumption has concentrated on Asia and Latin America,