The relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments – Theory and reality in Vietnam

INTRODUCTION 1. The urgency of research Since exchange rate is one of basic tools to help governments operate their macroeconomies and especially to guarantee the balance of external economy, exchange rate and mechanism operating exchange rate policies until now have been sensitive and decisive issues to every country. Exports’competitiveness, trade balance and international payments, national reserves, changes of manufacturing framework and trust in the national currency, the goverrnment and future, etc, are inextricably linked and dependent on exchange rate. In the high-speed inflationary economy, Vietnam has implemented raising the value of national currency to curb inflation. As a result, the value of real exchange rate USD/VND (RER) and real effective exchange rate (REER) in recent years have decreased, partly restricting exports and promoting imports, which in turn leads to the deficit of trade balance. In addition, signs of Vietnam’s unstable economy and impacts from the global financial crisis have lessened investment flows towards Vietnam and reduced foreign exchange reserves which can be lower to the international standard. This fact leads Vietnam’s economy to the new context in which the scarcity of foreign exchange and the pressure from exchange rate became worrying problems while the gap between rates in the free market has widened. Exchange rate is not only a result of the imbalance between supply and demand of foreign currencies. Has the recent deficit of trade balance resulted from many reasons one of which is exchange rate and pressure from changes of exchange rate attributed to the deficit of current balance account and the decrease in capital balance account? With hope of clarifying the foundation and reality to complete the orientation and solutions to improve the positive relationship between exchange rate and the Vietnamese balance of payments, especially when Vietnam has become an official member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and integrated into the global economy, the author chooses the thesis topic “The relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments – Theory and reality in Vietnam” to analyse and research. In addition, this thesis evaluates the influence of exchange rate USD/VND on the balance of payments and vice versa, the impacts of partial balances on the pressure of exchange rate. From all analysis and assessment, the project figures out achievements and limitations to propose a few solutions in order to improve the positive relation in the future. 2. Domestic and international research situations 2.1 Domestic research overview The relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments is content in the field of international finance. In Vietnam, the textbook International Finance (2010) published by Statistics Publishing House written by Pr. Nguyen Van Tien researches on exchange rate considered as a influential factor in the competitiveness of import-export prices through nominal and real exchange rate measures. In addition, it provides useful information on theories to approach echange rates, monetary, financial and exchange rate policies in the open economy in order to sustain the internal and external balance of payments. Theoretical information from the textbook is obviously beneficial and valuable for the author to use as theoretical factual foundations for further research on the reality of the causal relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments in Vietnam. 1 Research on “The real exchange rate and its impacts on trade balance” written by Pr. Nguyen Van Tien has proved the relation between the real exchange rate and trade balance known as an important part of current balance account and the balance of payments. According to research, nations devaluating the national currency (i.e. the real bilateral or effective exchange rate larger than 1) will stimulate exports and restrict imports, thus increasing the rate of export and import. In the context of Vietnamese economy, the viewpoint still remains true. As a result, exchange rate USD/VND in the period from 1999 to 2002 influenced the trade balance of Vietnam. Besides, the theisis of PhD.Nguyen Thi Thu on “Exchange rate: Policies and Impacts on foreign trade” applied methods of qualitative and general analysis to discover exchange rate’ impacts on export and import, and on trade balance in 1991-2000. The conclusion is that direct influences from adjusting exchange rate on the trade balance and current balance account are modest and slow. However, exchange rate adjustment also has indirectly positive effects on export/import in Vietnam at that time. Research on “Analysis of influences from the fluctuation in exchange rate (USD, EUR) on Vietnam’s export in the global integration” (2008) written by Associate Professor Nguyen Thi Quy approaches experiments, survey, investigation and quantification of the foreign currency fluctuation’s impacts on export and also proves certain impacts of exchange rate USD and EUR to VND on export. On the other hand, the thesis concludes that exchange rate played one of contributors to changes in export. These results are in accordance with other domestic economists’ views that the improvement in the Vietnamese trade balance means more attention to operate policies of exchange rate and foreign exchange (Nguyen Thi Mui 2009, Le Xuan Nghia 2009, Nguyen Minh Phong 2009). Research on “Using ECM model in evaluation of the real exchange rate’ imfluences on export in Vietnam” written by Nguyen Chien Thang 2003. By using Error Correction Model (ECM), he investigates impacts of the real bilateral exchange rate USD/VND on Vietnam’s export in the period 1986-2000 and results show that long-term elasticity coefficients for Vietnam’s export is 1.13 while that of Lord’s research in Vietnam’s leather shoes export is 1.97 and of Nguyen Van Cong (2002) is 1.33. Research on exchange rate’s impacts on the trade balance written by Nguyen Van Cong is based on Marshall Lerner condition to examine the real exchange rate’s impacts on the amount of exports and imports in the short and long term. The result is Marshall Lerner is not satisfactory when the sum of export and import elasticity coefficients is smaller than 1 (1.33 + (-1.28) = 0.05<1), recent research of Nguyen Van Tien and Dinh Thi Thanh Long (Banking Academy-2009) on analyzing and calculating the elasticity of export and import demand for exchange rate is based on examining 3 levels of exchange rate on the elasticity of import and export. The result is with official exchange rate and its levels of ask/bid rates, the Marshall Lerner condition is not satisfactory but with ask/bid rates of commercial banks and income variable, it is. 2.2 International research overview There are some particular research works on examination of the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments. Research on International Monetary and Financial Economics written by Joseph P.Danields and David D. VanHoose (2005) clarifies the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments according to elasticity theory, expenditure theory, monetary theory and investment portfolio theory. Research on Multinational Business Finance of David K.Eiteman 2001 provides an overview of exchange rate’ influential factors, then examining impacts of the balance and payments on exchange rate. Two research works are 2 beneficially theoretical factual foundations for the author to continue doing research the reality of this relation in Vietnam. Research of Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee and Gour Goswami 2003 “A Disaggregated Approach to Test the J-Curve Phenomenon: Japan versus Her Major Trading Partners” based on method of quantitative examination reveals the role of Japanese Yen exchange rate in export growth and the improvement in trade balance in Japan in 1973-1998. Devaluation of Japanese Yen in the long term improves trade balance of Canada, England and America. In China, Alicia Garcia – Herrero and Tuuli Koivu 2009 with “China’s exchange rate policy and Asean Trade” use statistics when China became one of members in WTO (2000) and quantitative results are the increase in the real exchange rate of CNY increases 5% will lessen 7% export turnover and 4% import turnover of China because its demand of imports depends on exports. In addition, this research proves that the increase in CNY exchange rate will put negative effects on exports of other Asian countries. Research of Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee and Artatrana Ratha 2008; Zehra Aftab, Sajawal Khan 2008; Duasa Jarita 2010, etc, also illustrate the basic relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments through investigating exchange rate’s impacts on the trade balance in America, Pakistan, Malaysia, etc. 3. Research objectives In order to clarify general theories and analyse the reality of the causal relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments in Vietnam, the thesis proposes the orientation and solutions to improve the positive relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments in Vietnam in the future. By doing this, a suitable exchange rate policy which is offered will improve the balance of payments, especially the balance of payments and trade balance so that exchange rate in the foreign exchange market will stablize in the long term. 4. Research tasks The thesis focuses on the following main contents: - Clarify theoreticall issues on the balance of payments, exchange rate, exchange rate policies and the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments, especially the two- way influence between exchange rate and trade balance. More importantly, the thesis examines theories of devaluation conditions in order to improve trade balance through theories of elasticity, J effect and modern approaching theories of the balance of payments such as monetary theory and investment portfolio theory. - Study experiences of conducting exchange rate policies in order to improve the balance of payments in some particular countries. - Research the reality of the balance of payments through analyzing partial balances and simultaneously study developments and policies of foreign exchange rate in Vietnam from 1999 to 2009. - Focus on the depth of bilateral impacts between the real bilateral and real effective exchange rate and the balance of payments in Vietnam through analyzing specifically the causal relation between exchange rate and partial balances of the balance of payments, and forming quantitative models to measure these relations in Vietnam. Based on international experiences and the reality of Vietnamese economy, exchange rate policies and the balance of payments, the thesis also figures out lessons for Vietnam, then offering 3 solutions to improve the positive relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments. 5. Subjects and scope of research 5.1 Research Subjects The thesis’s subjects are exchange rate, balance of payments and their relationship. 5.2 Scope of research The thesis focuses on the following issues: - First, the thesis examines overall theories on the relationbetween exchange rate and the balance of payments. - Second, the thesis investigates the reality of the balance of payments, policies of exchange rate and the relation between exchange rate USD/VND and the balance of payments in Vietnam during the period from 1999 to 2009. Since trade balance is a significant part of the balance of payments, the thesis centers deeply on the causal relation between real exchange rate and trade balance. - The thesis also analyses experiences of managing rate policies in some particular nations such as China, Korea and the United States in order to improve the balance of payments. 5. Research methodology Research methods used in the thesis include: - Methods of Marxism dialectial and historical materialism based on applying the Government and Party’s views and policies upon the economic development and integration stated at the 9 th and 10 th Party Congress. - Methods of material research and statistics to assess the reality, method of description- generalization, inductive and deductive methods, methods of analysis, comparison and contrast, combined with systematic theory and logical reasoning to propose solutions to relevant issues in the thesis. - Methods of Engle-Granger Causality Test model and error correction model (ECM) to verify the causal relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments in Vietnam from 1999 to 2009. - The thesis also makes use of results of other relevant scientific research projects according to inheriting principles in order to prove and illustrate theoretical points in the thesis. 6. Research Structure Besides introduction, conclusion and reference, the thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1: An overview of the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments. Chapter 2: The reality of the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments in Vietnam. Chapter 3: Solutions to improve the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments in Vietnam in the future. 7. New contributions of the thesis The thesis “The relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments – The theory and reality in Vietnam” contributes the following new points: 4 - Continue clarifying theoretical issues on exchange rate, policies of exchange rate and providing criteria to analyse the balance of payments, especially study the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments; - Study experiences of operating exchange rate policy in order to improve the balance of payments of China, Korea and America and draw out 4 lessons related to the reality of Vietnam’s economy; - Provide an overview of exchange rate movements, policies of exchange rate in the period 1999-2009. - Analyse the reality of the balance of payments in Vietnam can conclude that the pressure from the deficit of overall balance stems from the deficit of trade balance in current account. This situation will last in the long term as long as the manufacturing capacity and the competitiveness of Vietnam’s goods and services are enhanced. - Through studying the causal relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments, the thesis shows that there is a bilateral relation between the real exchange rate and trade balance with a certain lags. The sum of export and import elasticity coefficients larger than 1 permits Vietnam to think about domestic currency devaluation in the future in order to improve trade balance with all necessary conditions. - In order to provide specific solutions to improve the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments, the author bases on evidence to predict the trend of the changes of exchange rate of VND and other currencies to USD. The results are in the future the nominal exchange rate of VND is likely to decrease compared to USD and Vietnam still has to encounter inflation issues. Based on internal analysis of Vietnam’s economy, the Vietnamese balance of payments is foreseen to be under the pressure of the deficit in trade balance. - The thesis also forms a system of orientation and solutions to improve this relation. Proposed solutions are based on two main groups: (i) The group of completing policies of exchange rate based on benefits to international trade. In the short term, the thesis proposes scenarios for inflation, the development of Vietnam and America to adjust exchange rate to support export and improve trade balance. (ii) The group of improving the balance of payments in order to contribute to the stabilization of exchange rate, increase the efficiency of operationg exchange rate based on two main solutions, including a solution to improve current balance account and another to improve capital balance account. The root to improve the balance of payments is to increase economic competitiveness, good manufacturing capacity, replace imports, improve investment environment, conduct tough fiscal policy in the current context and accept lower economic growth. - In addition, the thesis provides conditional petitions to carry out solutions. Then, the long- term stabilization of low inflation and improve environment for economic competitions will be key answers to better the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments in Vietnam. 5 CONTENT Chapter 1 An overview of the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments 1.1 Exchange rate and exchange rate policies 1.1.1 Exchange rate and methods of determining exchange rate The thesis examines exchange rate under the aspect of macroeconomic variables and their effects the competitiveness of international trade. Exchange rate depends on many macroeconomic variables including two main variables such as inflation (the Purchasing Power) and interest. Basically, The law of Purchasing Power Parity explains the long-term changes of exchange rate (The theory of the Interest Rate Parity) and explains the short-term fluctuations of exchange rate. 1.1.2 Policies of exchange rate - Definition of exchange rate policies - Aims of exchage rate policies - System of exchange rate - Tools of operating exchange rate 1.2 Basic issues on the balance of payments 1.2.1 Definition The balance of payments is a generally statistical report, presenting systematically values of all economic transactions between residents and non-residents during a specific period which is often one year (Nguyen Van Tien 2010, Page 223). 1.2.2 The constitution of the balance of payments The balance of payments includes 4 basic parts: Current balance account, Capital balance account, Overall balance, Official Financing Balance. 1.2.3 The balance of payments and macroeconomic frame in the open market The current balance account reflects the difference between savings and investment. It also descibes the difference between national income and domestic expenditure; Current balance account and Capital balance account; and Overall balance and the amount of supplying money in circulation. 1.2.4 Analysis of the balance of payments Phân tích cán cân thanh toán quốc tế 1.2.4.1 Current account 1.2.4.2 Capital and financial account 1.2.4.3 Overall balance (changes in official reserves) 1.3 The relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments 1.3.1 Exchange rate’ effects on the balance of payments - Theory of elasticity: The main content of this theory is to analyse two factors which have direct impacts on current balance account in the context of devaluation. Through analyzing export and import elasticity coefficients in comparison with relative prices (exchange rate). The Marshall- Lerner condition shows the successful devaluation of national currencies (the improvement in trade balance) means the sum of export and import elasticity coefficients higher than 1. - Theory of Absorption approach: This theory proves that the devaluation can improve trade balance while savings from income increase more than the rise in expenditure. - Theory of Monetary approach: In the system of fixed exchange rate, the increase in domestic credit supply will lead to the deficit of the balance of payments and vice versa, the 6 decrease in domestic creadit supply will lead to the surplus of the balance of payments. On the other hand, in the system of flexible exchange rate, the increase in domestic credit supply will decrease the value of national currency and vice versa, the fall in the domestic credit supply means the increase in the value of national currency. - Theory of porfolio approach: Exchange rate of a specific country is identified by the demand-supply relation of financial assets (money, bonds). 1.3.2 Effects of the balance of payments on exchange rate - In the system of fixed rate: The government takes responsibility for guarateeing the balance of the balance of payments. If the sum of current balance account and capital balance account is not approximatedly 0, the government can get invloved in the foreign exchange market by selling or buying foreign exchange reserves. - In the system of floating rate: The government does not get involved in operating exchange rate. The fact shows that when the balance of payments is not in the state of balance, it will impacts exchange rate to make the balance of payments return to the state of balance (David K.Eiteman 2001, Page.62). - In the system of managed floating rate: The government can interfere to ensure to have an expect exchange rate according to the context, the market’s conditions. The government often applies methods to adjust exchange rate instead of directly getting involved in the foreign exchange market. For instance, the government can employ interest policies. 1.4 Experiences of operating policies of exchange rate in some countries in order to improve the balance of payments The thesis studies experience of China, Korea and America. Four valuable lessons suitable for Vietnam’s context are drawn from the thesis: (i) The flexibility of exchange rate regime; (ii)Suitable exchange rate policies for each period of Vietnam’s development; (iii) The coherence, synchronic schedule in the operation of exchange rate policies; và (iv) Policies of exchange rate need a synchronic co-ordination with other macroeconomic policies. Chapter 2 THE REALITY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN EXCHANGE RATE AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS IN VIETNAM 2.1 Exchange rate and policies of exchange rate in Vietnam in the period 1999-2009 2.1.1 Developments of exchange rate 2.1.1.1 Exchange rate movements before 1999 Impacted by the Asian financial crisis, USD/VND rates had been adjusted several times in terms of official rates and margin to devalue VND against USD. 2.1.1.2 Exchange rate movements since 1999 - Since 1999, after adjusted (devalued) in 2 years 1997-1998, the nominal exchange rate USD/VND has a tendency to increase over time, stablize in the long term and stay flexible in the short term. - According to the author’s calculation, the real exchange rate (RER) and the real effective exchange rate (REER) since 2007 until now are likely to decrease significantly. The decrease in RER and REER puts a negative influence on the competitiveness of Vietnam’s goods, leading to the rise in imports and the fall in exports. - From 2008 to now, the State Bank has had 5 times of adjusting the range of exchange rate and 5 times of adjusting the average exchange rate of interbanks in order to keep up with the real 7 situation of the foreign exchange market. The average exchange rate of commercial banks have always fluctuated at the ceiling price or near the ceiling price. - Reasons for the fluctuation of exchange rate USD/VND in time include: the increasing far difference between inflation and income in Vietnam compared to America and other nations; continuous deficit of current balance account; the weakening of USD 2.1.2 Policies of exchange rate - Since 2/1999, the mechanism of operating exchange rate has been changed (Dicision 64/1999 and 65/1999). Since then, the State Bank announced only the average exchange rate USD/VND of in the market of interbanks. Exchange rate of commercial banks are calculated according to the average exchange rate of interbanks in the range of fluctuation decided by the State Bank (from ±0.1% to ±5%). - Exchange rate of VND is linked inextricably to USD during research period - Sometimes, the State Bank is late to adjust exchange rate to keep up with the current context of market and has not fulfilled tasks and responsibilities of the management agency in predicting and orienting the trend of market, which certainly causes many negative effects. 2.2 The reality of the balance of payments in Vietnam from 1999 to 2009 2.2.1 The context of Vietnam’s economy - The economy has grown at high speed. - Being a member of WTO offers the balance of payments, especially trade balance, many chances and a few important challenges. - The deficit of the balance of payments and budget balance is still large. - The global financial crisis’s negative effects on the deficit of the balance of payments as investment flows towards Vietnam are cushioned dramatically. 2.2.2 Current account 2.2.2.1 Developments of current account: The balance state of current account of Vietnam is directly affected by the state of trade balance because transactions of goods make up a large proportion of the total income and expenditure in current account (approximately 70%-85%) 2.2.2.2 Reasons for the deficit of current account Since the weak manufacturing capacity lessen the competitiveness of Vietnamese goods even in the domestic market, the deficit of income balance and investment policies for growth and an unsuitable policy of exchange rate encourage import. 2.2.2.3 Analyze the current account sustainability Based on the ratio of current account to GDP and export revenues, the deficit of current account in period 2007-2010 is alarming ( exceed 5% compared to GDP and nearly 20% compared to export revenues). In the long term, this situation can causes risks to the economy when Vietnam is unable to meet its foreign debts. 2.2.2.3 Financial sources for the deficit of current balance account The official financial source for the deficit of current balance account is primarily from capital balance (foreign investments and loans) and current transferring flows from remittances. 2.2.3 Capital Account 2.2.3.1 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - Foreign direct investment towards Vietnam is the main source to finance the deficit of current balance account through time. 8 - Trade balance from the FDI sector in Vietnam is always in the state of deficit if FDI is without oil sector. - Besides oil, FDI in Vietnam is likely to be invested in industries which have high costs of capital and need to import inputs such as projects of real estate and processing, etc, while light industries, supporting industries and exporting oriented heavy industries constitute an insignificant percentage of FDI towards Vietnam. 2.2.3.2 Foreign loans - Official Development Assistance (ODA) plays a key role in the medium and long term total loan capital. - Investment capital flows in valuable papers in Vietnam which had witnessed a positive and sensitive period since 2005 has fluctuated significantly in the period 2007-2010 2.2.4 Overall balance - Vietnam has been and will undergo the deficit of trade balance and the main financing source is from capital account through attracting direct investment flows, overseas loans and remittances - The balance of payments gains the endurance and sustainability only when Vietnam can clear its overseas loans in the future through the surplus of trade balance. 2.3 The reality of the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments of Vietnam in the period 1999-2009 2.3.1 Exchange rate’s effects on the balance of payments 2.3.1.1 Exchange rate’s effects on trade balance - From 1999 to 2002, the real bilateral and effective exchange rate are likely to increase, contributing to the improvement in the competitiveness of international trade. The real bilateral and effective exchange rate and rate of export compared to import (X/M) in Vietnam from 1999 to 2009 Source: Collected and calculated from statistics of CEIC Database - The real exchange rate (RER) and real effective exchange rate (REER) affect trade balance with certain lags - Under the pressure of high inflation, RER and REER which are going to be smaller than 1 encourage import and lower export’s competitiveness. As a result, growth speed of import is higher than that of export in recent years, leading to the serious deficit of trade balance. 9 USD/VND RER USD/VND 2.3.1.2 Exchange rate’s effects on Vietnam capital account - Policies of stablizing exchange rate in the long term and allowing the fluctuation of VND with the trend of devaluation in the short term has attracted foreign investment flows towards Vietnam. - Devaluing VND by 1% compared to foreign currency will increase the amount of FDI towards Vietnam by 0.92% (Thi Hong Hanh Pham, Duc Thinh Nguyen 2010). - The VND devaluation seems to put a positive effect on FDI flows, thus improving capital balance to finance the deficit of Vietnam’s current balance account recently. 2.3.2 Effects of the balance of payments on exchange rate 2.3.2.1 Current account’s effects on exchange rate - The deficit of current account is likely to increase and is one of reasons for VND devaluation in recent years with increasing pressure. - Pressure of increasing exchange rate because of current account is reflected through the difference between exchange rate in the free market and official exchange rate. 2.3.2.2 Capital account’s effects on exchange rate - Capital account’s flows is one of factors describing the relation of foreign currency demand- supply of the economy. - In 2 years 2006-2007, sources of foreign currency supply from export, remittances, FDI, FPI increase dramatically, lessening the pressure from the scarcity of foreign currency in the foreign exchange market. 2.3.3 Quantify the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments 2.3.3.1 Research model 2.3.3.1.1 Cause-Effect relation between the real exchange rate and trade balance Model in the long term: 1 2t t t TB REER β β ω = + + Model in the short term: 1 1 1 . k h t i t i i t i t t i i TB REER TB z α β δ φ ϕ − − − = = ∆ = + ∆ + ∆ + + ∑ ∑ 1 1 1 m n t i t i i t i t t i i REER TB REER α χ λ φν υ − − − = = ∆ = + ∆ + ∆ + + ∑ ∑ 2.3.3.1.2 Examine Marshall Lerner condition Model in the long term: dNX X dy M dE E dE α β χ γ   = + + +  ÷   Model in the short term: 1 0 0 0 X p p p i i i i i i i i dNX dy M dE E dE α β χ γ = = = = + + + ∑ ∑ ∑ 2.3.3.2 Statistics description Quarterly statistics are from CEIC Database. Research period is from quarter1/1999 to quarter 4/2009 and quarter 1/1999 is the original quarter to establish the real effective exchange rate. Main commercial partners chosen to calculate REER include: America, China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, France, German, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Australia. The method to calculate the real effective exchange rate (REER) or E is introduced at Chapter 1. Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is collected to represent income variable. 2.3.3.3 Empirical Test Results 2.3.3.3.1 Causal relation between the real exhange rate anf trade balance - The cause-effect relation between the real exchange rate and trade balance in the long term really exists and its statistical value is reliant. This proves that exchange rate in the long term has a 10 [...]... Through the thesis The relation between exchange rate and the balance of paymentsTheory and reality in Vietnam , the author drawa out following conclusions: First, improving current balance account in the balance of payments and putting this balance to the state of balance are macroeconomic targets of any nations Second, there is a relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments Exchange rate. .. 3.2 The orientation to improve the relation between exchange rate and the Vietnam balance of payments 3.2.1 Adjust exchange rate for the improvement in the balance of payments - Exchange rate adjustment in near future requires the factor of “stability” in the long term and “flexibility” in the short term to encourage foreign investment flows for the improvement in the capital balance - Besides exchange. .. conservativeness and bias in favour of some shortterm social-economic policies - The state of the balance of payments has obvious effects on exchange rate pressure, especially the deficit of current balance account stemming from the deficit of trade balance Chapter 3 SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE RELATION BETWEEN EXCHANGE RATE AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS IN VIETNAM IN THE FUTURE 3.1 Forecast the trend of changes in the. .. studying the reality of the relation between exchange rate USD/VND and the Vietnam balance of payments figures out some following points: + Even though the real nominal bilateral exchange rate USD/VND is likely to increase over time, in recent years, under the pressure of inflation, the real value of VND tends to rise compared to USD and other currencies of main commercial partners This fact lowers the. .. expenditure and enhance the effectiveness of investment 3.3 Solutions to improve the relation between exchange rate and the balance of payments in Vietnam in the near future 3.3.1 Solutions to complete exchange rate policy in order to improve the balance of payments 3.3.1.1 Select and form more flexible exchange rate system – BBC System - BBC system has features considered as specific advantanges in comparison... trend of changes in the Vietnam balance of payments and the fluctuation exchange rate USD/VND in the period 2010-2015 3.1.1 The trend of changes in exchange rate USD/VND 3.1.1.1 Baselines 3.1.2.2 Forecast the trend of exchange rate fluctuation - USD value is going to be stable again together with the gradual recovery of America’s economy - The devaluation of the nominal value of VND compared to USD,... variables - The State Bank can be independent on using tools of monetary policies 3.2.2 The contribution of exchange rate to the balance between internal and external economy - Exchange rate is adjusted to balance internal economy, stabilize inflation and gain sustainable economic growth - Vietnam in hope of improving the economy to balance internally and externally is required to cut out expenditure and adjust... trade balance, thus improving the balance of payments, and some specific solutions needs implementing in the future The thesis’s suggestions is that in the long term, Vietnam needs to orient BBC exchange rate system and in the short term VND should be adjusted 16 in order to make the real exchange rate higher than 1 so that Vietnam s trade balance in the future will be improved In addition, the author... trade balance, the real exchange rate is proposed to be 1; 1.02 and 1.045 equivalent to the real exchange rate from the original year Quarter 1/1999 (the current balance account) for scenarios of exchange rate adjustment - Estimated inflation: After analyzing scenarios of exchange rate, in the author’s personal view, the State Bank needs to adjust the nominal exchange rate so that the real bilateral exchange. .. and disadvantages of the ‘dual exchange rates” reality - Influence level of exchange rate on the balance of payments depends on the synchronism with other economic policies - The State Bank’s adjustment in exchange rate often cannot keep up with the market’s changes, late and likely to be different from the real value of VND due to the late response of the 11 management policy, inaccurate predictability, . of supplying money in circulation. 1.2.4 Analysis of the balance of payments Phân tích cán cân thanh toán quốc tế 1.2.4.1 Current account 1.2.4.2 Capital and financial account 1.2.4.3 Overall. is likely to decrease compared to USD and Vietnam still has to encounter inflation issues. Based on internal analysis of Vietnam’s economy, the Vietnamese balance of payments is foreseen to be. the balance of payments, and forming quantitative models to measure these relations in Vietnam. Based on international experiences and the reality of Vietnamese economy, exchange rate policies