TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications Second Edition For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, please turn to the back of this book. Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications Second Edition Juha Korhonen Artech House Boston • London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Korhonen, Juha. Introduction to 3G mobile communications / Juha Korhonen.—2nd ed. p. cm. — (Artech House mobile communications series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-507-0 (alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Mobile communication systems. 3. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. I. Title. II. Series. TK5103.2.K67 2003 384.5’3—dc21 2002043665 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Korhonen, Juha Introduction to 3G mobile communications.—2nd ed.—(Artech House mobile communications series) 1. Mobile communication systems I. Title 621.3’8456 ISBN 1-58053-507-0 Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner. Text design by Darrell Judd. © 2003 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in - cluding photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, with - out permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa - tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade - mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-507-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002043665 10987654321 Chapter 0 Contents Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Overview 1 1.1 History of Mobile Cellular Systems 1 1.1.1 First Generation 1 1.1.2 Second Generation 2 1.1.3 Generation 2.5 5 1.2 Overview of 3G 8 1.3 Proposals for 3G Standard 10 1.3.1 WCDMA 10 1.3.2 Advanced TDMA 11 1.3.3 Hybrid CDMA/TDMA 12 1.3.4 OFDM 12 1.3.5 IMT-2000 13 1.4 3GPP 14 1.4.1 TDD 15 1.4.2 TD-SCDMA 18 1.5 3GPP2 20 1.6 3G Evolution Paths 23 References 24 2 Principles of CDMA 25 2.1 Radio-Channel Access Schemes 25 2.2 Spread Spectrum 28 2.3 RAKE Receiver 32 2.4 Power Control 32 2.5 Handovers 37 2.5.1 Soft Handover 38 2.5.2 Relocation 41 2.5.3 Hard Handover 44 2.5.4 Intersystem Handovers 45 2.6 Multiuser Detection 47 References 48 v 3 WCDMA Air Interface: Physical Layer 49 3.1 General 49 3.1.1 Forward Error Correction Encoding/Decoding 52 3.1.2 Radio Measurements and Indications to Higher Layers 53 3.1.3 Macrodiversity Distribution/Combining and Soft Handover Execution 55 3.1.4 Error Detection on Transport Channels 56 3.1.5 Multiplexing of Transport Channels and Demultiplexing of CCTrCHs 57 3.1.6 Rate Matching 57 3.1.7 Mapping of CCTrCHs on Physical Channels 57 3.1.8 Modulation, Spreading/Demodulation, and Despreading of Physical Channels 58 3.1.9 Frequency and Time Synchronization 60 3.1.10 Inner-Loop Power Control 61 3.1.11 Power Weighting and Combining of Physical Channels 64 3.1.12 RF Processing 66 3.1.13 Timing Advance on Uplink Channels 69 3.1.14 Support of Uplink Synchronization 70 3.2 Channels 70 3.2.1 Logical Channels 71 3.2.2 Transport Channels 72 3.2.3 Physical Channels 74 3.2.4 Shared Channels 78 3.2.5 Channel Mapping 80 3.3 Spreading and Scrambling Codes 81 3.4 Diversity 83 3.4.1 Time Diversity 83 3.4.2 Multipath Diversity 84 3.4.3 Macrodiversity 85 3.4.4 Antenna Diversity 87 3.5 Transport Formats 92 3.6 Data Through Layer 1 97 References 99 4 Modulation Techniques and Spread Spectrum 101 4.1 Spreading Techniques 101 4.1.1 DS-CDMA 101 4.1.2 Frequency-Hopping CDMA 101 4.1.3 Time-Hopping CDMA 102 4.1.4 Multicarrier CDMA 102 4.2 Data Modulation 104 References 109 Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications vi CONTENTS 5 Spreading Codes 111 5.1 Orthogonal Codes 112 5.2 PN Codes 114 5.3 Synchronization Codes 117 5.4 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation 118 5.5 Intercell Interference 119 References 119 6 Channel Coding 121 6.1 Coding Processes 121 6.2 Coding Theory 122 6.3 Block Codes 123 6.4 Convolutional Codes 125 6.5 Turbo Codes 127 6.6 Channel Coding in UTRAN 129 References 129 7 Wideband CDMA Air Interface: Protocol Stack 131 47.1 General Points 131 7.2 Control Plane 133 7.3 MAC 135 7.3.1 MAC Services 137 7.3.2 MAC Functions 137 7.3.3 TFC Selection 142 7.4 RLC 143 7.4.1 RLC Services 145 7.4.2 RLC Functions 147 7.5 RRC 148 7.5.1 RRC Services 148 7.5.2 RRC Functions 148 7.6 RRC Protocol States 183 7.7 Location Management in UTRAN 187 7.8 Core Network Protocols in the Air Interface 190 7.8.1 Circuit-Switched Core Network 190 7.8.2 Packet-Switched Core Network 195 7.9 User Plane 196 7.10 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 196 7.11 Broadcast/Multicast Control 198 7.12 Data Protocols 200 7.13 Dual-System Protocol Stack in UE 201 References 202 Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications CONTENTS vii 8 Network 203 8.1 General Discussion 203 8.2 Evolution from GSM 204 8.3 UMTS Network Structure 206 8.4 Core Network 208 8.4.1 Mobile Switching Center 208 8.4.2 Visitor Location Register 209 8.4.3 Home Location Register 210 8.4.4 Equipment Identity Register 211 8.4.5 Authentication Center 212 8.4.6 Gateway MSC 212 8.4.7 Serving GPRS Support Node 212 8.4.8 Gateway GPRS Support Node 213 8.5 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 213 8.5.1 Radio Network Controller 214 8.5.2 Node B 215 8.6 GSM Radio Access Network 216 8.6.1 Base Station Controller 216 8.6.2 Base Transceiver Station 217 8.6.3 Small Base Transceiver Stations 218 8.7 Interfaces 221 8.7.1 A Interface 221 8.7.2 Gb Interface 222 8.7.3 Iu Interface 222 8.7.4 Iub Interface 226 8.7.5 Iur Interface 228 8.7.6 MAP Interfaces 230 8.8 Network Protocols 233 8.8.1 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 235 8.8.2 AAL2 and AAL5 235 8.8.3 Iu User Plane Protocol Layer 235 8.8.4 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol-User 236 8.8.5 SS7 MTP3-User Adaptation Layer 237 8.8.6 MAP (MAP-A Through MAP-M) 237 8.8.7 Message Transfer Part 237 8.8.8 Node B Application Part 237 8.8.9 Physical Layer (Below ATM) 238 8.8.10 Q.2150.1 239 8.8.11 Q.2630.1 239 8.8.12 Radio Access Network Application Part 239 8.8.13 Radio Network Subsystem Application Part 241 8.8.14 Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer 242 8.8.15 Service-Specific Coordination Function 242 Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications 8.8.16 Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol 242 8.8.17 Signaling Connection Control Part 243 8.8.18 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 243 8.8.19 UDP/IP 243 8.9 UMTS Network Evolution—Release 5 243 References 247 9 Network Planning 251 9.1 Importance of Network Planning 251 9.2 Differences Between TDMA and CDMA 251 9.3 Network Planning Terminology 255 9.4 Network Planning Process 256 9.4.1 Preparation Phase 256 9.4.2 Network Dimensioning 258 9.4.3 Detailed Radio-Network Planning 262 9.5 Network Planning in WCDMA 262 9.5.1 Pilot Pollution 263 9.5.2 SHO Parameters 263 9.5.3 HO Problems 263 9.5.4 Hierarchical Cells 264 9.5.5 Microcell Deployment 266 9.5.6 Picocell Deployment and Indoor Planning 267 9.5.7 Sectorization and Adaptive Antennas 269 9.5.8 Other Network Elements 271 9.6 Admission Control 272 9.7 Congestion Control 276 References 277 10 Network Management 279 10.1 Telecommunication-Management Architecture 279 10.1.1 Fault Management 280 10.1.2 Configuration Management 281 10.1.3 Performance Management 283 10.1.4 Roaming Management 284 10.1.5 Accounting Management 285 10.1.6 Subscription Management 285 10.1.7 QoS Management 286 10.1.8 User Equipment Management 286 10.1.9 Fraud Management 286 10.1.10 Security Management 287 10.1.11 Software Management 288 10.2 Charging 289 10.2.1 Charging of Circuit-Switched Services 291 Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications CONTENTS ix [...]... Groups 515 About the Author 523 Index 525 Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications chapter 0 Preface The third generation (3G) mobile communication system is the next big thing in the world of mobile telecommunications The first generation included analog mobile phones [e.g., Total Access Communications Systems (TACS), Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), and Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)], and the... must have heard all the excuses many times before Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications Chapter 1 Overview 1.1 History of Mobile Cellular Systems 1.1.1 First Generation The first generation of mobile cellular telecommunications systems appeared in the 1980s The first generation was not the beginning of mobile communications, as there were several mobile radio networks in existence before then, but... [4] and of PHS can be found in [5] Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications 1.1 History of Mobile Cellular Systems 5 Recently there has been an attempt in the GSM community to enhance GSM to meet the requirements of cordless markets Cordless Telephone System (CTS) is a scheme in which GSM mobiles can be used at home via a special home base station, in a manner similar to the present-day cordless phones... GPRS is weak with Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications 6 OVERVIEW respect to real-time services It can be seen that HSCSD will be only a temporary solution for mobile data transmission needs It will only be used in those networks where there is already a high demand for quick data transfer and something is needed to ease the situation and keep the customers happy while waiting for 3G to arrive The... was Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications 14 OVERVIEW disbanded, and in January 2002 a new organization, 3G Americas, was founded The mission of 3G Americas is to support the migration of GSM and TDMA networks into WCDMA systems in the Americas IMT-TC is further divided into two standards: TDD and TD-SCDMA Both standards are specified, but so far there has not been much commercial interest toward... Team-Fly® Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications 1.1 History of Mobile Cellular Systems 3 GSM derivative, also called GSM-1900) has gained some ground, and in South America, Chile has a wide-coverage GSM system However, in 2001 the North American time-division multiple access (TDMA) community decided to adopt the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-defined wideband CDMA (WCDMA) system as its 3G. .. and Services (ACTS) The UMTS Forum was created in 1996 to accelerate the process of defining the necessary standards In addition to Europe, there were also numerous 3G programs in the United States, Japan, and Korea Several telecommunications companies also had their own research activities Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications 1.2 Overview of 3G 9 An important leap forward was made in 1996 and 1997,... WCDMA as their 3G radio interface candidate Moreover, the largest Japanese mobile telecommunications operator, NTT DoCoMo, issued a tender for a WCDMA prototype trial system to the biggest mobile telecommunications manufacturers This forced many manufacturers to make a strategic decision, which meant increasing their WCDMA research activities or at least staying out of the Japanese 3G market Later... entry-level introduction to 3G, with an emphasis on the 3GPP-specified frequency division duplex (FDD) mode system, which will most probably be the most widely used 3G system It is not the intention of this book to go into great detail 3G is a broad subject, and it would be impossible to provide a detailed analysis of every aspect in one volume Instead, the basics are discussed and references to other... spectrum to FDD systems, and the asymmetric part to TDD systems The proposed spectrum allocations for UTRAN TDD are 1,900–1,920 MHz and 2,010–2,025 MHz The first granted 3G Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications 16 OVERVIEW TDD licences have been 5 MHz per operator, so each TDD operator could only have one TDD carrier Second, many services provided by the 3G networks will require asymmetric data transfer . Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications Second Edition For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, please turn to the back of this book. Introduction to. 523 Index 525 Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications xiii . chapter 0 Preface The third generation (3G) mobile communication system is the next big thing in the world of mobile telecommunications Cataloguing in Publication Data Korhonen, Juha Introduction to 3G mobile communications. —2nd ed.—(Artech House mobile communications series) 1. Mobile communication systems I. Title 621.3’8456 ISBN