INTEGRATED FIBER-OPTIC RECEIVERS INTEGRATED FIBER-OPTIC RECEIVERS Aaron BUCHWALD Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Kenneth W. MARTIN University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS Boston/London/Dordrecht Copyright c 1994 by Kluwer Academic Publishers. To Warren G. BUCHWALD CONTENTS PREFACE xi Part I SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 1 1 INTEGRATED FIBER-OPTIC RECEIVERS 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Advantages of Fiber-Optics 8 1.3 Status of Integrated Fiber-Optic Receivers 9 1.4 Overview of Fiber-Optic Receiver Design 11 References 23 2 MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES 27 2.1 Analytical Expressions for NRZ Bandlimited Data 28 2.2 Fourier Series Frequency Domain Representations 29 2.3 Fourier Transform Frequency Domain Representations 48 2.4 Linear Filtering of Random Data 64 2.5 Review of General Theory of Random Signals 76 2.6 Random Amplitude Modulation 84 2.7 Phase-Jitter 89 2.8 Effect of BPF Phase Response on Angle and Amplitude Modulation 99 2.9 Summary 100 References 103 3 OPTIMAL DECISION THEORY 105 3.1 Qualitative Detection of Independent Binary Pulses 109 3.2 Hypothesis Testing 111 3.3 Properties of Gaussian Random Variables 115 vii viii 3.4 Optimal Decision Rule for Additive-White-Gaussian-Noise 120 3.5 Performance Evaluation of the Correlation Receiver in AWGN 125 3.6 Quantum Limit in Optical Communication Systems 129 3.7 Correlation Receiver Performance in the Presence of Clock-Jitter 141 3.8 Optimum Correlation Receivers in Colored Noise 150 3.9 Correlation Receiver Performance in Colored Noise 154 3.10 Summary 160 References 161 4 CLOCK RECOVERY 163 4.1 Qualitative Analysis of Clock Recovery Schemes 166 4.2 Intermittent Phase-Readjusting Approaches to Clock Recovery 169 4.3 Edge Detection 174 4.4 Spectral Line Techniques 182 4.5 Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) Symbol Synchronization 207 4.6 Parasitic-Delay Insensitive Clock Recovery Schemes 236 4.7 Summary 249 References 253 5 PRACTICAL HIGH-SPEED CLOCK RECOVERY 259 5.1 Frequency Detection 259 5.2 Modified Alexander Circuit 276 5.3 Early-Late Circuit Using a Matched Filter 286 5.4 High-Speed Data Transition Tracking Loop 289 5.5 Summary 300 References 303 Part II CIRCUIT DESIGN 305 6 HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS 309 6.1 Overview of HBTs 311 6.2 Advantages of HBTs for High-Speed Operation 312 6.3 AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs: Typical Parameters 313 6.4 InP-Based HBTs: Typical Parameters 315 6.5 SPICE Models for Circuit Simulation 317 6.6 Summary 321 References 323 7 LOW-NOISE PREAMPLIFIER 325 7.1 Sources of Noise 325 7.2 Relationship Between Noise and Receiver Sensitivity 334 7.3 Calculations of Noise in Linear Circuits 336 7.4 Transresistance Preamplifier Noise Analysis 342 7.5 Comparison of Bipolar and FET Amplifiers 367 7.6 InP Preamplifier 377 References 385 8 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS 387 8.1 Four-Stage Ring VCO 387 8.2 Emitter-Coupled Multivibrator VCO 390 8.3 Comparison of Ring and Emitter-Coupled VCO 392 8.4 Timing Estimation 392 8.5 High-Speed Testing 400 References 411 9 6-GHz PHASE-LOCK LOOP 413 9.1 Frequency Quadrupling Ring VCO 413 9.2 Fully-Balanced Mixer 416 9.3 Loop Filter 417 9.4 Output Buffer and Bias Circuits 424 9.5 Results 425 9.6 Summary 431 References 433 10 CLOCK RECOVERY AND DATA RETIMING IC 435 10.1 System-Level Simulations 435 10.2 Circuit-Level Simulations 446 10.3 Further Research 452 References 455 INDEX 457 x . CONSIDERATIONS 1 1 INTEGRATED FIBER- OPTIC RECEIVERS 5 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Advantages of Fiber- Optics 8 1.3 Status of Integrated Fiber- Optic Receivers 9 1.4 Overview of Fiber- Optic Receiver Design. INTEGRATED FIBER- OPTIC RECEIVERS INTEGRATED FIBER- OPTIC RECEIVERS Aaron BUCHWALD Hong Kong University of Science & Technology Clear. of fiber -optic communications, covering various aspects of optical systems, including, optical fiber technology, wave propagation in optical fibers, opticalsources, opticaldetectors, opticalreceivers,