decusatis, c. (2002). handbook of fiber optic data communication (2nd ed.)

DATA COMMUNI(ATI0N HANDBOOK OF FIBER OPTIC DATA COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK OF FIBER OPTIC DATA COMMUNICATION Second Edition CASIMER DeCUSATIS Editor IBM Corporation Poughkeepsie, New York ACADEMIC PRESS An Elsevier Science Imprint San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto T i book is prhted on acid-free paper @ hs Copyright 2002,1998by Academic Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, hcluding photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the following address: Permissions Department, Harcourt,Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients The consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts01923),for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S Copyright Law This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale Copy fees for pre-2002 chapters are as shown on the title pages If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters $35.00 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figuresor tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientificor research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given ACADEMIC PRESS An Elsevier Science Imprint 525 B Street, Suite 1900,San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA http://academicpress.com ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED An Elsevier Science Imprint Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NW17BY,UK http://academicpress.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001095438 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-207891-8 Printed in China 02 03 04 05 RDC To the people who give meaning to my life and taught me to look for wonder in the world: my wife, Carolyn, my daughters, Anne and Rebecca, my parents, my godmothel; Isabel, and her mother; Mrs Crease -CD Contents Contributors Preface to the Second Edition xiii xv Part The Technology Chapter Optical Fiber, Cable, and Connectors Ulf L Osterberg 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Light Propagation Optical Fiber Characterization Cable Designs Connectors Optical Fiber Bragg Gratings References Chapter Optical Sources: Light-Emitting Diodes and Laser Technology 16 26 29 32 38 41 WenbinJiang and Michael S Lebby 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Introduction Technology Fundamentals Device Structure-LED Device Structure-Lasers References Chapter Detectors for Fiber Optics 41 42 50 52 80 89 Carolyn J Sher DeCusatis and Ching-Long (John) Jiang 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Introduction Detector Terminology and Characteristics PN Photodiode PIN Photodiode Other Detectors Noise Conclusions References 89 90 95 98 106 119 124 125 Index Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (-ED), 606.612 Reflection-inducedintensity noise (RIN), 245246,256 Reflectivity, edgeemitting LED, 66 Refractive index, 4.6, 1617.36.794 Repeater 794 Requesthesponsecoupling, 501 Resonant-cavityenhanced photodetectors (RECAP),107, 116118,794 Resonant cavity enhancement, 118 Responder Exchange ID,480 Response, 90 Response speed, 103 Response time 92,794 Responsivity,90,91 100-101, 794 Reverse address resolution protocol (RARP), 578 Reverse bias 99, 100 RF immunity, 186188 RHEED See Reflection high-energy electron difiaction Ribbon cables, 413,545-546 Rib waveguide laser, 620,621 Ridge waveguide laser, 620 RIN See Reflection-inducedintensity noise Ringing, 794 Ring operation, FDDI, 593-594 Ring scheduling, FDDI, 594-595 Ring topology?315,317-318.794 Riser, I O Riser-rated cable: 266 Roadmap, 794 Routing, Fibre Channel network, 484-486, 501 Run length, 794 Running disparity, 794 RXID, 480 Safety lasers, 179-1 82,259-266,278-279,392 parallel optical interconnects (POIs), 403 S A N equipment 392 SAGCM See Separate absorption, grading charge sheet and multiplication (SAGCM) structure SAGM structure See Separate absorption grading and multiplication (SAGM) structure S A N S See System area networks 819 SAS See Singleattached station Saturation, 795 SBCON, 164 SBCON standard 269,558 SBS See Stimulated Brillouin scattering Scalability, 795 SC duplex connector 258,469 Schottky-barrierdiodes, 103,107.11 1-1 14.795 Scintillation, 232.795 SCSI, over Fibre Channel network, 496-497 SDH See Synchronous digital hierarchy SEAL, 455 Secondary carriers, 108 Selenium, as dopant, 64 Self-capacitance, 100 Self-phase modulation, 254-255 Sellmeier equation, 20 Semiconductors,42-43 Separate absorption grading charge sheet and multiplication (SAGCM) structure, 110 Separate absorption grading and multiplication (SAGM) structure, 110 Seq-CNT value, 479 Seq-ID value, 479 Sequences, Fibre Channel network, 477, 479480 Sequence status block, 480 Serial fiber optics, 128-130 Serializer, 168,517,795 Serial optoelectrical interface, 127-128 Serial storage architecture (SSA) links, 275 Serial transceivers, 169-170 Server, 795 Serviceability,795 SFF outline 160 SFF transceiver, 560-561 SFP design See Small form factor pluggable (SFP) design Shared memory processors (SMPs), 383 Short wavelength, 795 Shot noise, 109, 121,795 Shroud dimension, 710,773 Shunt resistance, 103, 795 Siemens, Paroli prototype, 420,423,425,755 SIFs, 597 Signal-to-noiseratio (SNR),123-124.795 Signal variance, 243 Silica glass, 16-17.23 Silicon 42.64 Simple addressing 501 820 Index Simple and efficient adaptation layer (SEAL), 455 Simulations loss testing 342 Monte Carlo simulation, 789 parallel optical interconnects (POIs), 418 Single-attached station (SAS) 588 Single byte command code sets connection architecture See SBCON Single-ended test, 344,348 Single-fiber cable, 28,301 Single-image system 384 Single-latchphase detector, 670-671 Single-mode ESCON link, 519-523 Single-mode fiber, 702-703 color coding 268 dispersion vs wavelength, 21 light propagation, , Single-mode input optical interface 531 Single-mode link loss, 548-550 Single-mode output optical interface, 530-531 laser, 57 Single quantum well (SQW) Single trunk cable, 229 Sinusoidal ,gading, 68 Skew, 396,795 Slope efficiency, 144.795 SMA connectors, 29,35,175 Small form factor pluggable (SFP)design, 160, 195.203 Smart pixel array, 796 SMD package, 154 Smectic liquid crystals, 788 SMPs See Shared memory processors SMT See Station management frames: Surface-mount technique Society of Photooptic Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE),278 Solder flip-chip attach processes 686 SONET, 441450,451 data rates, 746 defined, 441 history, 4 interface classifications, 747 international interoperability,449450 multiplexing, 448449 payload envelope pointer, 4 physical specifications.450,451 transmission formats, 4 virtual tributaries, 449 SONET/SDH specification, 456-457 Spec Trans Specialty Optics, 756 Speed of light, 737 Spinel, 63 Splice bushing, 341,779 Splice loss, 796 Splice transmission efficiency, 236 Splicing, 234,237-238,325-327,350,796 Spring latches, 29,33 SRS See Stimulated Raman scattering SRS amplifiers, 254 SSA See Serial storage architecture (SSA) links Stacked connect-requests,485 Standardization, 339,368 Standards ANSI Fibre Channel, 168,181,244,247,266, 742 ANSI SBCON standard, 269.746 ANSI standards, 742 ATM physical layers, 455456 bodies of, 279-284 CCI'IT, 248 Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling standard, 312-319 compliance standards, 28-284 defined, 368 emission limits: 184 Ethernet, 746 EU~OPMII, 222-224 fiber optic cable, 220-224 Gigabit Ethernet standard 367.374-378,752 IEEE standards, 374-378.741 international standards, 369-378 International TelecommunicationsStandards Body, 248 lasers, 179-182,259-266 National Electrical Code, 10-3 12 need for, 369 Optical Fiber Cable Color Coding standard, 319-320 telecommunication standards, 437 TIA/EIA-568-A, 312-319 TIAIEIA-598-A, 19-320,327-328 Stark effect, 796 Star topology, 314315,317,318-319 Station management frames (SMT), 592 Statistical process control, 198,199,796 Status report frames, 598 Stephan-Boltzmannconstant, 737 Step-index fiber, 22 Step-index multimode fibers, Index Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS),252-253 Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 253 STM-1 450 Storage area networks, 498,499,504,796 Storage capacity, DVD standard, 62-63 Strain-compensatedactive layers, 59 Strain relief 796 Stress limits, transceivers, 197 Striping, 796 Strong index-guided semiconductorlasers, 621-622 STSIOC, 744 STS-XC, 745 Subassembly misalignment, 70S710 Substrate, 797 SuperHIPPI 755 Superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SL-APDs), 110 Super-low-thresholdmicrocavity-type VCSELS 77-78 Supply chain cost, 793 Surface-emittinglaser arrays, parallel optical interconnects (POIS),401403 Surface-emittinglasers, 336 Surface-emittingLEDs, 47,50 Surface-mountpackages, 694-695 Surface-mount technique (SMT): transceivers, 191-192 Surface wave filter (SWF), 168, 797 Synchronous 797 Synchronousbus operation, 401 Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)?441, 744-745 Synchronous optical network See SONET Synthesizer 664 System area networks (SANS),384-385 bandwidth 385,390 characteristics, 385-393 congestion control, 386 cost, 393 diagram, 384 difference from LANs, 380 distance, 39C391 flexibility 392 latency, 385,389-390 physical layer technology, 389-393 prototype machines 388-389 reliability 391 safety, 392 scalability, 385 ~ 821 source routing 386-387 topology, 385,386 user-space communication protocol, 387-388 TAB bump structures, 680-681 TAB tape leadframes, 681,682 Tape automated bonding (TAB), 680-684 Target token rotation time ('ITRT); 594 TDFAs See Thulium-doped fiber amplifiers TDM.See Time-divisionmultiplexing Teflon-based jackets, 267 Telecommunicationstandards, 437 Telecom systems, Merent from datacom systems, 218-220 Telephony 435-437 Temperature,conversion table, 736 Template test, 360-361 TerraL* system, 743 Tertiarybutylarsine,614-615 Testing, 333-338 accredited homologationtest labs, 285-287 bandwidth, 351-352 bit error rate (BER), 338,353-355 cable loss, 344-345 cable plant losses, 352-353 cable plant testing 338-339 cleanliness and, 343 component testing 338-339 connectors, 343 digital sampling oscilloscope (DSO), 356-361 edge-emitting lasers, 643 equipment for, 339-341 ESCON link 557-558 extinction ratio, 359 fiber optic cable, 220-224 fiber optic links, 338 loopback testing, 363,788 loss testing, 342-344 mask test 360 networks, 361-363 noise testing, 182-189 optical power, 334.339-340.341-342 optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR), 342,346-348 parallel optical interconnects (POIs), 41741 standardization, 339 template test 360-361 transceivers 182-1 89 VCSELs, 643 822 Index Test jumpers, 341 Theoreticalbandwidth, 337 Thermal noise, 121-122,656457,797 Thermocompressionbonding, 678 Thermosonic bonding, 678 ThermoTrex Corp., 755 Three-cable reference, 344 Threshold condition, equation, 48 Threshold current, 49, 135 Thulium-doped fiber amplifiers (TDFAs), 254 TIA See Transimpedanceamplifier TIA arrays, 110 TIA/EIA-568-A, 312-319 TIAEIA-598-A, 319-320,327-328 Tight-bufferedcables, 298,300-303 Time-divisionmultiplexing O M ) , 436.442 Time-varying resistance, MSM detectors, 115 Timing jitter, 24625 TO cans, 152-153,634,688 Token, FDDI, 591-592 Token bus topology, 316 Token-rotationtimer (TRT), 594 Topology defined, 797 ESCON, 510-511 Fibre Channel network, 465466,468,475 interbuilding networks 303-304 intrabuilding network, 293-295 laser drivers, 6 M lasers, 659 networking, 13-3 16 storage area networks, 498,499 system area networks (SANS), 385,386 VG-Any LAN, 573 Total bandwidth, 238 Total dispersion, 23 Transceivers, 797 See also Fiber optic transceivers Transducers, 798 Transimpedance amplifier (TIAITZA), 110, 131,133,138-140,798 Transimpedanceoscillator, 139 Transimpedancereceiver, 655456 Transimpedanceresistance, 138 Transistor-transistorlogic (TTJ-,), 131-132 Transmission characters, 471 Transmission loss, 229-230 Transmitter OSA, 143,144150 Transmitter power, troubleshooting, 362 Transponders, 171-172,192-193.798 Troubleshooting.See also Testing cable plant, 348 ESCON link, 551-556 networks, 361-363 trunk cable, 555 TRT See Token-rotationtimer Trunk cables, 229,538-539,555 Trunk fiber, 798 'ITL See Transistor-transistorlogic T R T See Target token rotation time Two beam holographic exposure, 798 Two-cable reference, 344 Two-latch phase detector, 671 cable, 267 TZA See 'Ikansimpedanceamplifier UL 1581 test, 311 UL 1666 test, 311 UL 1685 test, 11 Ultrasonic, 798 Ultrasonic wire bond, 679 Undershoot, 798 UNI specification.See User-network interface (UNI) specification United Kingdom, homologation test labs, 286 United States, homologation test labs, 285 Unit interval, 798 Units of measurement, conversiontables, 735-736 User-network interface (UNI) specification, 456 U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 179, 278-279 U.S National Committee (USNC), 371 USNC Technical Advisors (TAs), 372 U.S Technical Advisory Groups (U.S TAGS), 372 UV-cured connectors, 330 Valence bands, 96 VC See Virtual containers VCCS, 183-184,581-583 VCOs, 669-670 VCSEL arrays, 155 Vertical cavity surface-emittinglasers (VCSELs), 52,53,63-79,134,209,758 2-D arrayed, 53 cable plant loss, 353 cross-section, 205 DBR layers, Index defined 798 fabrication, 608416,625432,642-643 fiber coupling, 147 intracavity metal contact, 69-71 long-wavelength VCSELs, 5940,75-76 material growth, 608-616 modulation, 78-79 with oxidized mirrors,77 packaging, , 4 parallel optical interconnects (POIS), 401 red-visible VCSELs, 73-74 structure, 608-609 super-low-threshold microcavity-type VCSELS, 77-78 testing, 643 transceivers, 204-206 VF-45 connector, 175,180-181 VG-AUY LAN, 572-586 MAC layer, 575-577 physical layer, 573-575 repeater MAC, 575,577-578 topology, 573 Virtual channels, 461-463 Virtual containers (VC), 745-746 Virtual paths, 462,463 Virtual tributaries, 449,798 Visible semiconductorlasers, 61 823 Vixel Corp., P-VixeLink (PVL-4), 420.423, 425,428430 Wafer, 799 Wafer-fusion process, 63 WANs See Wide area networks Washable sealed module design, transceivers (TRX) 193 Wave equation, light propagation, Waveguide dispersion, 20,2 Waveguides, 697498 Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), 106, 111.118 Wavelength-routed networks, 799 WDM See Wavelength-division multiplexing Weakly index-guided laser, 620 Wide area networks (WANs), 394,799 Wire bonding, 677480,799 Wireless infrared communications, 271 WKB approximation, 12 X3 Committee (ANSI), 372-374 XPR.See Cross-plug range ZBLAN fiber, 254 Zero dispersion slope, 240 Zero dispersion wavelength, 240 Zero-OH fibers, 178 Optics/Communications/ElectricalEngineering Handbookof ' Fiber Optic J DATA CoMMUNiCATlON Edited by Casimer DeCusatis industry standards, compiled standards themselves Expanded listing of references on the World Wide Web, plus hardfor international, homologation, and type approval requirements Convenient tables of distances, data rates, interfaces, and other key parametersfor all the major datacom protocols, as well as a glossary with hundredsof definitions igni ,and servicing fiber op rks 1/11 I I I II 111111 II11IlSIllII II 1 ! 078910 ... HANDBOOK OF FIBER OPTIC DATA COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK OF FIBER OPTIC DATA COMMUNICATION Second Edition CASIMER DeCUSATIS Editor IBM Corporation... Description of Fiber Optic Transceivers The Optical Interface Noise Testing of Transceivers Packaging of Transceivers(TRX) Series Production of Transceivers Transceivers Today and Tomorrow Parallel Optical... complex description of light is often not necessary for a satisfactory treatment of many important engineering applications In the case of optical fibers used for tele- and data communication it