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1 1 Chapter 14 THE ENDANGERED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE Environmental Chemistry, 9th Edition Stanley E. Manahan Taylor and Francis/CRC Press 2010 ! " # " ! $% &$$$! '()!!! & " * " *hν→ { " +* " &% " $%' &, "* * " * " → 2Fe " - *. * $$% " !%' !%/!!$! %' $ " 2 3 $0$$$ 1!!!$% " 2$0$ - 2$3 " /$%/ 456789$$: '; 4 % $<=<<<( %!$$ &'1!% ) 5 "!1 ,$!$ < !)$! & 8!%$%! " = " = = !)=!$!%' !)%$) >$!% " %($!"<<? $%$6(6@=)$! &A & &9$ &)% " % 6 7 ,$"4 " )$ % 8 ,$- " $ 9 A $ $ "!$!) &!&!&3 " A= = &3).&4!$<<"# A%$ &3$& &2$&B$=% &,)% A$%!$$ &>%$C &'! &'!$ 8%% &!%%$ &!$"6% " 2!1 %D$ B) &4!= &4!!=) &!%$!$%) 9$%$$%%'%9 " $) ) 10 [...]... in (largely crystalline ice) stratospheric Antarctic clouds during winter • ClONO2 • Cl2 • HOCl • Reaction of ClONO2with HCl produces photochemically reactive Cl 2 • Starting in September ultraviolet solar radiation reaches these clouds producing active Cl•that catalyzes ozone destruction • Cl2 + hν→Cl•+Cl• • HOCl+ hν→HO•+ Cl• 21 Figure 14.5 The area and ozone density of the Antarctic ozone hole at... Deterioration of stone 2H + 2+ + CaCO3(limestone)→Ca + CO2(g) + H2O • Associated effects • Visibility reduction and increased haziness from sulfate aerosols • Physical and optical properties of clouds • Potential reduction in greenhouse warming from increased cloud cover 16 14.5 Stratospheric Ozone Destruction Ozone is produced in the stratosphere • O2+ hν→O + O (λ< 242.4 nm) • O + O2 + M→O3+ M (energy-absorbing... in an air parcel about 1000 meters thick Produces urban aerosol of particles • Urban brown cloud • Condensation aerosol particles that are quite small • Most likely to scatter light • Most respirable Potentially carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbon particles such as benzo(a)pyrene in smog 26 Types of Damage from Photochemical Smog Adverse health effects • Largely from ozone and other oxidants Damage to... 1,300 years of a “little ice age” about 10,000 years ago • Extinction of mastodon, short-face bear, American Lion 14.9 What is to be Done? Major disruptions of the atmosphere and climate have the greatest potential for catastrophic and irreversible environmental destruction Population pressures and desire for higher material living standards place heavy burdens on Earth’s support systems Damage to the climate