3115_book Page 561 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix A UNITS TABLE A.1 SI Prefixes Factor Name Symbol 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24 yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto Y Z E P T G M k h da d c m m n p f a z y TABLE A.2 SI Base Units SI Base Unit Base Quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity Name Symbol meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela m kg s A K mol cd 561 © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_book Page 562 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix A 562 Units TABLE A.3 Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units (Soil Science Society of America, 1997) To Convert Column into Column 2, Multiply by Column SI Unit 0.621 1.094 3.28 3.28 1.0 3.28 3.94 ¥ 10-2 10 kilometer, km (103 m) meter, m meter, m meter, m micrometer, mm (10-6m) meter, m millimeter, mm (10-3 m) nanometer, nn (10-9 m) 2.47 247 0.386 2.47 ¥ 104 10.76 1.55 ¥ 10-3 Area hectare, acre square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 acre square kilometer, km2 (103 m)2 square mile, mi2 square meter, m2 acre square meter, m2 square foot, ft2 square millimeter, mm2 square inch, in2 -3 m)2 (10 9.73 ¥ 10-3 35.3 6.10 ¥ 104 2.84 ¥ 10-2 1.057 3.53 ¥ 10-2 0.265 33.78 2.11 cubic meter, m3 cubic meter, m3 cubic meter, m3 liter, L (10-3 m3) liter, L (10-3 m3) liter, L (10-3 m3) liter, L (10-3 m3) liter, L (10-3 m3) liter, L (10-3 m3) 2.20 ¥ 10-3 3.52 ¥ 10-2 2.205 0.01 1.10 ¥ 10-3 1.102 1.102 gram, g (10-3 kg) gram, g (10-3 kg) kilogram, kg kilogram, kg kilogram, kg megagram, Mg (tonne) tonne, t 0.893 7.77 ¥ 10-2 1.49 ¥ 10-2 1.59 ¥ 10-2 1.86 ¥ 10-2 0.107 893 Column non-SI Units Length mile, mi yard, yd foot, ft foot, ft micron, m foot, ft inch, in Angstrom, Å Volume acre-inch cubic foot, ft3 cubic inch, in3 bushel, bu quart (liquid), qt cubic foot, ft3 gallon ounce (ßuid), oz pint (ßuid), pt Mass pound, lb ounce (avdp), oz pound, lb quintal (metric), q ton (2000 lb), ton ton (U.S.), ton ton (U.S.), ton Yield and Rate kilogram per hectare, kg ha-1 pound per acre, lb acre-1 kilogram per cubic meter, pound per bushel, lb bu-1 kg m3 kilogram per hectare, kg ha-l bushel per acre, 60 lb kilogram per hectare, kg ha-1 bushel per acre, 56 lb kilogram per hectare, kg ha-1 bushel per acre, 48 lb gallon per acre liter per hectare, L ha-1 tonne per hectare, t ha-1 pound per acre, lb acre-1 To Convert Column into Column 1, Multiply by 1.609 0.914 0.304 0.304 1.0 0.304 25.4 0.1 0.405 4.05 ¥ 10-3 2.590 4.05 ¥ 103 9.29 ¥ 10-2 645 102.8 2.83 ¥ 10-2 1.64 ¥ 10-5 35.24 0.946 28.3 3.78 2.96 x 10-2 0.473 454 28.4 0.454 100 907 0.907 0.907 1.12 12.87 67.19 62.71 53.75 9.35 1.12 ¥ 10-3 continued © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_book Page 563 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix A 563 Units TABLE A.3 (continued) Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units (Soil Science Society of America, 1997) To Convert Column into Column 2, Multiply by 893 0.446 2.24 10 1000 Column SI Unit Column non-SI Units To Convert Column into Column 1, Multiply by megagram per hectare, Mg ha-1 megagram per hectare, Mg ha-l meter per second, m s-1 pound per acre, lb acre-1 1.12 ¥ 10-3 ton (2000 lb) per acre, ton acre-1 mile per hour 2.24 Specific Surface square meter per kilogram, square centimeter per m2 kg-1 gram, cm2 g-1 square meter per kilogram, square millimeter per gram, mm2 g-1 m2 kg-1 2.09 ¥ 10-2 1.45 ¥ 10-4 1.45 ¥ 10-4 Pressure megapascal, MPa (106 Pa) atmosphere bar megapascal, MPa (106 Pa) megagram, per cubic meter, gram per cubic centimeter, Mg M-3 g cm-3 Pascal, Pa pound per square foot, lb ft-2 Pascal, Pa pound per square inch lb in-2 Pascal, Pa pound per square inch lb in-2 1.00 (K - 273) (9/5 °C) + 32 kelvin, K Celsius, °C 9.90 10 1.00 9.52 x 10-4 0.239 101 0.735 2.387 ¥ 10-5 105 1.43 ¥ 10-3 3.60 ¥ 10-2 5.56 ¥ 10-3 10-4 Temperature Celsius, °C Fahrenheit, °F Energy, Work, Quantity of Heat joule, J British thermal unit, Btu joule, J calorie, cal joule, J Erg joule, J Foot-pound joule per square meter, J m-2 calorie per square centimeter (langley) newton, N Dyne watt per square meter, W m-2 calorie per square centimeter minute (irradiance), cal cm-2 min-1 minute (irradiance), cal cm-2 min-1 Transpiration and Photosynthesis milligram per square meter gram per square decimeter second, mg m-2 s-1 hour, g dm-2 h-1 milligram (H20) per square micromole (H20) per meter second, mg m2 s-1 square centimeter second, mmol cm-2 s-1 milligram per square meter milligram per square second, mg m-2 s-1 centimeter second, mg cm-2 s-1 0.447 0.1 0.001 0.101 0.1 1.00 47.9 6.90 ¥ 103 6.90 ¥ 103 1.00 (°C + 273) 5/9 (°F – 32) 1.05 ¥ 103 4.19 10-7 1.36 4.19 ¥ 104 10-5 698 27.8 180 104 continued © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_book Page 564 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix A 564 Units TABLE A.3 (continued) Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units (Soil Science Society of America, 1997) To Convert Column into Column 2, Multiply by Column SI Unit Column non-SI Units 35.97 milligram per square meter second, mg m-2 s-1 milligram per square decimeter hour, mg dm-2 h-1 57.3 radian, rad 10 104 9.73 ¥ 10-3 9.81 ¥ 10-3 4.40 8.11 97.28 8.1 ¥ 10-2 0.1 2.7 ¥ 10-11 2.7 ¥ 10-2 100 100 2.29 1.20 1.39 1.66 © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Plane Angle degrees (angle), ° Electrical Conductivity, Electricity, and Magnetism siemen per meter, S m-1 millimho per centimeter, mmho cm-1 tesla, T gauss, G Water Measurement cubic meter, m3 acre-inch, acre-in cubic meter per hour, m3 h-1 cubic foot per second, ft3 s-1 h-1 cubic meter per hour, m U.S gallon per minute, gal min-1 hectare meter, m acre-foot, acre-ft hectare meter, m acre-inch, acre-in hectare centimeter, cm acre-foot, acre-ft Concentrations centimole per kilogram, milliequivalent per 100 cmol kg-1 grams, meq 100 g-1 -1 gram per kilogram, g kg percent, % milligram per kilogram, mg parts per million, ppm kg-1 Radioactivity becquerel, Bq curie, Ci becquerel per kilogram, picocurie per gram, pCi g-1 Bq kg-1 gray, Gy (absorbed dose) rad, rd sievert, Sv (equivalent dose) rem (roentgen equivalent man) Elemental P K Ca Mg Plant Nutrient Conversion Oxide P2O5 K2O CaO MgO To Convert Column into Column 1, Multiply by 2.78 ¥ 10-2 1.75 ¥ 10-2 0.1 10-4 102.8 101.9 0.227 0.123 1.03 ¥ 10-2 12.33 10 3.7 ¥ 1010 37 0.01 0.01 0.437 0.830 0.715 0.602 3115_book Page 565 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix B SOIL PROPERTIES TABLE B.1 Types and Classes of Soil Structure Type Kind Class Size (mm) Structureless: no observable aggregation or no deÞnite orderly arrangement around natural lines of weakness Single grain structure: loose, incoherent mass of individual particles as in sands Blocky (angular blocky): faces rectangular and ßattened, vertices sharply angular Fine blocky Medium blocky Coarse blocky Very coarse blocky 50 Subangular blocky: faces subrectangular, vertices mostly oblique, or subrounded Fine subangular blocky Medium subangular blocky Coarse subangular blocky Very coarse subangular blocky 50 Granular: spheroidal and characterized by rounded vertices Fine granular Medium granular Coarse granular 50% Transitional horizons InterÞngered horizons (Can limit): speciÞc limits; (U.S and FAO limits): no speciÞc limit (Can limit): >5% organic C (Can limit): speciÞc C to Fep ratio; (U.S and FAO limits): no speciÞc C to Fep ratio Water Other suffixes b c ca cc g j k s © 2001 by CRC Press LLC May be used with A, B, or C horizons (Can and U.S limit): buried; (FAO limit): buried or bisequa Slightly altered by hydrolysis, oxidation, and/or solution Accumulation of carbonates Accumulation of gypsum cemented, ireversible (FAO): g - mottling, - strong reduction juvenile, weak expression of development Indicates presence of carbonate Plinthite Silica accumulation Visible salts continued 3115_book Page 575 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix D 575 Table D.3 TABLE D.2 (CONTINUED) Correlation of Horizon Definitions and Designations Canadian U.S FAO Comments ss sa ss y or z y or z u v x y z o x f u x i Indicates presence of slickensides (Can limit): includes gypsum (U.S and FAO limits): y - gypsum, z - other more soluble salts Residual sequioxide concentration Turbic UnspeciÞed Vertic horizon Fragipan Cryoturbation Permafrost layer * 17% organic C is equivalent to about 30% organic matter Source: Soil ClassiÞcation Working Group, 1998 TABLE D.3 Correlation of United States and FAO Diagnostic Horizons with Nearest Canadian Equivalents U.S FAO Canadian Mollic Epipedon Anthropic Epipedon Umbric Epipedon Histic Epipedon Ochric Epipedon Plaggen Epipedon Albic horizon Argillic horizon Agric horizon Natric horizon Spodic horizon Cambic horizon Oxic horizon Duripan Durinodes Fragipan Calcic horizon Petrocalcic Gypsic Mollic A Mollic A Umbric A Histic H Ochric A Albic E Argillic B Argillic B Natric B Spodic B Cambic B Oxic B m x Calcic horizon Bkm Gypsic Chernozemic A Cultivated Chernozemic A Ah Of, Om, Oh light-colored A Ap Ae Bt Illuvial B Bn or Brit podzolic B Bm, Bg, Btj c cc Fragipan Bca or Cca Bcac or Ccac Asa, Bsa, Csa Salic Placic Plinthite Lithic contact Paralithic contact g - Thin iron pan Plinthite Gleyic horizon sulfuric horizon Asa, Bsa, Csa Placic Lithic contact IICc g - Source: Soil Classiịcation Working Group, 1998 â 2001 by CRC Press LLC Comments With high base status With low base status Formed under cultivation (Can limit): only if sa horizon is dominantly CaS04 Low pH, jarosite mottles 3115_book Page 576 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix D 576 Table D.4 TABLE D.4 Taxonomic Correlation at the Canadian Order and Great Group Levelsl Canadian System U.S SOIL TAXONOMY FAO System Chernozemic Borolls Brown Chernozem Dark Brown Chernozem Black Chernozem Dark Gray Chernozem Solonetzic Aridic Boroll subgroups Typic Boroll subgroups Udic Boroll subgroups BoralÞc Boroll subgroups, Albolls Natric great groups, Mollisols and AlÞsols Natric great groups, Mollisols and AlÞsols Natric great groups, Mollisols and AlÞsols Glossic Natriborolls, Natralbolls Haplocryerts Boralfs and Udalfs Hapludalfs or Glossudalfs Boralfs Spodosols, some Inceptisols Cryaquods, Humods Humic Cryorthods, Humic Haplorthods Cryorthods, Haplorthods Inceptisols, some Psamments Cryochrepts, Eutrochrepts, Hapludolls Cryochrepts, Eutrochrepts Humbric Dystrochrepts Dystrochrepts, Cryochrepts Entisols Entisols Entisols Aqu-suborders Aquolls, Humaquepts Aquents, Fluvents, Aquepts Argialbolls, Argiaquolls, Aqualfs Histosols Fibrists Hemists Saprists Folists Gelisols Turbels Orthels Histels Cryerts Haplocryerts Humicryerts Kastanozem, Chernozem, Greyzem, Phaeozem Kastanozem (aridic) Kastanozem (Haplic) Chernozem Greyzem Solonetz Solonetz Solodized Solonetz Solod Vertic Solonetz Luvisolic Gray Brown Luvisol Gray Luvisol Podzolic Humic Podzol Ferro-Humic Podzol Humo-Ferric Podzol Brunisolic Melanic Brunisol Eutric Brunisol Sombric Brunisol Dystric Brunisol Regosolic Regosol Humic Regosol Gleysolic Humic Gleysol Gleysol Luvic Gleysol Organic Fibrisol Mesisol Humisol Folisol Cryosolic Turbic Cryosol Static Cryosol Organic Cryosol Vertisolic Vertisol Humic Vertisol Only the nearest equivalents are indicated Source: Soil ClassiÞcation Working Group, 1998 © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Mollic, Haplic, or Gleyic Solonetz Mollic, Haplic, or Gleyic Solonetz Solodic Planosol Sodic Vertisol Luvisol Albic Luvisol, Haplic Luvisol Albic Luvisol, Gleyic Luvisol Podzol Humic Podzol Orthic Podzol Orthic Podzol Cambisol Cambisol, Eutric Cambisol Eutric Cambisol, Calcic Cambisol Dystric Cambisol, Umbric Cambisol Dystric Cambisol Fluvisol, Regosol Regosol Fluvisol, Regosol Gleysol, Planosol Mollic, Umbric, Calcic Gleysol Eutric, Dystric Gleysol Planosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Cryosol Cryosol Cryosol Cryic Histosol Vertisol Calcic Vertisol, Eutric Vertisol Dystric Vertisol Appendix E ECOZONES OF CANADA FIGURE E.1 Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada 577 © 2001 by CRC Press LLC ... by 1.609 0.9 14 0.3 04 0.3 04 1.0 0.3 04 25 .4 0.1 0 .40 5 4. 05 ¥ 1 0-3 2.590 4. 05 ¥ 103 9.29 ¥ 1 0-2 645 102.8 2.83 ¥ 1 0-2 1. 64 ¥ 1 0-5 35. 24 0. 946 28.3 3.78 2.96 x 1 0-2 0 .47 3 45 4 28 .4 0 .45 4 100 907 0.907... mm2 g-1 m2 kg-1 2.09 ¥ 1 0-2 1 .45 ¥ 1 0 -4 1 .45 ¥ 1 0 -4 Pressure megapascal, MPa (106 Pa) atmosphere bar megapascal, MPa (106 Pa) megagram, per cubic meter, gram per cubic centimeter, Mg M-3 g cm-3... second, mg m2 s-1 square centimeter second, mmol cm-2 s-1 milligram per square meter milligram per square second, mg m-2 s-1 centimeter second, mg cm-2 s-1 0 .44 7 0.1 0.001 0.101 0.1 1.00 47 .9 6.90