Soil and environmental science dictionary

Soil and Environmental Science DICTIONARY Edited by E.G Gregorich L.W Turchenek M.R Carter D.A Angers for the CANADIAN SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_FM Page iv Tuesday, July 22, 2003 10:01 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Soil and environmental science dictionary / edited by E.G Gregorich [et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical references ISBN 0-8493-3115-3 Soil science—Dictionaries Soil science—Dictionaries—French Environmental sciences—Dictionaries Environmental sciences—Dictionaries—French English language‚ Dictionaries—French French language—Dictionaries—English I Gregorich, E.G II Canadian Society of Soil Science S592 S59 2001 631.4¢03—dc21 2001025292 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microÞlming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher All rights reserved Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of speciÞc clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-3115-3/01/$0.00+$1.50 The fee is subject to change without notice For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale SpeciÞc permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identiÞcation and explanation, without intent to infringe Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-3115-3 Library of Congress Card Number 2001025292 Printed in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_FM Page v Tuesday, July 22, 2003 10:01 AM Don't be surprised we don't know how to describe the world and only speak to things affectionately by their Þrst names Zbigniew Herbert Never About You © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_FM Page vii Tuesday, July 22, 2003 10:01 AM Preface Judicious treatment of environmental questions and challenges requires an integrated, crossdisciplinary approach Whether working at a local, national, regional, or global scale, the knowledge and expertise resident in a variety of subject areas comes to bear on all questions of sustainable development Soil scientists now collaborate with colleagues in many Þelds, and a basic working knowledge of the vocabulary of those Þelds improves understanding and enhances the ßow of information This dictionary brings together the conventional vocabulary of soil science with that of many overlapping disciplines such as geology, hydrology, and meteorology Its purpose is to deÞne and describe technical words for researchers, students of various levels, librarians, policy- and decision-makers, and interested citizens working and studying in a wide variety of disciplines related to soil science The terms and deÞnitions for this dictionary were gathered from a wide variety of sources, including several existing glossaries and dictionaries The editors invited a panel of thirty reviewers, experts in selected subject areas, to help review, select, and update best deÞnitions The editors acknowledge and thank Professor Alma Mary Anderson, Art Department, Indiana State University, for drafting the illustrations To reßect Canada’s bilingualism and make the dictionary more useful to the international science community, French equivalents are given for English terms © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_FM Page ix Tuesday, July 22, 2003 10:01 AM Canadian Society of Soil Science The Canadian Society of Soil Science is a non-governmental, non-proÞt organization for scientists, engineers, technologists, administrators, students, and others interested in soil science Its three main objectives are: • To promote the wise use of soil for the beneịt of society ã To facilitate the exchange of information and technology among people and organizations involved in soil science • To promote research and practical application of Þndings in soil science The Society quarterly produces the international scientiÞc publication, the Canadian Journal of Soil Science, and each year hosts an international soil science conference Its well-known practical soils methodology book Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis (Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, 1993) is used throughout the world The Society publishes a newsletter to share information and ideas, and maintains active liaisons and partnerships with other soil science societies Collaborative projects are currently under way in Sri Lanka, Costa Rica, and Thailand For more information about the Canadian Society of Soil Science, please visit the following Web site: http://www.csss.ca © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_FM Page xi Tuesday, July 22, 2003 10:01 AM The Editors E.G Gregorich, Ph.D holds degrees in agriculture and soil science from the University of Saskatchewan, and earned a Ph.D in soil science from the University of Guelph He has been a research scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at the Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, since 1989, focusing on carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil He is a member of the Canadian Society of Soil Science and currently serves as an associate editor for the Journal of Environmental Quality L.W Turchenek, Ph.D holds degrees in agriculture and soil science from the University of Saskatchewan, and earned a Ph.D in soil science from the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide He held research positions at the University of Alberta and the Alberta Research Council from 1975 to 1994, and is currently a senior soil scientist with AMEC Earth and Environmental Ltd in Edmonton, Alberta He is a member of the Canadian Society of Soil Science and has been involved in research and consulting in environmental soil science, reclamation, and soil survey M.R Carter, Ph.D holds degrees in agriculture and soil science from the University of Alberta, and earned a Ph.D in soil science from the University of Saskatchewan He has held agricultural research positions with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada since 1977 and is currently a research scientist at the Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, working on soil quality evaluation A fellow of the Canadian Society of Soil Science, he currently serves as editor-in-chief for Soil and Tillage Research and Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment D.A Angers, Ph.D holds degrees in agriculture and soil science from Université Laval, Québec and the University of Guelph, and earned a Ph.D in soil science from McGill University He has been a research scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada since 1988 at the Soils and Crops Research and Development Centre, Sainte-Foy, Québec, involved in research in applied soil physics and organic matter dynamics He is an adjunct professor of soil science at Université Laval and serves on the Canadian Society of Soil Science council, and is an editorial advisor for Soil and Tillage Research and Plant and Soil © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_FM Page xiii Tuesday, July 22, 2003 10:01 AM Subject Reviewers Manas R Banerjee Douglas G Maynard M.H Beare G.R Mehuys G Bélanger J.J Miller Claude Bernard Alan P Moulin Johanne B Boisvert G.H Neilsen Martin H Chantigny Denise Neilsen Reinder de Jong Michel C Nolin J.F Dormaar Rock Ouimet Deena Errampalli Léon-Étienne Parent C.A Fox Philippe Rochette L.J Gregorich R.R Simard Y.P Kalra Barrie StanÞeld Claude Lapierre Ulrica F Stoklas M.R Laverdière A.J VandenBygaart David A Lobb Karl Volkmar © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_FM Page xv Tuesday, July 22, 2003 10:01 AM Table of Contents Using the Dictionary xvii Dictionary (A–Z: English Terms and DeÞnitions with Equivalent French Terms) English/French Index of Terms by Subject Area/Discipline 409 French/English Index of Terms by Subject Area/Discipline 481 References: Sources of Terms .555 References: Sources of Illustrations 559 Appendix A Units Table A.1 SI PreÞxes 561 Table A.2 SI Base Units 561 Table A.3 Conversion Factors for SI and Non-SI Units 562 Appendix B Soil Properties Table B.1 Types and Classes of Soil Structure 565 Figure B.1 Type, Kinds and Classes of Soil Structure 566 Figure B.2 Soil Texture Classes 566 Appendix C Geological Timescale Table C.1 The Geological Timescale 567 Appendix D Soil ClassiÞcation Table D.1 Canadian Soil ClassiÞcation at Levels of Order, Great Group, and Subgroup 569 Table D.2 Correlation of Horizon DeÞnitions and Designations .574 Table D.3 Correlation of United States and FAO Diagnostic Horizons with Nearest Canadian Equivalents 575 Table D.4 Taxonomic Correlation at the Canadian Order and Great Group Levels 576 Appendix E Ecozones of Canada Figure E.1 Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada 577 © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_FM Page xvii Tuesday, July 22, 2003 10:01 AM Using the Dictionary Each term is printed in bold type, followed by the deÞnition In the case of multiple deÞnitions for a single term, deÞnitions are listed in a numbered sequence Where a deÞnition pertains to a speciÞc discipline, the discipline appears italicized in parentheses at the head of that deÞnition The French term equivalent to the deÞned English term or phrase is shown in bold type following the deÞnition If the French term differs for multiple English deÞnitions listed in a numbered sequence, the French terms are numbered correspondingly at the end of the list of deÞnitions A word in italic font within a deÞnition indicates that it is deÞned elsewhere in the dictionary, unless it denotes a biological genus and species Where a term is deÞned elsewhere in the dictionary under a synonymous term, the reader is directed to this other deÞnition with the instruction, “See ” At the end of a deÞnition, the reader is alerted to synonyms for this term with the instruction, “Also called ” Two indexes, located at the back of the dictionary, group dictionary terms according to discipline and subject area These sections enable the English or French reader to determine if a particular term, or group of related terms within a discipline, is deÞned in the dictionary Terms are arranged alphabetically within each discipline The English/French index is sorted alphabetically by English term with the corresponding French equivalent, and the French/English index by French term with the corresponding English equivalent Several appendices provide additional information to aid in understanding certain terms or the context in which terms are used The literature used to deÞne some of the terms is cited in References: Sources of Terms, and the sources used for some of the illustrations are given in References: Sources of Illustrations © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_book Page 595 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM A1 B 27 C 47 D 89 E 109 F 127 G 149 H 165 I 181 J 195 K 197 L 201 M 215 N 237 O 247 P 257 Q 289 R 291 S 309 Slope classes, class limits (in percent slope), and descriptive terminology 327 Slope equivalents in grade (ratio), degree, and percent 327 Soil Map Units for the FAO/UNESCO World Soil Map 332 T 361 U 383 V 389 W 395 X 403 Y 405 Z 407 ENGLISH/FRENCH INDEX OF TERMS BY SUBJECT AREA/DISCIPLINE 409 AGRONOMY, AGRICULTURE, FERTILITY, PLANT NUTRITION 409 BIOCHEMISTRY 411 BOTANY, HORTICULTURE, RANGE SCIENCE 412 CHEMISTRY 417 CONSERVATION, SOIL MANAGEMENT, TILLAGE 424 ECOLOGY 429 ENVIRONMENTAL SOIL SCIENCE, AGRICHEMICALS, PESTICIDES, POLLUTANTS 433 FORESTRY 434 GEOMORPHOLOGY, GEOLOGY, CIVIL ENGINEERING 437 HYDROLOGY, LIMNOLOGY, WATER QUALITY 445 IRRIGATION 448 METEOROLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY, AIR QUALITY 449 MICROBIOLOGY 451 MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, WEATHERING 454 MODELING, STATISTICS 457 PEAT, PEATLANDS 461 PHYSICS, SOIL WATER 462 RECLAMATION, REMEDIATION 467 © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_book Page 563 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix A 563 Units TABLE A.3 (continued) Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units (Soil Science Society of America, 1997) To Convert Column into Column 2, Multiply by 893 0.446 2.24 10 1000 Column SI Unit Column non-SI Units To Convert Column into Column 1, Multiply by megagram per hectare, Mg ha-1 megagram per hectare, Mg ha-l meter per second, m s-1 pound per acre, lb acre-1 1.12 ¥ 10-3 ton (2000 lb) per acre, ton acre-1 mile per hour 2.24 Specific Surface square meter per kilogram, square centimeter per m2 kg-1 gram, cm2 g-1 square meter per kilogram, square millimeter per gram, mm2 g-1 m2 kg-1 2.09 ¥ 10-2 1.45 ¥ 10-4 1.45 ¥ 10-4 Pressure megapascal, MPa (106 Pa) atmosphere bar megapascal, MPa (106 Pa) megagram, per cubic meter, gram per cubic centimeter, Mg M-3 g cm-3 Pascal, Pa pound per square foot, lb ft-2 Pascal, Pa pound per square inch lb in-2 Pascal, Pa pound per square inch lb in-2 1.00 (K - 273) (9/5 °C) + 32 kelvin, K Celsius, °C 9.90 10 1.00 9.52 x 10-4 0.239 101 0.735 2.387 ¥ 10-5 105 1.43 ¥ 10-3 3.60 ¥ 10-2 5.56 ¥ 10-3 10-4 Temperature Celsius, °C Fahrenheit, °F Energy, Work, Quantity of Heat joule, J British thermal unit, Btu joule, J calorie, cal joule, J Erg joule, J Foot-pound joule per square meter, J m-2 calorie per square centimeter (langley) newton, N Dyne watt per square meter, W m-2 calorie per square centimeter minute (irradiance), cal cm-2 min-1 minute (irradiance), cal cm-2 min-1 Transpiration and Photosynthesis milligram per square meter gram per square decimeter second, mg m-2 s-1 hour, g dm-2 h-1 milligram (H20) per square micromole (H20) per meter second, mg m2 s-1 square centimeter second, mmol cm-2 s-1 milligram per square meter milligram per square second, mg m-2 s-1 centimeter second, mg cm-2 s-1 0.447 0.1 0.001 0.101 0.1 1.00 47.9 6.90 ¥ 103 6.90 ¥ 103 1.00 (°C + 273) 5/9 (°F – 32) 1.05 ¥ 103 4.19 10-7 1.36 4.19 ¥ 104 10-5 698 27.8 180 104 continued © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3115_book Page 564 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix A 564 Units TABLE A.3 (continued) Conversion Factors for SI and non-SI Units (Soil Science Society of America, 1997) To Convert Column into Column 2, Multiply by Column SI Unit Column non-SI Units 35.97 milligram per square meter second, mg m-2 s-1 milligram per square decimeter hour, mg dm-2 h-1 57.3 radian, rad 10 104 9.73 ¥ 10-3 9.81 ¥ 10-3 4.40 8.11 97.28 8.1 ¥ 10-2 0.1 2.7 ¥ 10-11 2.7 ¥ 10-2 100 100 2.29 1.20 1.39 1.66 © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Plane Angle degrees (angle), ° Electrical Conductivity, Electricity, and Magnetism siemen per meter, S m-1 millimho per centimeter, mmho cm-1 tesla, T gauss, G Water Measurement cubic meter, m3 acre-inch, acre-in cubic meter per hour, m3 h-1 cubic foot per second, ft3 s-1 -1 cubic meter per hour, m h U.S gallon per minute, gal min-1 hectare meter, m acre-foot, acre-ft hectare meter, m acre-inch, acre-in hectare centimeter, cm acre-foot, acre-ft Concentrations centimole per kilogram, milliequivalent per 100 cmol kg-1 grams, meq 100 g-1 -1 gram per kilogram, g kg percent, % milligram per kilogram, mg parts per million, ppm kg-1 Radioactivity becquerel, Bq curie, Ci becquerel per kilogram, picocurie per gram, pCi g-1 Bq kg-1 gray, Gy (absorbed dose) rad, rd sievert, Sv (equivalent dose) rem (roentgen equivalent man) Elemental P K Ca Mg Plant Nutrient Conversion Oxide P2O5 K2O CaO MgO To Convert Column into Column 1, Multiply by 2.78 ¥ 10-2 1.75 ¥ 10-2 0.1 10-4 102.8 101.9 0.227 0.123 1.03 ¥ 10-2 12.33 10 3.7 ¥ 1010 37 0.01 0.01 0.437 0.830 0.715 0.602 3115_book Page 565 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix B SOIL PROPERTIES TABLE B.1 Types and Classes of Soil Structure Type Kind Class Size (mm) Structureless: no observable aggregation or no deÞnite orderly arrangement around natural lines of weakness Single grain structure: loose, incoherent mass of individual particles as in sands Blocky (angular blocky): faces rectangular and ßattened, vertices sharply angular Fine blocky Medium blocky Coarse blocky Very coarse blocky 50 Subangular blocky: faces subrectangular, vertices mostly oblique, or subrounded Fine subangular blocky Medium subangular blocky Coarse subangular blocky Very coarse subangular blocky 50 Granular: spheroidal and characterized by rounded vertices Fine granular Medium granular Coarse granular 50% Transitional horizons InterÞngered horizons (Can limit): speciÞc limits; (U.S and FAO limits): no speciÞc limit (Can limit): >5% organic C (Can limit): speciÞc C to Fep ratio; (U.S and FAO limits): no speciÞc C to Fep ratio Water Other suffixes b c ca cc g j k s © 2001 by CRC Press LLC May be used with A, B, or C horizons (Can and U.S limit): buried; (FAO limit): buried or bisequa Slightly altered by hydrolysis, oxidation, and/or solution Accumulation of carbonates Accumulation of gypsum cemented, ireversible (FAO): g - mottling, - strong reduction juvenile, weak expression of development Indicates presence of carbonate Plinthite Silica accumulation Visible salts continued 3115_book Page 575 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix D 575 Table D.3 TABLE D.2 (CONTINUED) Correlation of Horizon Definitions and Designations Canadian U.S FAO Comments ss sa ss y or z y or z u v x y z o x f u x i Indicates presence of slickensides (Can limit): includes gypsum (U.S and FAO limits): y - gypsum, z - other more soluble salts Residual sequioxide concentration Turbic UnspeciÞed Vertic horizon Fragipan Cryoturbation Permafrost layer * 17% organic C is equivalent to about 30% organic matter Source: Soil ClassiÞcation Working Group, 1998 TABLE D.3 Correlation of United States and FAO Diagnostic Horizons with Nearest Canadian Equivalents U.S FAO Canadian Mollic Epipedon Anthropic Epipedon Umbric Epipedon Histic Epipedon Ochric Epipedon Plaggen Epipedon Albic horizon Argillic horizon Agric horizon Natric horizon Spodic horizon Cambic horizon Oxic horizon Duripan Durinodes Fragipan Calcic horizon Petrocalcic Gypsic Mollic A Mollic A Umbric A Histic H Ochric A Albic E Argillic B Argillic B Natric B Spodic B Cambic B Oxic B m x Calcic horizon Bkm Gypsic Chernozemic A Cultivated Chernozemic A Ah Of, Om, Oh light-colored A Ap Ae Bt Illuvial B Bn or Brit podzolic B Bm, Bg, Btj c cc Fragipan Bca or Cca Bcac or Ccac Asa, Bsa, Csa Salic Placic Plinthite Lithic contact Paralithic contact g - Thin iron pan Plinthite Gleyic horizon sulfuric horizon Asa, Bsa, Csa Placic Lithic contact IICc g - Source: Soil ClassiÞcation Working Group, 1998 © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Comments With high base status With low base status Formed under cultivation (Can limit): only if sa horizon is dominantly CaS04 Low pH, jarosite mottles 3115_book Page 576 Tuesday, August 12, 2003 11:25 AM Appendix D 576 Table D.4 TABLE D.4 Taxonomic Correlation at the Canadian Order and Great Group Levelsl Canadian System U.S SOIL TAXONOMY FAO System Chernozemic Borolls Brown Chernozem Dark Brown Chernozem Black Chernozem Dark Gray Chernozem Solonetzic Aridic Boroll subgroups Typic Boroll subgroups Udic Boroll subgroups BoralÞc Boroll subgroups, Albolls Natric great groups, Mollisols and AlÞsols Natric great groups, Mollisols and AlÞsols Natric great groups, Mollisols and AlÞsols Glossic Natriborolls, Natralbolls Haplocryerts Boralfs and Udalfs Hapludalfs or Glossudalfs Boralfs Spodosols, some Inceptisols Cryaquods, Humods Humic Cryorthods, Humic Haplorthods Cryorthods, Haplorthods Inceptisols, some Psamments Cryochrepts, Eutrochrepts, Hapludolls Cryochrepts, Eutrochrepts Humbric Dystrochrepts Dystrochrepts, Cryochrepts Entisols Entisols Entisols Aqu-suborders Aquolls, Humaquepts Aquents, Fluvents, Aquepts Argialbolls, Argiaquolls, Aqualfs Histosols Fibrists Hemists Saprists Folists Gelisols Turbels Orthels Histels Cryerts Haplocryerts Humicryerts Kastanozem, Chernozem, Greyzem, Phaeozem Kastanozem (aridic) Kastanozem (Haplic) Chernozem Greyzem Solonetz Solonetz Solodized Solonetz Solod Vertic Solonetz Luvisolic Gray Brown Luvisol Gray Luvisol Podzolic Humic Podzol Ferro-Humic Podzol Humo-Ferric Podzol Brunisolic Melanic Brunisol Eutric Brunisol Sombric Brunisol Dystric Brunisol Regosolic Regosol Humic Regosol Gleysolic Humic Gleysol Gleysol Luvic Gleysol Organic Fibrisol Mesisol Humisol Folisol Cryosolic Turbic Cryosol Static Cryosol Organic Cryosol Vertisolic Vertisol Humic Vertisol Only the nearest equivalents are indicated Source: Soil Classiịcation Working Group, 1998 â 2001 by CRC Press LLC Mollic, Haplic, or Gleyic Solonetz Mollic, Haplic, or Gleyic Solonetz Solodic Planosol Sodic Vertisol Luvisol Albic Luvisol, Haplic Luvisol Albic Luvisol, Gleyic Luvisol Podzol Humic Podzol Orthic Podzol Orthic Podzol Cambisol Cambisol, Eutric Cambisol Eutric Cambisol, Calcic Cambisol Dystric Cambisol, Umbric Cambisol Dystric Cambisol Fluvisol, Regosol Regosol Fluvisol, Regosol Gleysol, Planosol Mollic, Umbric, Calcic Gleysol Eutric, Dystric Gleysol Planosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Cryosol Cryosol Cryosol Cryic Histosol Vertisol Calcic Vertisol, Eutric Vertisol Dystric Vertisol Appendix E ECOZONES OF CANADA FIGURE E.1 Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada 577 © 2001 by CRC Press LLC ... Society of Soil Science and has been involved in research and consulting in environmental soil science, reclamation, and soil survey M.R Carter, Ph.D holds degrees in agriculture and soil science. .. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Soil and environmental science dictionary / edited by E.G Gregorich [et al.] p cm Includes bibliographical references ISBN 0-8493-3115-3 Soil science? ??Dictionaries Soil science? ??Dictionaries—French... editor-in-chief for Soil and Tillage Research and Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment D.A Angers, Ph.D holds degrees in agriculture and soil science from Université Laval, Québec and the University