Thermal Remote Sensing in Land Surface Processes - Chapter 1 pptx

Thermal Remote Sensing in Land Surface Processes TF1628_Title page 3/12/04 6:12 AM Page 1 CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Thermal Remote Sensing in Land Surface Processes EDITED BY Dale A. Quattrochi and Jeffrey C. Luvall This is a work of the United States Government under the provisions of Title 17, Section 105 of the U.S. Code and, therefore, U.S. copyright protection is not available. Under U.S. law, no U.S. copyright may be assigned. U.S. Government works are in the public domain and may be used by members of the U.S. public without copyright restrictions. The work shall not be used in any manner that would suggest or imply endorsement by NASA or any NASA employees. 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International Standard Book Number 0-415-30224-2 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress TF1628_dis.fm Page 1 Friday, March 12, 2004 8:48 AM Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com “fm” — 2004/3/9 — pagev—#5 Contents Biographical sketch of Dale A. Quattrochi vii Biographical sketch of Jeffrey C. Luvall viii Contributors’ biographies x Preface xix Introduction 1 PART I Thermal infrared data for assessment and quantification of surface energy fluxes and soil moisture 9 1 Estimating environmental variables using thermal remote sensing 11 KEVIN P. CZAJKOWSKI, SAMUEL N. GOWARD, THERESA MULHERN, SCOTT J. GOETZ, ANITA WALZ, DAVID SHIREY, STEPHEN STADLER, STEPHEN D. PRINCE AND RALPH O. DUBAYAH 2 Land surface temperature retrieval techniques and applications: case of the AVHRR 33 YANN H. KERR, JEAN PIERRE LAGOUARDE, FRANÇOISE NERRY AND CATHERINE OTTLÉ 3 High spatial resolution mapping of surface energy balance components with remotely sensed data 110 KAREN HUMES, RAY HARDY, WILLIAM P. KUSTAS, JOHN PRUEGER AND PATRICK STARKS 4 Estimating spatially distributed surface fluxes in a semi-arid Great Basin desert using Landsat TM thermal data 133 CHARLES A. LAYMON AND DALE A. QUATTROCHI “fm” — 2004/3/9 — page vi — #6 vi Contents 5 Coupling thermal infrared and visible satellite measurements to infer biophysical variables at the land surface 160 ROBERT R. GILLIES AND BEKELE TEMESGEN 6 Rapid soil drying and its implications for remote sensing of soil moisture and the surface energy fluxes 185 TOBY N. CARLSON, DAVID A.J. RIPLEY AND THOMAS J. SCHMUGGE 7 Mapping surface energy fluxes with radiometric temperature 205 WILLIAM P. KUSTAS, JOHN M. NORMAN, THOMAS J. SCHMUGGE AND MARTHA C. ANDERSON PART II Thermal infrared data for assessment of ecosystem health 255 8 Thermal infrared measurement as an indicator of plant ecosystem health 257 M. SUSAN MORAN 9 Exergy analysis of ecosystems: establishing a role for thermal remote sensing 283 ROYDON A. FRASER AND JAMES J. KAY PART III Thermal infrared instruments and calibration 361 10 Calibration of thermal infrared sensors 363 JOHN R. SCHOTT, SCOTT D. BROWN AND JULIA A. BARSI 11 MUST – a medium scale surface temperature mission dedicated to environment and agriculture 405 ALAIN VIDAL, PHILIPPE DUTHIL, CATHERINE OTTLÉ, VICENTE CASELLES, ANTONIO YAGÜE AND JOHN MURTAGH Epilogue 429 “fm” — 2004/3/9 — page vii — #7 Biographical sketch of Dale A. Quattrochi Dale A. Quattrochi is a Senior Research Scientist with the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, and has over 23 years of expe- rience in the field of Earth science remote sensing research and applications. He received his PhD degree from the University of Utah, his MS degree from the University of Tennessee, and his BS degree from Ohio University, all in Geography. Dr Quattrochi’s research interests focus on the application of thermal remote sensing data for analysis of heating and cooling patterns across the diverse urban landscape, which form the dome of elevated air temperatures over cities known as the urban heat island effect. He is also conducting research on the applications of geospatial statistical techniques, such as fractal analysis, to multiscale remote sensing data. Dr Quattrochi is the recipient of numerous awards including the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal, NASA’s highest science award, which he received in 2001 for his research on urban heat islands and remote sensing. He is also a 2002 recipient of the Ohio University College of Arts and Science, Distinguished Alumni Award. Dr Quattrochi is the co-editor of Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS (with Michael Goodchild), published in 1997 by CRC/Lewis Publishers. Dr Quattrochi is an adjunct faculty member in the Department of Geog- raphy and Anthropology at the Louisiana State University. He is also an adjunct professor in the Department of Plant and Soil Science and the Center for Hydrology, Soil Climatology and Remote Sensing at Alabama A&M University, and is an adjunct associate professor in the Department of Atmospheric Science at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. “fm” — 2004/3/9 — page viii — #8 Biographical sketch of Jeffrey C. Luvall Jeffrey C. Luvall is currently employed by NASA as a senior research scientist at Marshall Space Flight Center. He holds a BS (1974, Forestry) and an MS (1976, Forest Ecology) from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, and a PhD (1984, Tropical Forest Ecology) from the University of Georgia, Athens, GA. His current research involves the modeling of forest canopy thermal response using airborne thermal scanners on a landscape scale. He is also investigating the relationships of forest canopy temperatures and the evap- otranspiration process. He has used remotely sensed surface temperatures to develop evapotranspiration estimates for eastern deciduous and tropi- cal rain forests. These investigations have resulted in the development of a Thermal Response Number (TRN) which quantifies land surface’s energy response in terms of kJ m −2 C 0−1 , which can be used to classify land surfaces in regional surface budget modeling by their energy use. A logical outgrowth of characterizing surface energy budgets of forests is the application of ther- mal remote sensing to quantify the urban heat island effect. One important breakthrough is the ability to quantify the importance of trees in keeping the city cool. His current research involves alternate mitigation strategies to reduce ozone production through the use of high albedo surfaces for roofs and pavements and increasing tree cover in urban areas to cool cities. His recent work on urban heat islands has been the focus of several CNN, CBN, CBS Evening News, NBC, and ABC Discovery News programs during 1998. It was also featured in a November 23, 1998, Newsweek article “Blue Skies Ahead: Hot Ways to Cool Down Our Cities.” Heis also working closely with the Salt Lake City’s 2002 Olympic Organizing Committee in revitalizing the city by planting greenways and high albedo surface materials. Invited by the USSR Academy of Sciences and the United Nations Environment Pro- gram to speak at the International Symposium on the State of the Art of Remote Sensing Technology for Biosphere Studies in Moscow (September 1989). Invited participant and co-authored a paper at the Space Conference of the Americas in San Jose, Costa Rica, March 12–16, 1990, and an invited delegate in August 1991. Steering Committee for organizing a symposium “fm” — 2004/3/9 — page ix — #9 Biographical sketch of Jeffrey C. Luvall ix “Thermal Remote Sensing of the Energy and Water Balance over Vegetation in Conjunction with Other Sensors,” La Londe Les Maures, France, Septem- ber 1993. Organized symposium at the Intecol 1994 meeting at Manchester, England, “A Thermodynamic Perspective of Ecosystem Development” (with J. Kay and E. Schneider). Appointed to serve a three-year term (1994–1997) on the La Selva Advisory Committee by the Organization for Tropical Stud- ies (OTS). La Selva is a biological research field station in Costa Rica, funded by the National Science Foundation. OTS is a consortium of 50 US and international universities that manage several field stations and courses in Costa Rica. Selected awards 1999–2000: Walter Bean/Canada Trust Visiting Professor of the Envi- ronment, University of Waterloo, Faculty of Engineering. Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society of America Gulf Coast Chapter’s Kaminski Award 1990. Given for the best scientific research paper published in a peer review journal during 1989. NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center’s Director’s Award for outstanding CDDF project, 1996. “fm” — 2004/3/9 — pagex—#10 Contributors’ biographies Martha C. Anderson is an Assistant Scientist in the Department of Soils at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. She received her PhD in Astrophysics from the University of Minnesota in 1993, and then shifted her research focus towards the use of remote sensing data in deducing the land-surface energy balance. She has collaborated in developing a suite of related soil–plant–atmosphere models designed for practical application in agricultural and hydrologic monitoring applications, which utilize a combination of readily available satellite and surface synoptic data. Other interests include studying land use impacts on groundwater quality and local climate. Julia A. Barsi is a Calibration Analyst in the Landsat Project Science Office at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. She received her BS and MS in Imaging Science from the Rochester Institute of Technol- ogy. After completing her Master’s thesis on vicarious thermal calibration of Landsat ETM+, she joined the Landsat Project Science Office. Scott D. Brown is on the Research Staff at the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing (DIRS) Laboratory in the Center for Imaging Science at the Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York. Toby Carlson is a Professor of Meteorology in the Department of Meteorol- ogy at The Pennsylvania State University in University Park, Pennsylvania. He has taught courses in remote sensing, synoptic meteorology, hydrol- ogy, oceanography, and boundary layer and land surface processes. He has done extensive research on the measurement and mathematical modeling of land surface properties. Vicente Caselles is a Professor of Applied Physics and Head of the Thermal Remote Sensing Group at the Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. He has 20 years of expertise in the physical processes involved in the temperature measurement using remote sensing techniques that has been documented through 20 books, 15 doctoral theses, 80 papers in inter- national journals, 60 conference papers, and 30 reports. He collaborated “fm” — 2004/3/9 — page xi — #11 Contributors’ biographies xi with the European Space Agency (ESA) as member of the Advisory Group for the Land-Surface Processes and Interactions Mission. At present, he is the Chairman of the Spanish Remote Sensing Society and Chairman of the Spanish Atmosphere and Climate Programme. Kevin P. Czajkowski is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geogra- phy and Planning at the University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio. His research interests includeremote sensing and land/atmosphere interactions. Inaddi- tion, he works with local decision makers to develop remote sensing applications. Ralph O. Dubayah is an Associate Professor in the Department ofGeography at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. He has developed applications for Lidar remote sensing and has additional research interests in the hydrological modeling and applications using remotely sensed data. Philippe Duthil was initially a Space Systems Engineer (Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace Toulouse France, 1979). He is currently responsible for the development of new applications and Earth Observation products in the area of Environment and Water Management for Astrium in Toulouse, France. He rapidly specialized in the conception of Earth Observation systems and progressively evolved from space system engineering to remote sensing applications developments. His experience includes the analysis of overall space system requirements and perfor- mance assessment (SPOT series, HELIOS series, various projects). He also developed a simulator of space borne imagers, which can be used to simulate earth observation data and products and hence serve as a tool for products definition. He has been conducting several research and development projects under the 4th and 5th European Commission Framework program, in the areas of environment and agriculture, such as the MUST study of an infrared mission for water resources and risk management. Roydon A. Fraser is currently a Professor on the Mechanical Engineering faculty at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. He obtained his undergraduate degree in Engineering Physics at Queen’s Uni- versity, Kingston, Ontario, in 1983 and his Master’s and PhD in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Studies at Princeton Univer- sity, Princeton, New Jersey, in 1985 and 1989, respectively. His research efforts include studies of ecosystem thermodynamics, the exergy analyses of complex systems, turbulent combustion, and non-intrusive combus- tion diagnostics as applied to internal combustion engines, alternative fuel vehicle development with particular emphasis on natural gas and ethanol, methanol fuel cells, glazing system heat transfer studies, and energy utilization and conversion in general. [...]... 1. 3) Czajkowski et al (19 98) derived split window equations for AVHRR data from NOAA satellites 7, 9, 11 , 12 , and 14 using MODTRAN3 “chap 01 — 2004 /1/ 20 — page 14 — #6 Estimating environmental variables Normalized relative response (%) 10 0 15 NOAA-7 NOAA-9 NOAA -1 1 NOAA -1 2 NOAA -1 4 80 60 40 20 6 11 4 11 2 11 11 8 10 6 10 10 4 2 10 10 0 Wavelength (µm) Figure 1. 2 AVHRR normalized relative response functions... of scientists interested in furthering both the understanding and use of thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing data for analysis of land surface processes Here the workshop on Thermal Remote Sensing of the Energy and Water Balance Over Vegetation in Conjunction with Other Sensors took place with the intent of assessing what the state-of-the-art of TIR remote sensing data was, and discussing how TIR data... (Table 1. 2) 1. 3.2 Ts validation Testing of the split window concept has produced mixed results Figure 1. 4 shows comparison of ground infrared radiative thermometer (IRT) “chap 01 — 2004 /1/ 20 — page 15 — #7 16 Czajkowski et al Table 1. 2 Sensor-specific coefficients for the split window equation: Ts = a + T4 + b(T4 − T5 ) (Czajkowski et al 19 98) a b AVHRR-7 AVHRR-9 AVHRR -1 1 AVHRR -1 2 AVHRR -1 4 2.67 1. 95 2.86... (Prata 19 93) “chap 01 — 2004 /1/ 20 — page 13 — #5 14 Czajkowski et al Table 1. 1 Split window equations used to estimate land surface temperature Author Equation with emissivity assumed to be 1. 0 McClain et al (19 83) Price (19 84) Becker and Li (19 90) Prata and Platt (19 91) Sobrino et al (19 93) Ulivieri et al (19 94) Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts = 1. 035T4 + 3.046(T4 − T5 ) − 10 .934 = T4 + 3.33(T4 − T5 ) = 1. 274 +... been working at CESBIO since 19 95 Kerr’s fields of interest are in the theory and techniques for microwave and thermal infrared remote sensing of the Earth, with emphasis on hydrology and vegetation monitoring from space He was involved in the organization of the HAPEX Sahel Experiment in 19 92, and in the SALSA experiment in Mexico He was also an EOS principal investigator (interdisciplinary investigations),... response Channel 4 1 Channel 5 Atmospheric absorption 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Wavelength (µm) Figure 1. 1 Relationship between AVHRR channels 4 and 5 (dashed lines) and the atmospheric window in the thermal infrared part of the spectrum (solid line) “chap 01 — 2004 /1/ 20 — page 12 — #4 Estimating environmental variables 13 atmosphere The radiance (L) observed by the thermal channels can... 19 88 She visited CARTEL (University of Sherbrooke Canada) in 19 85 and NASA JPL (California, USA) in 19 89 19 90 Her field of interest focuses on thermal infrared data in laboratory and field experiments including spectro-radiometry She is also working in the field of remote sensing for analysis of thermal infrared satellite data and emissivity and land surface temperature retrievals John M Norman is the Rothemel... University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland His research interests include ecological remote sensing and application projects in collaboration with decision makers Samuel N Goward is a Professor of Geography at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland He is the Landsat-7 Science Team Leader He additionally has research interests in thermal infrared remote sensing including the derivation... estimates to be very similar between satellite-derived and ground-based input data Lakshmi and Susskind (20 01) used surface temperature derived from “chap 01 — 2004 /1/ 20 — page 11 — #3 12 Czajkowski et al TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) to adjust soil moisture in a Land Surface Process Model In this chapter, we will report on advances in using thermal infrared remotely sensed satellite observations... NOAA satellites 7, 9, 11 , 12 , and 14 (data from Kidwell 19 97) 2.5 2 1. 5 1 NOAA 14 NOAA 12 0 NOAA 11 0.5 NOAA–7 Difference of Ts from NOAA-9 (K) 3 Figure 1. 3 Difference in Ts due to use of the Becker and Li (19 90) split window equation with data from an AVHRR instrument not on NOAA-9 (Berk et al 19 89) simulations for a variety of atmospheric air temperature and water vapor profiles and surface temperature . Thermal Remote Sensing in Land Surface Processes TF1628_Title page 3 /12 /04 6 :12 AM Page 1 CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Thermal Remote Sensing in Land Surface Processes EDITED. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, in 19 95. He publishes in the areas of remote sensing and meteorology and recently has been focusing on interdisciplinary research in the application of remote sensing in. obtained a thesis in 19 79. He joined INRA, the French Institute of Agronomic Research, in 19 81. His field of research deals with the monitoring of surface fluxes using remote sensing, with a spe- cial