ESTUARINE INDICATORS © 2005 by CRC Press Marine Science Series The CRC Marine Science Series is dedicated to providing state-of-the- art coverage of important topics in marine biology, marine chemistry, marine geology, and physical oceanography. The series includes volumes that focus on the synthesis of recent advances in marine science. CRC MARINE SCIENCE SERIES SERIES EDITOR Michael J. Kennish, Ph.D. P UBLISHED TITLES Artificial Reef Evaluation with Application to Natural Marine Habitats, William Seaman, Jr. The Biology of Sea Turtles, Volume I, Peter L. Lutz and John A. Musick Chemical Oceanography, Second Edition, Frank J. Millero Coastal Ecosystem Processes, Daniel M. Alongi Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects, Michael J. Kennish Ecology of Marine Bivalves: An Ecosystem Approach, Richard F. Dame Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, Larry McEdward Ecology of Seashores, George A. Knox Environmental Oceanography, Second Edition, Tom Beer Estuarine Research, Monitoring, and Resource Protection, Michael J. Kennish Estuary Restoration and Maintenance: The National Estuary Program, Michael J. Kennish Eutrophication Processes in Coastal Systems: Origin and Succession of Plankton Blooms and Effects on Secondary Production in Gulf Coast Estuaries, Robert J. Livingston Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits, David S. Cronan Handbook for Restoring Tidal Wetlands, Joy B. Zedler Intertidal Deposits: River Mouths, Tidal Flats, and Coastal Lagoons, Doeke Eisma Marine Chemical Ecology, James B. McClintock and Bill J. Baker Morphodynamics of Inner Continental Shelves, L. Donelson Wright Ocean Pollution: Effects on Living Resources and Humans, Carl J. Sindermann Physical Oceanographic Processes of the Great Barrier Reef, Eric Wolanski The Physiology of Fishes, Second Edition, David H. Evans Pollution Impacts on Marine Biotic Communities, Michael J. Kennish Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, Michael J. Kennish Practical Handbook of Marine Science, Third Edition, Michael J. Kennish Seagrasses: Monitoring, Ecology, Physiology, and Management, Stephen A. Bortone Trophic Organization in Coastal Systems, Robert J. Livingston © 2005 by CRC Press CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. ESTUARINE INDICATORS Edited by Stephen A. Bortone © 2005 by CRC Press Cover Art: Maggie May, Marine Laboratory, Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, Sanibel, Florida. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-2822-5/04/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 2005 by CRC Press No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2822-5 Library of Congress Card Number Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress 2822_book.fm Page iv Friday, November 12, 2004 3:21 PM © 2005 by CRC Press Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com Durbin Tabb was a pioneer in establishing a long-standing database on the estuarine-dependent, spotted seatrout. Gustavo Antonini was instrumental in bringing the historical configurations of estuaries to bear on our current understanding of estuarine processes. Rich Novak explained estuaries to a new generation of citizens who will have a voice in the fate of estuaries. Last, Dave Lindquist admirably displayed dedication, good humor, and courage in the practice of his science. Although they are no longer with us, this volume is dedicated to them for their efforts in helping to elevate our understanding of estuaries. 2822_book.fm Page v Friday, November 12, 2004 3:21 PM © 2005 by CRC Press Preface Our current level of long-term and comparative information on estuaries in many cases prohibits objective determination of the status and trends among these ecosystems. The way to resolve this situation is to develop and evaluate estuarine environmental indicators that will permit objective and meaningful evaluation of estuaries. However, this effort far exceeds the ability of one or a few well-intentioned scientists. Only the collective wisdom of the larger scientific community has the potential to make considerable strides in the direction of developing meaningful estuarine indicators. It is within this process that the idea for an Estuarine Indicators Workshop was born. The workshop, held on 29–31 October 2003 on Sanibel Island, Florida, served to bring together many of the world’s leading estuarine scientists for the express purpose of presenting their views on estuarine indicators. Oral presentations were organized to address several features of estuarine indicators. These included the theory behind environmental indicators and the presumed attributes of effective estuarine indicators; the methods and protocols of indicator development and evaluation; a presentation of effective and failed examples of estuarine indicators; and a discussion that led contributors to speculate on the future direction of this dynamic field. The workshop was an initial step toward resolving the issues associated with the development of successful estuarine indicators. A second step is the refinement of the ideas presented in the workshop in the form of this edited volume. It is hoped that future efforts will build upon the earnest efforts of the collective body of wisdom that resulted from these efforts. 2822_book.fm Page vii Friday, November 12, 2004 3:21 PM © 2005 by CRC Press Acknowledgments This book is based largely on the chapter authors’ contributions presented at the Estuarine Indicators Workshop. Sponsorship for the workshop was essential in bringing these estuarine experts together. Accordingly, I thank the South Florida Water Management District, especially Tomma Barnes; the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, specifically Eric Livingston and Pat Fricano; and the Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program with special thanks to Lisa Beever, Catherine Corbett, and Maran Brainard Hilgendorf. Thanks also to Rob Jess, Susan White, Kevin Godsea, Cindy Anderson, and the entire staff at the J.N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge, site of the workshop on Sanibel Island, Florida. Additionally, the staff and associates of the Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation helped in many aspects of the logistics associated with hosting the workshop. Specifically, I thank Marti Bryant, Cheryl Giattini, and Erick Lindblad. Technical reviews of the manuscripts were conducted on all the chapters. I gratefully acknowledge the following individuals for generously donating their expertise to this endeavor: Tomma Barnes (South Florida Water Management District), John W. Burns (Everglades Partners Joint Venture, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). Dan Childers (Florida International University), Sherri Cooper (Bryn Athyn Col- lege), Jaime Greenawalt (Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation), Holly Greening (Tampa Bay Estu- ary Program), John Hackney (University of North Carolina at Wilmington), Megan Tinsley (Sannibel- Captiva Conservation Foundation), Michael Hannan (Sannibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation), Steve Jordan (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency–Gulf Breeze, Florida), Ken Portier (University of Flor- ida), Eric Milbrandt (Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation), Chris Onuf (National Wetlands Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey), Ken Portier (University of Florida), Chet Rakocinski (Uni- versity of Southern Mississippi), Steve W. Ross (University of North Carolina at Wilmington), Stanley Rice (University of Tampa), Joel Trexler (Florida International University), and Kendra Willet (J.N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge). Thanks to John Sulzycki, Pat Roberson, Donna Coggshall, and Christine Andreasen for their direction and help in the production of this volume. Last, a special thanks to the contributors. Their willingness to exchange information and ideas cooperatively captured the essence of scientific exchange. It is through this process and their efforts that this book is possible. 2822_book.fm Page ix Friday, November 12, 2004 3:21 PM © 2005 by CRC Press The Editor Stephen A. Bortone, Ph.D., is Director of the Marine Laboratory at the Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation in Sanibel, Florida. He holds an administrative appointment to the Graduate Faculty at the University of South Alabama, a courtesy faculty appointment at the Florida Gulf Coast University, and Research Professor status at the Florida Atlantic University and its Florida Center for Environmental Studies. Previously, he was Professor of Biology at the University of West Florida, where he served as Director for the Institute for Coastal and Estuarine Research. He also served as Director of Environmental Science at the Conservancy of Southwest Florida. Dr. Bortone received his B.S. from Albright College in Reading, Pennsylvania; his M.S. from Florida State University, Tallahassee; and his Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. For the past 37 years, Dr. Bortone has conducted research on the life history of estuarine organisms, especially fishes and seagrasses, chiefly in the southeastern United States and in the Gulf of Mexico. He has published more than 140 scientific articles on the broadest aspects of biology, including such diverse fields as anatomy, behavior, biogeography, ecology, endocrinology, evolution, histology, ocean- ography, physiology, reproductive biology, sociobiology, systematics, and taxonomy. In conducting his research and teaching activities, Dr. Bortone has traveled widely. He has served as Visiting Scientist at The Johannes Gutenberg University (Mainz, Germany) and conducted extensive field surveys with colleagues from La Laguna University in the Canary Islands. He was a Mary Ball Washington Scholar at University College Dublin, Ireland. He has received numerous teaching and research awards, including the title “Fellow” from the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists. Dr. Bortone has served as scientific editor and reviewer for numerous organizations, such as the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Marine Fisheries Service, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and several journals, including the Bulletin of Marine Science, Copeia, Estuaries, Marine Biology, and Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 2822_book.fm Page xi Friday, November 12, 2004 3:21 PM © 2005 by CRC Press Contributors S. Marshall Adams Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee Tomma Barnes South Florida Water Management District, Fort Myers, Florida Brian Bendis AMJ Equipment Corporation, Lakeland, Florida Marcia R. Berman Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia Patrick D. Biber Institute of Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina Donna Marie Bilkovic Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia Stephen A. Bortone Marine Laboratory, Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, Sanibel, Florida David R. Breininger Dynamac Corporation, Kennedy Space Center, Florida Marius Brouwer Department of Coastal Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi Nancy J. Brown-Peterson Department of Coastal Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Mississippi Billy D. Causey Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Marathon, Florida Catherine A. Corbett Charlotte Harbor National Estuary Program, Fort Myers, Florida Nancy Denslow Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biotechnology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Thomas L. Dix Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough County, Tampa, Florida Peter H. Doering South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, Florida William A. Dunson Pennsylvania State University (Emeritus Professor), Englewood, Florida Michael J. Durako Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 2822_book.fm Page xiii Friday, November 12, 2004 3:21 PM © 2005 by CRC Press Julianne Dyble Institute of Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina John Edinger J. E. Edinger Associates, Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania Anne-Marie Eklund Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA–Fisheries, Miami, Florida Dana Fike Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Port St. Lucie, Florida Peter C. Frederick Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Russel Frydenborg Bureau of Laboratories, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida Evelyn E. Gaiser Department of Biology and Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida Charles L. Gallegos Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland Barbara K. Goetting Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough County, Tampa, Florida Stephen A. Grabe Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough County, Tampa, Florida Gregory A. Graves Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Port St. Lucie, Florida Jaime M. Greenawalt Marine Laboratory, Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, Sanibel, Florida John W. Hackney NOAA/National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC M. Jawed Hameedi Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science–NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland Kirk J. Havens Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia Ryan F. Hechinger Marine Science Institute and Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California Carl H. Hershner Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia Christina M. Holden Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough County, Tampa, Florida Xiaohong Huang J. E. Edinger Associates, Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania Jon Hubertz Florida Regional Office, J. E. Edinger Associates, Inc., Punta Gorda, Florida 2822_book.fm Page xiv Friday, November 12, 2004 3:21 PM © 2005 by CRC Press [...]... 2822_book.fm Page 18 Friday, November 12 , 2004 3: 21 PM 18 Estuarine Indicators U.S Environmental Protection Agency (U.S EPA) 19 98 Guidelines for ecological risk assessment Office of Research and Development, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, D.C EPA-630-R-95002F U.S Environmental Protection Agency (U.S EPA) 2000 Stressor identification guidance document Office of Water, Washington, D.C EPA-22-B-0 0-0 25 Vallentyne,... Depledge 19 97 Community and population indicators of ecosystem health: targeting links between levels of biological organisation Aquatic Toxicology 38 :18 3 19 7 © 2005 by CRC Press 2822_book.fm Page 17 Friday, November 12 , 2004 3: 21 PM Using Multiple Response Bioindicators to Assess the Health of Estuarine Ecosystems 17 Balk, L., L Forlin, M Soderstrom, and A Larsson 19 93 Indications of regional and large-scale... Sensors of Environmental Quality 11 1 Richard A Snyder, Michael A Lewis, Andreas Nocker, and Joe E Lepo 10 Diatom Indicators of Ecosystem Change in Subtropical Coastal Wetlands 12 7 Evelyn Gaiser, Anna Wachnicka, Pablo Ruiz, Franco Tobias, and Michael Ross 11 Using Microalgal Indicators to Assess Human- and Climate-Induced Ecological Change in Estuaries 14 5 Hans W Paerl, Julianne Dyble,... Management of Estuarine Ecosystems 493 Tomma Barnes and Frank J Mazzotti 33 Future Directions for Estuarine Indicator Research 503 S Marshall Adams and Stephen A Bortone © 2005 by CRC Press 2822_book.fm Page 1 Friday, November 12 , 2004 3: 21 PM 1 The Quest for the “Perfect” Estuarine Indicator: An Introduction Stephen A Bortone CONTENTS Environmental Indicators 1 Estuarine Indicators. .. Risk Assessment 2:257–262 Fox, G A 19 91 Practical causal inference for ecoepidemiologists Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 33:359–373 Goksoyr, A and 11 co-authors 19 91 Environmental contaminants and biochemical responses in flatfish from the Hvaler Archipelago in Norway Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21: 486–496 Hodson, P V 19 90 Indicators of ecosystem health at the... 2005 by CRC Press 2822_book.fm Page 9 Friday, November 12 , 2004 3: 21 PM Using Multiple Response Bioindicators to Assess the Health of Estuarine Ecosystems 9 TABLE 2.2 Major Categories of Response Indicators to Environmental Stressors Representing Direct Indicators of Exposure (Biomarkers), Direct Indicators of Effects (Bioindicators), and Indirect Indicators of Exposure/Effects That Can Be Used to Help... Munkittrick, 19 96; Adams et al., 19 98) In addition, time lags between the initial cause and effect can be long (Vallentyne, 19 99) and interdependence among disturbance events, ecosystem properties, and biological invasions often make causal relationships difficult to discern (Bart and Hartman, 2000) © 2005 by CRC Press 2822_book.fm Page 12 Friday, November 12 , 2004 3: 21 PM 12 Estuarine Indicators High... Biological Indicators of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress, Adams, S M (ed.) American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, pp 1 11 Adams, S M., W R Hill, M J Peterson, M G Ryon, J G Smith, and A J Stewart 2002 Assessing recovery from disturbance in a stream ecosystem: application of multiple chemical and biological endpoints Ecological Applications 12 :15 10 15 27 Adams, S M., K D Ham, and J J Beauchamp 19 94 Application... CRC Press 2822_book.fm Page xx Friday, November 12 , 2004 3: 21 PM 12 A Hierarchical Approach to the Evaluation of Variability in Ecoindicators of the Seagrass Thalassia testudinum 17 5 John W Hackney and Michael J Durako 13 Evaluating Indicators of Seagrass Stress to Light 19 3 Patrick D Biber, Hans W Paerl, Charles L Gallegos, and W Judson Kenworthy 14 Significance of Considering Multiple Environmental... CRC Press 2822_book.fm Page xix Friday, November 12 , 2004 3: 21 PM Contents 1 The Quest for the “Perfect” Estuarine Indicator: An Introduction .1 Stephen A Bortone 2 Using Multiple Response Bioindicators to Assess the Health of Estuarine Ecosystems: An Operational Framework 5 S Marshall Adams 3 Physical Processes Affecting Estuarine Health 19 Jon Hubertz, Xiaohong Huang, Venkat Kolluru, and . November 12 , 2004 3: 21 PM © 2005 by CRC Press 1 1 The Quest for the “Perfect” Estuarine Indicator: An Introduction Stephen A. Bortone CONTENTS Environmental Indicators 1 Estuarine Indicators. Book Number 0-8 49 3-2 82 2-5 Library of Congress Card Number Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication. accidents, and the yet-to-be-understood coupling of events. Goal of an Effective Estuarine Indicator It is likely that more than a few carefully thought-out and tested estuarine indicators will