Understanding Automotive Electronics 2735 | FM Page i Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM 2735 | FM Page ii Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM Understanding Automotive Electronics Fifth Edition By: William B. Ribbens, Ph.D. With Contributions to Previous Editions by: Norman P. Mansour Gerald Luecke Charles W. Battle Edward C. Jones Leslie E. Mansir Newnes Boston, Oxford, Johannesburg, Melbourne, New Delhi, Singapore 2735 | FM Page iii Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth–Heinemann. Copyright © 1998 by Butterworth–Heinemann A member of the Reed Elsevier group All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth– Heinemann prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. 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For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Butterworth–Heinemann 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801–2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax: 781-904-2620 For information on all Butterworth–Heinemann publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.bh.com/newnes 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America 2735 | FM Page iv Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM To Katherine 2735 | FM Page v Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM 2735 | FM Page vi Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS vii Contents Preface ix Chapter 1 Automotive Fundamentals 1 Quiz 27 Chapter 2 The Systems Approach to Control and Instrumentation 29 Quiz 69 Chapter 3 Electronics Fundamentals 71 Quiz 96 Chapter 4 Microcomputer Instrumentation and Control 99 Quiz 144 Chapter 5 The Basics of Electronic Engine Control 147 Quiz 183 Chapter 6 Sensors and Actuators 187 Quiz 221 Chapter 7 Digital Engine Control System 223 Quiz 258 Chapter 8 Vehicle Motion Control 261 Quiz 294 Chapter 9 Automotive Instrumentation 297 Quiz 332 Chapter 10 Diagnostics 335 Quiz 365 Chapter 11 Future Automotive Electronic Systems 367 Quiz 406 Glossary 409 Index 415 Answers to Quizzes. 433 2735 | FM Page vii Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM 2735 | FM Page viii Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM 2735 | FM Page x Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM Understanding Automotive Electronics 2735 | FM Page xi Tuesday, March 10, 1998 10:49 AM [...]... distribution circuit 12 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 27 35 | CH 1 Page 13 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 Figure 1. 8 Spark Plug Configuration FPO Figure 1. 9 Schematic of the Ignition Circuit FPO UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 13 27 35 | CH 1 Page 14 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS Before the advent of modern electronic controls, the distribution... Figure 1. 6 indicate which cylinder is producing power for each 18 0 degrees of crankshaft rotation (Remember that one complete engine cycle requires two complete crankshaft rotations of 360 degrees each, for a total of 720 degrees.) Figure 1. 6 Power Pulses From a 4-Cylinder Engine 10 FPO UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 27 35 | CH 1 Page 11 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 ENGINE... orientation 4 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 27 35 | CH 1 Page 5 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 Evolution of Electronics in the Automobile This book explores the application of modern solid-state electronics to the various automotive subsystems described above Apart from auto radios, some turn signal models, and a few ignition systems, there was very little use of electronics. .. rotates, the rubbing block is moved by the lobe (high point) on the cam as shown in Figure 1. 12b At this time, the breaker points open and spark occurs Figure 1. 12 Breaker Point Operation FPO 16 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 27 35 | CH 1 Page 17 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 IGNITION TIMING The point at which ignition occurs, in relation to the top dead center of... the following sections 8 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 27 35 | CH 1 Page 9 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS Figure 1 .5 The Four Strokes of a Typical Modern Gasoline-Fueled, Spark-Ignition Engine FPO Intake During the intake stroke (Figure 1. 5a), the piston is moving from top to bottom and the intake valve is open As the piston moves down, a partial vacuum is created,... for the discussion of the modern distributorless ignition systems In this way the reader can see the benefits of the electronic controls Figure 1. 10 Distributor FPO 14 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 27 35 | CH 1 Page 15 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS A set of electrical leads, commonly called spark plug wires, is connected between the various spark plug center terminals... fuel delivered by a fuel injector is determined electronically in Figure 1. 7 Intake Manifold and Fuel Metering FPO UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 11 27 35 | CH 1 Page 12 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS accordance with the air flow in such a way as to minimize pollutants in the exhaust gas (see Chapter 5) IGNITION SYSTEM To produce power, the gasoline engine must not only... example engine of Figure 1. 2, we can thus explain the differences that have occurred with modern electronic controls UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 5 27 35 | CH 1 Page 6 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS Figure 1. 2 Cutaway View of a 6Cylinder, OverheadValve, Inline Engine (Source: Crouse) FPO The major components of the engine include the following: 1 Engine block 2 Cylinder... The spark ignites the air–fuel mixture and the mixture burns quickly, causing a rapid rise in the pressure in the cylinder UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 9 27 35 | CH 1 Page 10 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS Power During the power stroke (Figure 1. 5c), the high pressure created by the burning mixture forces the piston downward It is only during this stroke that actual...27 35 | FM Page xii Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :49 AM 27 35 | CH 1 Page 2 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM 1 AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS you approach the city limits, the car speed is automatically reduced to the legal limit of 55 mph The voice message system speaks again: “Leave the highway at exit 203, which is one-half . Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :49 AM 27 35 | FM Page x Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :49 AM Understanding Automotive Electronics 27 35 | FM Page xi Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :49 AM 27 35 | FM Page. orientation. Figure 1. 1. Systems of the Automobile FPO 27 35 | CH 1 Page 4 Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :52 AM AUTOMOTIVE FUNDAMENTALS 1 UNDERSTANDING AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS 5 Evolution of Electronics. Understanding Automotive Electronics 27 35 | FM Page i Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :49 AM 27 35 | FM Page ii Tuesday, March 10 , 19 98 10 :49 AM Understanding Automotive Electronics