Wind Energy Handbook pot

[...]... 3 s gust wind speed with 1 year return period extreme 3 s gust wind speed with 50 year return period turbine upper cut-out speed turbine rated wind speed, dened as the wind speed at which the turbines rated power is reached reference wind speed dened as 10 min mean wind speed at hub height with 50 year return period strain energy of plate exure in-plane strain energy uctuating component of wind speed... permission of Wind Prospect Ltd., www.windprospect.com) and the potential of wind energy to help limit climate change In 1997 the Commission of the European Union published its White Paper (CEU, 1997) calling for 12 percent of the gross energy demand of the European Union to be contributed from renewables by 2010 Wind energy was identied as having a key role to play in the supply of renewable energy with... Wind Turbine, Denmark (Reproduced by permission of NEG MICON, www.neg-micon.dk) 4 INTRODUCTION Figure 1.3 Wind Farm of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines in Complex Terrain (Reproduced by permission of Wind Prospect Ltd., www.windprospect.com) Figure 1.4 1 MW Wind Turbine in Northern Ireland (Reproduced by permission of Renewable Energy Systems Ltd., www.res-ltd.com) The stimulus for the development of wind. .. cost trends Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference, pp 5759 Putnam, G C (1948) Power from the wind Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York, USA Spera, D A (1994) Wind- turbine technology, fundamental concepts of wind- turbine engineering ASME Press, New York, US Zervos, A (2000) European targets, time to be more ambitious? Windirections, 1819 European Wind Energy Association, www.ewea.org Bibliography... Eggleston, D M and Stoddard, F S., (1987) Wind turbine engineering design Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York, USA Gipe, P., (1995) Wind energy comes of age John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA Harrison, R., Hau, E and Snel, H., (2000) Large wind turbines, design and economics John Wiley and Sons Johnson, L., (1985) Wind energy systems Prentice-Hall Le Gourieres, D., (1982) Wind power plants theory and design... reasons development of wind energy in some countries is ourishing while in others it is not fullling the potential that might be anticipated from a simple consideration of the wind resource, are complex Important factors include the nancial-support mechanisms for wind- generated electricity, the process by which the local planning authorities give permission for the construction of wind farms, and the... horizontal-axis wind turbines with approaches to the design of some of the important components examined in Chapter 7 The functions of the wind- turbine controller are discussed in Chapter 8 and some of the possible analysis techniques described In Chapter 9 wind farms and the development of wind- energy projects are reviewed with particular emphasis on environmental impact Finally, Chapter 10 considers how wind. .. increasingly by designers Figure 1.3 shows a wind farm of direct-drive, variablespeed wind turbines In this design, the synchronous generator is coupled directly to the aerodynamic rotor so eliminating the requirement for a gearbox Figure 1.4 shows a more conventional, variable-speed wind turbine that uses a gearbox, while a small wind farm of pitch-regulated wind turbines, where full-span control of... cost of wind turbine total cost of baseline wind turbine coefcient of sectional blade element force normal to the rotor plane coefcient of sectional blade element force parallel to the rotor plane coherencei.e., normalized cross spectrum for wind speed uctuations at points separated by distance s measured in the across wind direction coherencei.e., normalized cross spectrum for longitudinal wind speed... deection in x-direction; gear ratio u friction velocity in boundary layer U1 free stream velocity U, U(t) instantaneous wind speed in the along -wind direction U mean component of wind speed in the along -wind direction typically taken over a period of 10 min or 1 h Uave annual average wind speed at hub height LIST OF SYMBOLS Ud Uw Ue1 Ue50 U0 Ur Uref U1 U2 v V V(t) VA Vf Vt w W x x(t) xn x1 X y y y z .