MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Edited by Arzu Şencan Şahin Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems Edited by Arzu Şencan Şahin Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Molly Kaliman Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published May, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems, Edited by Arzu Şencan Şahin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0600-5 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Solar-Energy Drying Systems 1 Feyza Akarslan Chapter 2 Photovoltaic Systems and Applications 21 Feyza Akarslan Chapter 3 A New Adaptive Method for Distribution System Protection Considering Distributed Generation Units Using Simulated Annealing Method 53 Hamidreza Akhondi and Mostafa Saifali Chapter 4 Exergoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of Solar Thermal Power Plants 65 Ali Baghernejad and Mahmood Yaghoubi Chapter 5 Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems: The Case of Desalination 89 Karim Bourouni Chapter 6 Heat Transfer Modeling of the Ground Heat Exchangers for the Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems 117 Yi Man, Ping Cui and Zhaohong Fang Chapter 7 Promoting and Improving Renewable Energy Projects Through Local Capacity Development 147 Rafael Escobar, David Vilar, Enrique Velo, Laia Ferrer-Martí and Bruno Domenech Chapter 8 Utilization of Permanent Grassland for Biogas Production 171 Pavel Fuksa, Josef Hakl, Zuzana Hrevušová, Jaromír Šantrůček, Ilona Gerndtová and Jan Habart VI Contents Chapter 9 Globalization of the Natural Gas Market on Natural Gas Prices in Electric Power Generation and Energy Development 197 Thomas J. Hammons Chapter 10 An Analysis of the Effect of Renewable Energies on Spanish Electricity Market Efficiency 239 Blanca Moreno and María Teresa García-Álvarez Chapter 11 Modernization and Intensification of Nitric Acid Plants 259 Marcin Wilk, Andrzej Kruszewski, Marcin Potempa, Romuald Jancewicz, Jacek Mendelewski, Paweł Sławiński, Marek Inger and Jan Nieścioruk Chapter 12 Optimal Design of an Hybrid Wind-Diesel System with Compressed Air Energy Storage for Canadian Remote Areas 269 Younes Rafic, Basbous Tammam and Ilinca Adrian Preface Energy needs are continuously increasing and the demand for electrical power continues to grow rapidly. The world energy market has to date depended almost entirely on nonrenewable, but low cost, fossil fuels. Renewable energy is the inevitable choice for sustainable economic growth, for the harmonious coexistence of human and environment as well as for the sustainable development. As we learn how to economically harness the renewable energy sources, they will get cheaper and cheaper while fossil fuels get more and more expensive. A wind, solar or geothermal power plant may be more expensive to build now than a fossil power plant, but the future cost of fuel will be zero. In addition, the effects of the pollution fossil fuels produce become more and more destructive. The cost of controlling these pollutants is growing every day. Arzu Şencan Şahin Süleyman Demirel University, Technology Faculty, Energy System Engineering, Isparta, Turkey [...]... temperature by 5–9 oC and the chimney provides better natural circulation of air Fig 12 Solar grain dryer with rotatable indirect air heater and a PV run fan 14 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems Fig 13 (a) A simple presentation of first model and (b) side view of first model Solar -Energy Drying Systems 15 Fig 14 (a) A simple representation of second model and (b) side view of internal representation... solar dryer Renewable Energy, Vol.29, pp 753–765 Shanmugam, V., Natarajan, E., 2006 Experimental investigation of forced convection and desiccant integrated solar dryer Renewable Energy, Vol.31, pp 1239–1251 Sharma, A., Chen, C R., Vu Lan, N., 2009 Solar- energy drying systems: A review Renewable and Sustinable Energy Revıews, Vol.13, pp 1185-1210 20 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems. .. for the passage of hot air via tent fabric On the opposite side of this wall a door is provided for loading and unloading of the products A column is constructed at the center of the rotary chamber to mount the products and the column rotates due to a 12 V dc motor and a pulley and belt system Fig 10 Rotary column cylindrical drier 12 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems Other solar... forms of energy are also used (Sharma et al., 2009) Although indirect dryers are less compact when compared to direct solar dryers, they are generally more efficient Hybrid solar systems allow for faster rate of drying by using other sources of heat energy to supplement solar heat 4 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems The three modes of drying are: (i) open sun, (ii) direct and (iii)... for drying of various materials 16 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems In all the types of driers stated above, the hot air enters the drying chamber and leaves to the atmosphere But the hot air can be recirculated to save the energy (McDoom et al., 1999) The drying of coconut and cocoa in a scaled down drier of a large scale drier is considered in which the recirculation of hot air... air and the air in the vicinity of product surface A better control over drying is achieved in indirect type of solar drying systems and the product obtained is good quality 8 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems Fig 5 İndirect solar drier ( Forced convection solar drier) There are several types of driers developed to serve the various purposes of drying products as per local need and. .. material is dried Further a part of absorbed thermal energy is conducted into the interior of the product This causes a rise in temperature and formation of water vapor inside the material and then diffuses towards the surface of the and finally losses thermal energy in the and then diffuses towards the surface of the and finally losses the thermal energy in the form of evaporation In the initial stages,... attention should be paid to the development of new energy and renewable energy resources Solar energy, which is environment friendly, is renewable and can serve as a sustainable energy source Hence, it will certainly become an important part of the future energy structure with the increasingly drying up of the terrestrial fossil fuel However, the lower energy density and seasonal doing with geographical dependence... prices of photovoltaic cells in more recent years has rejuvenated interest in the technology, e.g., the annual growth since 2000 in the production of PV system has exceeded 40% and present total installed capacity worldwide has reached about 22 GW (Kumar and Rosen, 2011) 24 Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems 3 Types of photovoltaic installations and technology Four main types of PV... plants); gridtied distributed (roof/ground mounted small installations); off-grid commercial (power plants and industrial installations in remote areas); and off-grid (mainly stand alone roof/ground based systems for houses and isolated applications) The balance -of- system requirements of each installation differ significantly For example, off-grid stand alone applications often require a battery bank or . MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS Edited by Arzu Şencan Şahin Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems Edited by. solar systems allow for faster rate of drying by using other sources of heat energy to supplement solar heat. Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems 4 The three modes of. routinely dried. However, weather conditions often preclude the use of sun drying Modeling and Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems 2 because of spoilage due to rehydration during unexpected