ASM Metals Handbook - Desk Edition (ASM_ 1998) WW Part 16 pps

o sweep o A type of foundry pattern that is a template cut to the profile of the desired mold shape that, when revolved around a stake or spindle, produces that shape in the mold. o Swift cup test o A simulative test for determining formability of sheet metal in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a die ring and deep drawn into a cup by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch. The ratio of the largest blank diameter that can be drawn successfully to the cup diameter is known as the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) or deformation limit. o swing forging machine o Equipment for continuously hot reducing ingots, blooms, or billets to square flats, rounds, or rectangles by the crank-driven oscillating action of paired dies. o swing frame grinder o A grinding machine suspended by a chain at the center point so that it may be turned and swung in any direction for grinding of billets, large castings, or other heavy work. Principal use is removing surface imperfections and roughness. o synthetic cold-rolled sheet o A hot-rolled pickled sheet given a sufficient final temper pass to impart a surface approximating that of cold-rolled steel. o T o tacking o Making tack welds. o tack weld o A weld made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the final welds are made. o tailings o The discarded portion of a crushed ore, separated during concentration. o tandem mill o A rolling mill consisting of two or more stands arranged so that the metal being processed travels in a straight line from stand to stand. In continuous rolling, the various stands are synchronized so that the strip can be rolled in all stands simultaneously. Contrast with single-stand mill . See also rolling mills . o tandem welding o Arc welding in which two or more electrodes are in a plane parallel to the line of travel. o tangent bending o The forming of one or more identical bends having parallel axes by wiping sheet metal around one or more radius dies in a single operation. The sheet, which may have side flanges, is clamped against the radius die and then made to conform to the radius die by pressure from a rocker-plate die that moves along the periphery of the radius die. See also wiper forming (wiping) . o tap o A cylindrical or conical thread-cutting tool with one or more cutting elements having threads of a desired form on the periphery. By a combination of rotary and axial motions, the leading end cuts an internal thread, the tool deriving its principal support from the thread being produced. o tap density o The apparent density of a powder, obtained when the volume receptacle is tapped or vibrated during loading under specified conditions. o tapping o (1) Producing internal threads with a cylindrical cutting tool having two or more peripheral cutting elements shaped to cut threads of the desired size and form. By a combination of rotary and axial motion, the leading end of the tap cuts the thread while the tap is supported mainly by the thread it produces. See also tap . (2) Opening the outlet of a melting furnace to remove molten metal. (3) Removing molten metal from a furnace. o tarnish o Surface discoloration of a metal caused by formation of a thin film of corrosion product. o teapot ladle o A ladle in which, by means of an external spout, metal is removed from the bottom rather than the top of the ladle. o teeming o Pouring molten metal from a ladle into ingot molds. The term applies particularly to the specific operation of pouring either iron or steel into ingot molds. o temper o (1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. (4) To moisten green sand for casting molds with water. o temper brittleness o See temper embrittlement . o temper carbon o Clusters of finely divided graphite, such as that found in malleable iron, that are formed as a result of decomposition of cementite, for example, by heating white cast iron above the ferrite- austenite transformation temperature and holding at these temperatures for a considerable period of time. Also known as annealing carbon. o temper color o A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin (only a few molecules thick) that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. o tempered layer o A surface or subsurface layer in a steel specimen that has been tempered by heating during some stage of the metallographic preparation sequence (usually grinding). When observed in a section after etching, the layer appears darker than the base material. o tempered martensite o The decomposition products that result from heating martensite below the ferrite-austenite transformation temperature. o tempered martensite embrittlement o Embrittlement of high-strength alloy steels caused by tempering in the temperature range of 205 to 370 °C (400 to 700 °F); also called 350 °C or 500 °F embrittlement. Tempered martensite embrittlement is thought to result from the combined effects of cementite precipitation on prior- austenite grain boundaries or interlath boundaries and the segregation of impurities at prior- austenite grain boundaries. It differs from temper embrittlement in the strength of the material and the temperature exposure range. In temper embrittlement, the steel is usually tempered at a relatively high temperature, producing lower strength and hardness, and embrittlement occurs upon slow cooling after tempering and during service at temperatures within the embrittlement range. In tempered martensite embrittlement, the steel is tempered within the embrittlement range, and service exposure is usually at room temperature. o temper embrittlement o Embrittlement of low-alloy steels caused by holding within or cooling slowly through a temperature range (generally 300 to 600 °C, or 570 to 1110 °F) just below the transformation range. Embrittlement is the result of the segregation at grain boundaries of impurities such as arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, and tin; it is usually manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to- brittle transition temperature. Temper embrittlement can be reversed by retempering above the critical temperature range, then cooling rapidly. Compare with tempered martensite embrittlement . o tempering o In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature to decrease hardness and/or increase toughness. o temper rolling o Light cold rolling of sheet steel to improve flatness, to minimize the formation of stretcher strains, and to obtain a specified hardness or temper. o tensile strength o In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength . Compare with yield strength . o tensile stress o A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on either side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart. Contrast with compressive stress . o tensile testing o See tension testing . o tension o The force or load that produces elongation. o tension testing o A method of determining the behavior of materials subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the material. A longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as tensile testing. o terminal phase o A solid solution having a restricted range of compositions, one end of the range being a pure component of an alloy system. o terminal solid solution o In a multicomponent system, any solid phase of limited composition range that includes the composition of one of the components of the system. See also solid solution . o ternary alloy o An alloy that contains three principal elements. o ternary system o The complete series of compositions produced by mixing three components in all proportions. o terne o An alloy of lead containing 3 to 15% Sn, used as a hot dip coating for steel sheet or plate. The term long terne is used to describe terne-coated sheet, whereas short terne is used for terne-coated plate. Terne coatings, which are smooth and dull in appearance (terne means dull or tarnished in French), give the steel better corrosion resistance and enhance its ability to be formed, soldered, or painted. o tertiary creep o See creep . o texture o In a polycrystalline aggregate, the state of distribution of crystal orientations. In the usual sense, it is synonymous with preferred orientation , in which the distribution is not random. Not to be confused with surface texture . See also fiber . o thermal aging o Exposure of a material or component to a given thermal condition or a programmed series of conditions for prescribed periods of time. o thermal analysis o A method for determining transformations in a metal by noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of phase diagrams. o thermal cutting o A group of cutting processes that melts the metal (material) to be cut. See also air carbon arc cutting , arc cutting , carbon arc cutting , electron beam cutting , laser beam cutting , metal powder cutting , oxyfuel gas cutting , oxygen arc cutting , oxygen cutting , and plasma arc cutting . o thermal decomposition o (1) The decomposition of a compound into its elemental species at elevated temperatures. (2) A process whereby fine solid particles can be produced from a gaseous compound. See also carbonyl powder . o thermal electromotive force o The electromotive force generated in a circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature different from that of the other. See also thermocouple . o thermal embrittlement o Intergranular fracture of maraging steels with decreased toughness resulting from improper processing after hot working. Thermal embrittlement occurs upon heating above 1095 °C (2000 °F) and then slow cooling through the temperature range of 980 to 815 °C (1800 to 1500 °F), and has been attributed to precipitation of titanium carbides and titanium carbonitrides at austenite grain boundaries during cooling through the critical temperature range. o thermal fatigue o Fracture resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. o thermal inspection o A nondestructive test method in which heat-sensing devices are used to measure temperature variations in components, structures, systems, or physical processes. Thermal methods can be useful in the detection of subsurface flaws or voids, provided the depth of the flaw is not large compared to its diameter. Thermal inspection becomes less effective in the detection of subsurface flaws as the thickness of an object increases, because the possible depth of the defects increases. o thermally induced embrittlement o See embrittlement . o thermal-mechanical treatment o See thermomechanical working . o thermal shock o The development of a steep temperature gradient and accompanying high stresses within a material or structure. o thermal spraying o A group of coating or welding processes in which finely divided metallic or nonmetallic materials are deposited in a molten or semimolten condition to form a coating. The surfacing material may be in the form of powder, rod, or wire. See also electric arc spraying , flame spraying , plasma spraying , and powder flame spraying . o thermal stresses o Stresses in a material resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. o thermal wear o Removal of material due to softening, melting, or evaporation during sliding or rolling. Thermal shock and high-temperature erosion may be included in the general description of thermal wear. Wear by diffusion of separate atoms from one body to the other, at high temperatures, is also sometimes denoted as thermal wear. o thermit reactions o Strongly exothermic self-propagating reactions such as that where finely divided aluminum reacts with a metal oxide. A mixture of aluminum and iron oxide produces sufficient heat to weld steel, the filler metal being produced in the reaction. See also thermit welding . o thermit welding o A welding process that produces coalescence of metals by heating them with superheated liquid metal from a chemical reaction between a metal oxide and aluminum, with or without the application of pressure. Filler metal is obtained from the liquid metal. o thermochemical machining o Removal of workpiece material usually only burrs and fins by exposure to hot fuel gases that are formed by igniting an explosive, combustible mixture of natural gas and oxygen. Also known as the thermal energy method. o thermochemical treatment o Heat treatment for steels carried out in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical composition of the object by exchange with the medium. o thermocouple o A device for measuring temperatures, consisting of lengths of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold junctions. o thermomechanical working o A general term covering a variety of metalforming processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain synergistic effects, such as improvement in strength without loss of toughness. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. o thief o A racking device or nonfunctional pattern area used in the electroplating process to provide a more uniform current density on plated parts. Thieves absorb the unevenly distributed current on irregularly shaped parts, thereby ensuring that the parts will receive an electroplated coating of uniform thickness. See also robber . o thin-wall casting o A term used to define a casting that has the minimum wall thickness to satisfy its service function. o threading o Producing external threads on a cylindrical surface. o thread rolling o The production of threads by rolling the piece between two grooved die plates, one of which is in motion, or between rotating grooved circular rolls. Also known as roll threading. o three-quarters hard o A temper of nonferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys characterized by tensile strength and hardness about midway between those of half hard and full hard tempers. o three-point bending o The bending of a piece of metal or a structural member in which the object is placed across two supports and force is applied between and in opposition to them. See also V-bend die . o threshold stress o Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking. The critical gross section stress at the onset of stress-corrosion cracking under specified conditions. o throwing power o (1) The relationship between the current density at a point on a surface and its distance from the counterelectrode. The greater the ratio of the surface resistivity shown by the electrode reaction to the volume resistivity of the electrolyte, the better is the throwing power of the process. (2) The ability of a plating solution to produce a uniform metal distribution on an irregularly shaped cathode. Compare with covering power . o tiger stripes o Continuous bright lines on sheet or strip in the rolling direction. o TIG welding o Tungsten inert-gas welding; see preferred term gas tungsten arc welding . o tilt boundary o A subgrain boundary consisting of an array of edge dislocations. o tilt mold o A casting mold, usually a book (permanent) mold, that rotates from a horizontal to a vertical position during pouring, which reduces agitation and thus the formation and entrapment of oxides. o tilt mold ingot o An ingot made in a tilt mold . o time quenching o A quench in which the cooling rate of the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. o time-temperature curve o A curve produced by plotting time against temperature. o time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram o See isothermal transformation (IT) diagram . o tinning o Coating metal with a very thin layer of molten solder or brazing filler metal. o tin pest o A polymorphic modification of tin that causes it to crumble into a powder known as gray tin. It is generally accepted that the maximum rate of transformation occurs at about -40 °C (-40 °F), but transformation can occur at as high as about 13 °C (55 °F). o tint etching o Immersing metallographic specimens in specially formulated chemical etchants in order to produce a stable film on the specimen surface. When viewed under an optical microscope, these surface films produce colors that correspond to the various phases in the alloy. Also known as color etching. o tin tossing o Oxidizing impurities in molten tin by pouring it from one vessel to another in air, forming a dross that is mechanically separable. o toggle press o A mechanical press in which the slide is actuated by one or more toggle links or mechanisms. o tolerance o The specified permissible deviation from a specified nominal dimension, or the permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. o tolerance limits o The extreme values (upper and lower) that define the range of permissible variation in size or other quality characteristic of a part. o tonghold o The portion of a forging billet, usually on one end, that is gripped by the operator's tongs. It is removed from the part at the end of the forging operation. Common to drop hammer and press- type forging. o tooling o A generic term applying to die assemblies and related items used for forming and forging metals. o tool steel o Any of a class of carbon and alloy steels commonly used to make tools. Tool steels are characterized by high hardness and resistance to abrasion, often accompanied by high toughness and resistance to softening at elevated temperature. These attributes are generally attained with high carbon and alloy contents. o tooth o (1) A projection on a multipoint tool (such as on a saw, milling cutter, or file) designed to produce cutting. (2) A projection on the periphery of a wheel or segment thereof as on a gear, spline, or sprocket, for example designed to engage another mechanism and thereby transmit force or motion, or both. A similar projection on a flat member such as a rack. o tooth point o The chamfered cutting edge of a face milling blade, to which a flat is sometimes added to produce a shaving effect and to improve finish. o top-and-bottom process o A process for separating copper and nickel, in which their molten sulfides are separated into two liquid layers by the addition of sodium sulfide. The lower layer holds most of the nickel. o torch o See preferred terms cutting torch (arc) , cutting torch (oxyfuel gas) , welding torch (arc) , and welding torch (oxyfuel gas) . o torch brazing o A brazing process in which the heat required is furnished by a fuel gas flame. o torch soldering o A soldering process in which the heat required is furnished by a fuel gas flame. o torsion o (1) A twisting deformation of a solid or tubular body about an axis in which lines that were initially parallel to the axis become helices. (2) A twisting action resulting in shear stresses and strains. o torsional moment o In a body being twisted, the algebraic sum of the couples or the moments of the external forces about the axis of twist, or both. o total carbon o The sum of the free carbon and combined carbon (including carbon in solution) in a ferrous alloy. o total elongation o The total amount of permanent extension of a test piece broken in a tensile test usually expressed as a percentage over a fixed gage length. See also elongation, percent . o toughness o Ability of a material to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. Toughness is proportional to the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking point. In metals, toughness is usually measured by the energy absorbed in a notch impact test. See also impact test . o tough pitch copper o Copper containing from 0.02 to 0.04% O, obtained by refining copper in a reverberatory furnace. o tracer milling o Duplication of a three-dimensional form by means of a cutter controlled by a tracer that is directed by a master form. o tramp alloys o Residual alloying elements that are introduced into steel when unidentified alloy steel is present in the scrap charge to a steelmaking furnace. o tramp element o Contaminant in the components of a furnace charge, or in the molten metal or castings, whose presence is thought to be either unimportant or undesirable to the quality of the casting. Also called trace element. o transcrystalline o See transgranular . o transcrystalline cracking o Cracking or fracturing that occurs through or across a crystal. Also termed intracrystalline cracking. o transformation hardening o Heat treatment of steels comprising austenitization followed by cooling under conditions such that the austenite transforms more or less completely into martensite and possibly into bainite. o transformation-induced plasticity o A phenomenon, occurring chiefly in certain highly alloyed steels that have been heat treated to produce metastable austenite or metastable austenite plus martensite, whereby, on subsequent deformation, part of the austenite undergoes strain-induced transformation to martensite. Steels capable of transforming in this manner, commonly referred to as TRIP steels, are highly plastic after heat treatment, but exhibit a very high rate of strain hardening and thus have high tensile and yield strengths after plastic deformation at temperatures between about 20 and 500 °C (70 and 930 °F). Cooling to 195 °C (320 °F) may or may not be required to complete the transformation to martensite. Tempering usually is done following transformation. o transformation ranges o Those ranges of temperature within which austenite forms during heating and transforms during cooling. The two ranges are distinct, sometimes overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting temperatures of the ranges depend on the composition of the alloy and on the rate of change of temperature, particularly during cooling. See also transformation temperature . o transformation temperature o The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. This term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for irons and steels: Ac cm In hypereutectoid steel Ac 1 The temperature at which austenite begins to form during heating. Ac 3 The temperature at which transformation of ferrite to austenite is completed during heating. Ac 4 The temperature at which austenite transforms to ferrite during heating. Ae cm , Ae 1 , Ae 3 , Ae 4 The temperatures of phase changes at equilibrium Ar cm In hypereutectoid steel Ar 1 The temperature at which transformation of austenite to ferrite or to ferrite plus cementite is completed during cooling. Ar 3 The temperature at which austenite begins to transform to ferrite during cooling. Ar 4 The temperature at which ferrite transforms to austenite during cooling. Ar' The temperature at which transformation of austenite to pearlite starts during cooling. M f The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite is completed during cooling. M s (or Ar'') The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling. o NOTE: All these changes, except formation of martensite, occur at lower temperatures during cooling than during heating, and depend on the rate of change of temperature. o transgranular o Through or across crystals or grains. Also called intracrystalline or transcrystalline. o transgranular cracking o Cracking or fracturing that occurs through or across a crystal or grain. Also called transcrystalline cracking. Contrast with intergranular cracking . o transgranular fracture o Fracture through or across the crystals or grains of a material. Also called transcrystalline fracture or intracrystalline fracture. Contrast with intergranular fracture . o transition lattice o An unstable crystallographic configuration that forms as an intermediate step in a solid-state reaction such as precipitation from solid solution or eutectoid decomposition. o transition metal o A metal in which the available electron energy levels are occupied in such a way that the d-band contains less than its maximum number of ten electrons per atom, for example, iron, cobalt, nickel, and tungsten. The distinctive properties of the transition metals result from the incompletely filled d-levels. o transition phase o A nonequilibrium state that appears in a chemical system in the course of transformation between two equilibrium states. o transition point o At a stated pressure, the temperature (or at a stated temperature, the pressure) at which two solid phases exist in equilibrium that is, an allotropic transformation temperature (or pressure). o transition structure o In precipitation from solid solution, a metastable precipitate that is coherent with the matrix. o transition temperature o (1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The DBTT can be assessed in several ways, the most common being the temperature for 50% ductile and 50% brittle fracture (50% fracture appearance transition temperature, or FATT), or the lowest temperature at which the fracture is 100% ductile (100% fibrous criterion). (2) Sometimes used to denote an arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. o transverse direction o Literally, "across," usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the direction across the width is often called long transverse; the direction through the thickness, short transverse. o transverse rolling machine o Equipment for producing complex preforms or finished forgings from round billets inserted transversely between two or three rolls that rotate in the same direction and drive the billet. The rolls, carrying replaceable die segments with appropriate impressions, make several revolutions for each rotation of the workpiece. o transverse rupture strength (TRS) o The stress, calculated from the bending stress formula, required to break a powder metallurgy specimen of a given dimension. The specimen is supported near its ends with a load applied midway between the fixed centerline of the supports. From the value of the break load, the TRS can be calculated using: o where F is the load at fracture, L is the span between supports, and W and H are the width and height of the test bar, respectively. o trees o Visible projections of electrodeposited metal formed at sites of high current density. o trepanning o A machining process for producing a circular hole or groove in solid stock, or for producing a disk, cylinder, or tube from solid stock, by the action of a tool containing one or more cutters (usually single-point) revolving around a center. o triaxiality o In a triaxial stress state, the ratio of the smallest to the largest principal stress, all stresses being tensile. o triaxial stress o A state of stress in which none of the three principal stresses is zero. See also principal stress (normal) . o tribology o (1) The science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of the practices related thereto. (2) The science concerned with the design, friction, lubrication, and wear of contacting surfaces that move relative to each other (as in bearings, cams, or gears, for example). o trimmer blade o The portion of the trimmers through which a forging is pushed to shear off the flash. o trimmer die o The punch press die used for trimming flash from a forging. o trimmer punch o The upper portion of the trimmer that contacts the forging and pushes it through the trimmer blades; the lower end of the trimmer punch is generally shaped to fit the surface of the forging against which it pushes. o trimmers o The combination of trimmer punch, trimmer blades, and perhaps trimming shoe used to remove the flash from the forging. o trimming o (1) In forging, removing any parting-line flash or excess material from the part with a trimmer in a trim press; can be done hot or cold. (2) In drawing, shearing the irregular edge of the drawn part. (3) In casting, the removal of gates, risers, and fins. o trimming press o A power press suitable for trimming flash from forgings. o trimming shoe o The holder used to support trimmers. Sometimes called trimming chair. o triple-action press o A mechanical or hydraulic press having three slides with three motions properly synchronized for triple-action drawing, redrawing, and forming. Usually, two slides the blankholder slide and the plunger are located above and a lower slide is located within the bed of the press. See also hydraulic press , mechanical press , and slide . o triple point o (1) A point on a phase diagram where three phases of a substance coexist in equilibrium. (2) The intersection of the boundaries of three adjoining grains, as observed in a metallographic section. o TRIP steel o A commercial steel product exhibiting transformation-induced plasticity . o troostite (obsolete) o A previously unresolvable, rapidly etching, fine aggregate of carbide and ferrite produced either by tempering martensite at low temperature or by quenching a steel at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate. Preferred terminology for the first product is tempered martensite; for the latter, fine pearlite. o Troy ounce o A unit of weight for precious metals that is equal to 31.1034768 g (1.0971699 oz avoirdupois). o true current density o See preferred term local current density . o true strain o (1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from a given load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to axial force, the natural logarithm of the ratio of the gage length at the moment of observation to the original gage length. Also known as natural strain. o true stress [...]... surface of a material when exposed to monochromatic x-rays x-ray spectrometry o Measurement of wavelengths of x-rays by observing their diffraction by crystals of known lattice spacing o x-ray spectrum o x-ray topography o o The plot of the intensity or number of x-ray photons versus energy (or wavelength) A technique that comprises topography and x-ray diffraction The term topography refers to a detailed... V-bend die o o See chemical vapor deposition , physical vapor deposition , and sputtering vapor plating o o Degreasing of work in the vapor over a boiling liquid solvent, the vapor being considerably heavier than air At least one constituent of the soil must be soluble in the solvent Modifications of this cleaning process include vapor-spray-vapor, warm liquid-vapor, boiling liquid-warm liquid-vapor,... suddenly stopping them by collision with a solid body Wavelengths of x-rays range from about 1 0-1 to 1 0-2 , the average wavelength used in research being about 1 Also known as roentgen ray or x-radiation See also electromagnetic radiation x-ray diffraction (XRD) o An analytical technique in which measurements are made of the angles at which x-rays are preferentially scattered from a sample (as well as of... mirror-image relationship to the orientation of the matrix grain across a composition plane that is usually parallel to the sides of the band o twist boundary o two-high mill o o o U-bend die A die, commonly used in press-brake forming, that is machined horizontally with a square or rectangular cross-sectional opening that provides two edges over which metal is drawn into a channel shape Ugine-Sejournet... the sample its crystal structure, orientations, and so on o x-ray fluorescence o x-ray map o o o Emission by a substance of its characteristic x-ray line spectrum on exposure to x-rays An intensity map (usually corresponding to an image) in which the intensity in any area is proportional to the concentration of a specific element in that area x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) o o An analytical technique... casting weight to the total weight of metal poured into the mold yield point o o A name sometimes used in reference to the 65Cu-35Zn type of brass yield o o A single keel block A steel coil-coated product consisting of a mixed-oxide underlayer containing zinc particles and a zinc-rich organic (epoxy) topcoat It is weldable, formable, paintable, and compatible with commonly used adhesives Zincrometal is... than the roughness caused by tool or grinding marks Particles that become detached in a wear process wear pad o In forming, an expendable pad of rubber or rubberlike material of nominal thickness that is placed against the diaphragm to lessen the wear on it See also diaphragm (2) o weathering o weathering steels o o o Copper-bearing high-strength low-alloy steels that exhibit high resistance to atmospheric... and reamers, the central portion of the tool body that joins the lands (3) A plate or thin portion between stiffening ribs or flanges, as in an I-beam, H-beam, or other similar section o weight percent o weld o o o A localized coalescence of metals or nonmetals produced either by heating the materials to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure, or by the application of pressure... context of the x-ray diffraction, topographic methods are used to survey the lattice structure and imperfections in crystalline materials o o Y o yellow brass Y-block o o o zinc worms Surface imperfections, characteristic of high-zinc brass castings, that occur when zinc vapor condenses at the mold/metal interface, where it is oxidized and then becomes entrapped in the solidifying metals zincrometal... boiling liquid-warm liquid-vapor, and ultrasonic degreasing vapor deposition o o Sintering of ceramics or metals at subatmospheric pressure A die commonly used in press-brake forming, usually machined with a triangular cross-sectional opening to provide two edges as fulcrums for accomplishing three-point bending vent o A small opening in a foundry mold for the escape of gases o vermicular graphite iron . the solvent. Modifications of this cleaning process include vapor-spray-vapor, warm liquid-vapor, boiling liquid-warm liquid-vapor, and ultrasonic degreasing. o vapor deposition o See chemical. the part being quenched must be changed abruptly at some time during the cooling cycle. o time-temperature curve o A curve produced by plotting time against temperature. o time-temperature-transformation. removing any parting-line flash or excess material from the part with a trimmer in a trim press; can be done hot or cold. (2) In drawing, shearing the irregular edge of the drawn part. (3) In