Smithells Metals Reference Book Part 18 ppt

Fusion welding 33-25 Chromium equivalent =(% Cr)+(%Mol+ ?5(%.5i) + 05&Nb) Figwe 33.3 Mod~ed Schaefler diagram for constitution ofsfahless steel weld metal. matrix, with a consequent reduction in corrosion resistance and susceptibility to intercrystalline attack, or ‘weld decay’. The problem is normally avoided by the use of material either with carbor? coctents below 0.03%, or containing strong carbide forming elements such as niobium or titanium. Such ‘stabilized’ steels are not immune to intercrystalline attack under all circumstances, and heat treatment within the sensitizing range 500-900 “C can induce sensitization to intercrystalline corrosion. If post-weld heat treatment is carried out, the temperature should be above 900°C. For practical purposes, intercrystalline attack due to arc welding is unlikely to be encountered in unstabilized molybdenum-free material of 0.06% carbon and below, provided that the arc energy per unit length of weld metal is below 2 kJ mrn-’, although service in highly oxidizing media should be regarded with caution. Austenitic steels may suffer HAZ liquation cracking during welding. The problem is minimized by the use of low arc energy welding conditions and with wrought material, by avoiding grain sizes coarser than about ASTM 3-4. In castings, cracking can often be suppressed by using material containing above 5% ferrite. The liquation cracks are of the order of 0.5 mm long, and are not generally significant in service. In welds of high restraint, however, they can form initiation points for ‘reheat cracking’ during elevated temperature service or post-weld heat treatment. At elevated temperature, intragranular strain-induced precipitation occurs in the HAZ. This causes a loss of creep ductility, and if joint restraint is high enough. intergranular cracking results. All common grades of austenitic stainless steel are susceptible to reheat cracking, with the exception of the 18%Cr/12%Ni/3%Mo types, provided that these do not contain residual carbide forming elements such as niobium or titanium. The risk of reheat cracking is reduced by dressing weld toes tc remove liquation cracks, by the use of low hot strength weld metal, and by stress relief at above 950°C. High proof stress variants of the common austenitic stainless steels have been developed, based either on solid solution hardening by nitrogen or on ‘warm working’ by rolling at down to 850°C to obtain a work hardening effect. These materials can generally be welded with normal consumables with no loss of strength in the weld area. With the nitrogen-bearing steels, excessive dilution of the weld pool by parent material causes a fully austenitic weld metal, with a risk of solidification cracking. High dilution situations, such as the root pass of a butt weld in thick plate. shonld therefore be regarded with caution. Joint preparation should be such that at least 500,: of the molten weld pool is filler material. 33-26 Welding CLAD STEELS These consist of mild or low alloy steel clad with an overlay by rolling, explosively or by weld deposition. A number of overlays such as nickel, Monel, Inconel or stainless steel are available, to fulfil different requirements. Various welding processes may be used for joining clad plate, although manual metal arc welding is normally employed in view of the range of electrodes available, and the facility of control. The recommended procedure is to prepare the ferritic side of the joint, and weld this conventionally with suitable electrodes, taking care that no cladding material is picked up by the weld metal. The clad side is then chipped out to sound metal to below the depth of the cladding, and welded using suitable filler metal. The choice of consumable for this weld is determined primarily by the necessity to accept dilution from the ferritic substrate material, and give the desired final weld metal composition without the formation of undesirable microstructures. A two- pass technique is usually specified, the first pass employing a consumable tolerant of dilution, and the second pass being intended to deposit weld metal of matching composition to the cladding. Typical consumable compositions are given in Table 33.19. CAST STEELS The welding of cast steels presents no special problems additional to those encountered in wrought metal of similar composition. Silicon and manganese contents are usually high, and this has an influence on weldability. Repairs to steel castings are usually subject to the same conditions of restraint as repairs to cast iron, and preheating is often desirable for this reason alone. Plain carbon steels with less than 0.25% C may otherwise be welded without preheat following the procedure in Figure 33.1. For steels containing 0.25450% C, preheat tempFratures up to 300 "C may be used, while for steels of carbon content greater than 0.507& a preheat'of 300°C and a post- weld stress relief at 650°C should be employed. It may be necessary to use nickel-bearing electrodes when carbon contents are very high. Alternatively, bronze welding may be used. Preheating, when recommended, should preferably be applied to the whole casting and the figures in Table 33.20 should be regarded as minima. Manual metal arc welding is normally employed, although other methods are possible. Table 33.19 MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING ELECTRODE COMPOSITIONS FOR WELDING CLAD STEELS ON THE CLADDING SIDE Cladding Efectrode First pass to cooer steel Remaining passes Austenitic stainless steel 25Cr/12Ni Matching composition to Chromium stainless steel 25/12 25/12 or matching composition Nickel Monel 400 Inconel 600 cladding to cladding Nickel 141 Nickel 141 Monel 190 Monel 190 Inconel 182 Inconel 182 Table 3330 MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING PROCEDURES FOR A SELECTION OF CAST STEELS Ske.ei type Specification Electrode PrehearC Post-heat"C 0.25:/,C max BS 592 1967-Grade A 0.35%C max BS 59219674rade B 0.45ZC max BS 5Q1967-Grade C C/0.5'$, Mo BS 1398: 1967-Grade A 2.25:$3/0.5:;Mo BS 1504-622 9:(,Cr/l'!,,;Mo BS 14631967 13"/Cr BS 16301967-Grade A 1 8':~;Cr/80~Nii7rl b BS 1631:1967 Grade B 1 8%Cr/S%Ni/Mo BS 16321967-Grade B BS 638: 1986 E43XXRt BS 639 1986 E51XXB BS 639: 1986 E5lXXB BS 2493: 1985-2CrMoB BS 2926: 1984-23.12 BS 2926: 1984-23.12 BS 2926: 1984-19.9.Nb BS 2926: 1984-19.12.3 BS 2493: 1985-MOB 2C-150' 600-650* 2C- 1 506 600-650 20-150§ 600-650 150 630-680 275 640-690t 250 650-7201 None None None None 250 680-750t * Desirable, but not essential. t Immediate post-weld heat treatment and special care essential. $ Select electrode to match casting propenies. 4 See Figure 33.1 Fusion welding 33-27 CAST IRONS Malleable irons, grey iron, spheroidal graphite cast irons and austenitic cast irons may be welded, provided suitable precautions are taken. Dficulties are due to lack of ductility in the parent material to accommodate weld shrinkage stresses, the transfer of carbon to the weld metal, resulting in hard, brittle deposits, and hardening in the heat affected zone. In addition, high sulphur contents may result in hot shortness in the weld and subsequent cracking. Spheroidal graphite irons and other alloy cast irons have increased ductility and impact resistance over normal grey iron, and so may be welded with rather less difficulty. White cast irons can sleldom be welded satisfactorily. Table 33.21 FILLER RODS FOR GAS WELDING CAST IRON (BS 1453:1972) Element wc :< Type C Si Mn Ni S P Avvlicarions B1 3.0-3.6 2.8-3.5 0.5-1.0 - 0.15 max 1.5 max Easy machining B2 3.0-3.6 2.0-2.5 0.5-1.0 - 0.15 max 1.5 max Hard (valve seats) B3 3.0-3.5 2.0-2.5 0.5-1.0 1.25-1.75 0.10 max 0.50 max Ni cast iron The choice of process is influenced by the type of component and its composition, gas welding and braze welding being suitable for light components, and metal arc and bronze welding for the heavier types of construction. Filler rods for gas welding are given in Table 33.21. For braze welding, consumables C4, C5, or C6 in Table 33.28 may be used. Types of electrodes for manual metal arc and bronze welding are given in Table 33.22. Table 33.22 Electrode type Applications and remarks ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC AND BRONZE WELDING OF CAST IRON High nickel 60% nickel, 40% iron Cest iron (soft iron) Austenitic stainless Austenitic castings Phosphor bronze Aluminium bronze Minimum preheat, easily machined. Not for high sulphur irons Suitable for spheroidal graphite irons. Moderate machineability General purpose, preheat essential Not affected by sulphur, poor machineability Good strength, wear resistance and machineability To atxommodate shrinkage stresses and to minimize hardening in the heat affected zone, preheating to 550°C and slow cooling is essential unless minimum penetration techniques are employed. In the latter case, repairs in thin sections may be made using high nickel, nickeliron or bronze electrodes; and in heavy sections, buttering of the edges of the joint with nickel-iron alloy should be followed by welding with soft iron electrodes. If preheating is not employed, minimum heat input is essential, by the use of short weld runs and small diameter electrodes. 33.5.2 Non-ferrous metals ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS The main processes for fusion welding this group of materials are the TIG and MIG systems. Manual metal arc and oxyacetylene welding find very limited application, and then only when alternative processes are not available. 33-28 Welding The gas-shielded MIG and TIG processes may be used for all the weldable alloys. Sound joints with good mechanical properties can be obtained, as long as weld cleaning is carefully carried out. TIG is suitable for sheet metal work, butt welds up to 6 mm thick and fillet welds where runs are short. It is also valuable in cases where the edge preparation permits autogenous welding to be used. MIG welding is particularly suitable for fillet welding and for the butt welding of material 5 mm thick and above. MIG welding normally employs commercial purity argon as a shielding gas. This gas is also general for TIG welding, although in sections above 6 mm thickness, helium may offer advantages in increased penetration and travel speed. The majority of aluminium alloys may be welded without difficulty, provided the correct filler wire is used. Recommendations for all processes are given in Table 33.23, and consumable compositions are in Table 33.24. Certain wrought (and cast) alloys, notably aluminium- 2$% magnesium, aluminium-magnesium silicide and duralumin types, suffer from hot cracking when welded with parent metal fillers and such fillers should be used only under closely controlled conditions of low restraint. The fusion welding of the latter types of alloy is not recommended. Table 33.23 FILLER WIRES AND ELECTRODES FOR WELDING WROUGHT AI ALLOYS TO BS 1470.1477 Parent material FiIler wire or electrode' Designation TYPe Gas welding' MIG or TIG3 Metal arc4 1080A 99.8%A1 1050A 1080A (1050A) 99.5%A1 1050A 99.5%A1 1050A lO5OA 99.5%A1 1200 99.O%Al 1260 lO5OA 99.5%A1 3103 A1-Mn 3103 3103 Al-Mn 3105 Al-Mn-Mg 3103 3103 - 5251 5154A5 A1-Mg 5356 5356 (5056A, 5183, 5556A) - 5454 A1-Mg 5554 5554 - 5083 Al-Mg-Mn 5356 5556A - g2i Al-Mg-Si 4043A (4047A) 4043A (4047A, 5356) Al-S%Si, Al-lO%Si 2014A 26 1 SA 203 2024 1 I 'Fillers to BS 1453:1972:amended 1987. ' Filler wires to BS 2901: Part 4 1983. Al-Cu-Mg-Si NR' (4047A) NR7 (4047A) NR7 (AI-lO%Si) Recommended fillers given fust, and alternatives in parentheses. These are not covered by a British Standard. These AI-Mg alloys may be susceptihlo to hot cracking. 5356 may be used with care to weld these alloys, especially when anodizing is to be carried out, to give a better colour match. ' These are not recommended as weldable alloys but 4047A gives the best chance of sucoess. ALUMINIUM CASTINGS For welding heat treatable castings, the choice of filler wire should be based upon the composition of the casting itself if post-weld heat treatment is to be employed. If cracking is encountered, a higher alloy content in the filler wire may be required. Alloys containing zinc are generally difficult to weld. For welding LM6, LM9 and LM20, as in BS 1490: 1970,4047A wire may be used: 4043A is recommended for LM18 and LM25, while 5356 and 5556A can be used for LM5 and LM10. Parent material is suggested for the remainder of the weldable materials. DISSIMILAR ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Welding different aluminium alloys together frequently involves a compromise between mechanical or corrosion properties and joint soundness. Recommendations are given in Table 33.25a, b and c. Table 33.24 FILLER RODS AND WIRES FOR THE GAS-SHIELDED WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS (AFTER BS 2901:PART 4 1983) Element wt YO five A1 cu ME Si Fe Mn Zn Cr Ti Notes 1080A 1050 3103' 4043A 4047A 5154A 5554 5056A 5556A 5356 5183 99.8 min 0.03 max 99.5 min 0.05 max Remainder 0.1 max Remainder 0.30 max Remainder 0.30 max Remainder 0.10 max Remainder 0.10 max Remainder 0.10 max Remainder 0.10 max Remainder 0.10 max Remainder 0.10 max 0.02 max 0.05 max 0.30 max 0.20 max 0.10 max 3.1-3.9 2.4-3.0 4.5-5.6 5.0-5.5 4.5-5.5 4.3-5.2 0.15 max 0.25 max 0.50 max 11.0-13.0 4.5-6.0 0.5 max 0.25 max 0.40 max 0.25 max 0.25 max 0.40 max 0.15 max 0.40 max 0.7 max 0.6 max 0.6 max 0.50 max 0.40 max 0.50 max 0.40 max 0.40 max 0.40 max 0.02 max 0.05 max 0.9-1.5 0.15 max 0.15 max 0.1 -0.5 0.50-1.0 0.10-0.6 0.6 -1.0 0.05-0.20 0.5 -1.0 0.06 max 0.07 max 0.20 max 0.10 max 0.20 max 0.20 max 0.25 max 0.20 max 0.2 max 0.10 max 0.25 max 0.02 max 0.05 max 0.10 max 0.15 max 0.15 max 0.25 max 0.2 max 0.05-0.20 0.05-2.00 0.20 max 0.2 max 0.05-0.20 0.05-0.20 0.05-0.20 0.06-0.20 0.05-0.25 0.15 max Cu+Si+Fe+Mn+Zn: 0.2% max Cu+Si+Fe+Mn+Zn: 0.5% max Si content should be less than that of Fe Cr+Ti*: 0.2% max Mn+Cr: 0.5% max Si+Fe: 0.40% max MnfCr: O.i4.5% Si + Fe: 0.40% max * Ti cantent can include other grain rdining elements. w x W 33-30 Welding Table 33.2% PARENT METAL GROUPS USED IN TABLE 33.25~ Parent metal AIfoys lXXX series 2XXX series 2014A, 2024,2618A 3XXX series 3103,3105 SXXX series 5251, 5454, 5154A 6XXX series 6063,6061, 6082,6101A AI-Si castings AI-Mg castings LM5, LMlO lOSOA, IOSOA, 1200, 1350, LMO* LM6, LM9, LM18, LM20, LM25 * Included in this group for simplicity. Table33.25b FILLER METALS GROUPS USED IN TABLE 33.2% Filler metal group AfIoys Pure AI AI-Si AI-Mg 1080A, lO5OA 4043A, 4047A* 5056A, 5356,5556A, 5183 * 4047A is used to prevent weld metal cracking in joints of high dilution and restraint. In most other cases, 4043A is preferable. Table 33.25~ SELECTION OF FILLER ALLOYS FOR GAS SHIELDED ARC WELDING MATCHING AND DISSIMILAR ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Parent metal AI-Si Af-Mg combination castings castings 3XXX 2XXX IXXX 70.20 6XXX 5005 SXXX 5083 5083 NR' AI-Mg AI-Mg NRz AI-Mg 556A AI-Mg AI-Mg AI-Mg 5556A sxxx NR' AI-Mg AI-Mg NRZ AI-Mg AI-Mg AI-Mg AI-Mg' AI-Mg" 5005 AI-Si AI-Mg AI-Si NR2 AI-Si AI-Mg AI-Si AI-Mg3 6XXX AI-Si AI-Mg AI-Si NR2 AI-Si nr -_ AI-Mg' 7020 NR' AI-Mg AI-Mg NRZ AI-Si AI-Mg lXXX A1-Si AI-Me A1-Si NRZ AI-Me 5556A 2xxx NR~ NR* - NR* NRZ Purei15 3xxx A1-Si A1-Mg 31034 A1-Mg castings NR' A1-Mg A1-Si castings AI-Si NR = not recommended. The welding of alloys containing approximately 2% or more of Mg with AI-Si filer metal (and vice-versa) is not recommended because sufficient Mg,Si precipitate is formed at the fusion boundary to embrittle the joint. 2XXX alloys covered by British Standards are not regarded as weldable alloys, hut W7A gives the best chance of success. The corrosion behaviour of weld metal is likely to be better if its alloy content is close to that of the parent metal and not markedly higher. For service in potentially corrosive environments it is preferable to weld 5154A with 5154A filler metal or 5454 with 5554 filler metal. This may only be possible at the expense of weld soundness. AI-Si gives better crack resistance; AI-Mg gives higher weld metal ductility. For welding 1080A to itself, 1080A filler metal should be used. 33.5.3 Copper and copper alloys Copper is produced in several grades, which vary in weldability according to the nature and quantity of the residual elements present. The material has a high thermal conductivity, and heat conduction away from the weld area may restrict the size of molten pool that can be obtained. Preheat is applied to counteract this, particularly with thicker material. Table 33.26 gives an indication of the preheat temperatures for copper and various copper alloys. Fusion welding 33-31 Welding is normally carried out using the gas shielded processes, and the choice of gas influences the thickness above which preheat is desirable as in Table 33.27. In general, the welding speed and penetration increase with change in shielding gas in the order Ar, He, N2. and the level of preheat decreases with the same order of gases. Manual metal arc welding of copper and its alloys is possible, but the gas-shielded processes &re preferred. Manual metal arc welding is used mainly when other methods or suitable gas-shielded consumables are not available. Filler wires for gas welding and gas shielded arc: welding of copper and copper alloys are given in Tables 33.28 and 33.29. Tough pitch copper, which contains residual oxygen, is available in several degrees of purity, and only the high conductivity grades of tough pitch copper should be used for welding. The inert gas-shielded processes are suitable using boron deoxidized copper filler (Table 33.29, C21) where electrical conductivity is important, or silicon-manganese deoxidized filler (Table 33.29, C7). Argon, helium, or mixtures of these gases should be used for shielding. Tough pitch copper may also be bronze welded with silicon bronze or aluminium bronze electrodes, or braze welded with filler to Table 33.28, C2 (silicon brass). The presence of arsenic does not affect weldability. Qxy- acetylene welding is not recommended, due to the risk of 'gassing'. Phosphorus-deoxidized (PDO) copper may be welded by the oxy-acetylene, TIG or MIG processes. Argon, helium or nitrogen may be used for gas-shielded methods, either separately or mixed. Table 33.26 SUGGESTED PREHEATING CONDITIONS FOR VARIOUS COPPER ALLOYS USING ARGON SHIELDING Preheating temperature, "C Material type Minimum Maximum Copper 300' 530 Silicon bronze 20 65 Phosphor bronze 175 290 Aluminium bronze 20 150 70/30 Cu/Ni 20 110 * 350°C required for TIG welding For further information see P. G. F. duPr6. Philips Welding Reporter, 1972, 8, 14-26. Table 33.27 THICKNESS ABOVE WHICH PREHEAT MAY BE REQUIRED-COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS Shielding gas Process Argon Helium Nitrogen TI0 3mm 6mm 9mm MIG 6mm 9mm 12mm See Table 33.26 for further information. Table 33.28 FILLER WIRES FOR GAS WELDING COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS (BS 14531972) Element wt % Type Cu Zn Pb AI Fe Ni Mn Si** c1 c2 C2B c2c c3 c4 c5 C6 99.85 mint 57.0-63.0 56.0-60.0 56.0-60.0 59.0-61.0 45.0-53.0 41.0-45.0 57.0-63.0 0.010 max rem. 0.03 max rem. 0.05 max rem. 0.05 max rem. 0.03 max rem. 0.03 max rem. 0.03 max rem. 0.03 max 0.030 max 0.10 max 0.03 max 0.2-0.5 0.01 max 0.25-1.2 0.2-0.8 0.01-0.50 0.04-0.15 0.01 max 0.25-1.2 0.01 -0.50 0.04-0.15 0.03 max 0.03 max 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.25 0.15-0.3 0.03max. 0.5max 8.0-11.0 0.5max 0.15-0.5 0.03 max 0.3 max 14.0-16.0 0.2 max 0.2-0.5 ** For other elements see next page. 33-32 Welding Table 33.28 FILLER WIRES FOR GAS WELDMGCOPPER ANDCOPPER ALLOYS(BS 1453:1972)-contimed **Element wt % Total impurities excluding Type Sn As Sb Bi P "I Ag,Ni,AqP C1 0.01 max 0.05 max 0.005 max 0.0030 0.015-0.08 0.010 0.060 max max max* C2 0.5 max C2B 0.8-1.1 C2C 0.8-1.1 0.50 max incl. Pb and AI 0.50 max incl. Pb and A1 c3 0.50 max C4 0.5 max C5 0.5 max C6 1.0 max *Se plus Ti: 0.020% max. tIncludes Ag 0.5-120/, **For other elements see pdous page. The use of nitrogen produces a hotter arc with increased penetration, but with MIG welding, less satisfactory metal transfer may result. Phosphorus content is important, and should be as low as possible to minimize porosity. Phosphorus does not act as an efficient deoxidant in gas-shielded welding, and for this reason filler wires containing additional deoxidants should be used. Auto- genous welding is not possible without the risk of porosity, and if welding without filler wire is required, zinc deoxidized (cap) copper can be employed, using the TIG process. Zinc content is relatively unimportant within the range 0.5-3.0% zinc. Oxy-acetylene welds are made using a copper-silver-phosphorus filler rod (Table 33.28, C1) and a flux. Such welds are hot hammered during welding to remove porosity and frequently cold hammered to improve mechanical properties. Oxygen-free high conductivity copper may be oxy-acetylene welded without gassing, but if TIG or MIG welding is employed, there is a risk of porosity formation which may be overcome by using boron-copper filler wire. All grades of copper may be bronze welded using the manual metal arc; TIG or MIG processes and fillers of the aluminium, silicon or tin bronze types. The technique involves the use of a wide edge preparation, preferably a fillet and the use of soft arcs to minimize penetration. Deoxidized and oxygen-free copper may also be braze welded using silicon brass (Table 33.28 C2) or manganese bronze (Table 33.28 C4) fillers. COPPER-ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Gas welding is not recommended but carbon arc welding using cryolite flux, manual metal arc welding, or preferably the argon or helium TIG welding processes may be used. The iron-bearing single phase alloy Cu/7 A1/3 Fe is normally welded with a nickel-bearing duplex alloy (Table 33.29, C20). Most duplex and complex bronzes are welded with fillers of matching com- position, as are the manganesealuminium bronzes. An important consideration is corrosion resistance, and care should be taken to avoid a combination of manganesealuminium bronze and the normal single phase and duplex bronzes. The nickel-bearing filler C20 is resistant to de- aluminification in all but the most severe environments and is frequently used as a facing deposit in welds in BS 1400 AB2C castings, which are normally made with 10% aluminium fillers (Table 33.29, C13). If a single phase deposit is required, C12 Fe filler may be used for a corrosion resistant layer on top of a more crack resistant filler. If stress corrosion is a problem, a small tin addition may be made to both parent and filler metals. The welding of the aluminium bronzes should be carried out with as low a heat input as possible. Thus, preheating and high inter-run temperatures should be avoided, as should weaving when depositing filler metal. It is often necessary to give a post-weld thermal treatment to eliminate the risk of stress corrosion cracking. COPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS The problems of embrittlement and porosity in welding cupro-nickel may be overcome by using filler wires containing manganese as a desulphurizer and titanium as a deoxidant. Filler wires are Fusion welding 3333 available for 90/10 and 70/30 cupro-nickels (C16 and C18, Table 33.29). Either argon arc or inert-gas metal arc welding is normally employed, but flux-coated manual metal arc electrodes are available for some alloys. COPPER-SILICON ALLOYS Silicon bronzes and ‘Everdur’ are readily weldable, the inert-gas processes being preferred. Parent metal filler is employed (C9, Table 33.29). Bronze welding is also possible. COPPER-TIN ALLOYS Tin bronzes usually contain phosphorus, and their welding behaviour is somewhat similar to phosphorus deoxidized copper, both oxy-acetylene and TIG welds tending to be porous. Filler rods employed are given in Table 33.29 (C10, C11). Bronze welding is preferable. Table 33.29 FILLER RODS AND WIRES FOR THE GASSHIELDED WELDING OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS @S 2901:PART 3:1983) Element wt % ~~~ Type cu Al Ti Fe Ni c7* 98.5 min 0.03 max 0.03 max 0.10 max C8-F 99.4 min 0.1-0.3 0.1-0.3 0.30 max 0.10 max C9 Remainder 0.03 max 0.10 max 0.10 max c10 93.8 min 0.03 max el I 92.3 min 0.03 max c12 90.0 min 6.0-7.5 (Fe+Ni+Mn)$: 1.0-2.5 C12Fe 89.0 min 6.5-8.5 2.3-3.5 c13 86.0 min 9.0- 11 .o 0.75-1.5 1.0 max C16 Remainder 0.03 max 0.20-0.50 1.5-1.8 10.0-12.0 C18 66.5 min 0.03 max 0.20-0.50 0.4-1.0 30.0-32.0 c20 80.5-85.0 8.0-9.5 1.5-3.5 3.5-5.0 c22 Remainder 7.0-8.5 2.0-4.0 1.5-3.0 c23 Remainder 6.0-6.4 0.5-0.7 0.1 max c24 Remainder 0.01 max 0.10 max C25 Remainder 0.05 max 0.05 max 0.05 max 1.0-1.7 C26 Remainder 8.5-9.5 3.0-5.0 4.e5.5 Al+Tk 0.25-0.5 Element wt % Type Mn Si Zn Sn P c7* cst c9 c10 c11 c12 C12Fe c13 C16 Ci8 c20 c22 c235 C24 C25 C26 0.15-0.35 0.75-1.25 1.0 mas. 0.5-1.0 0.5-1.5 0.5-2.0 11.0-14.0 0.5 max 1.5-2.5 0.15-0.4 0.6-3.5 0.20-0.35 2.75-3.25 0.10 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.01 max 0.01 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 2.0-2.4 0.4-0.7 0.10 max 0.5 max 0.2 max 0.2 max 0.2 max 0.2 max 0.15 max 0.4 max 0.2 max 0.10 max 1 .O max 0.015 max 0.015 max 0.020 max 4.5-6.0 0.02-0.40 6.0-7.5 0.02-0.a 0.01 max 0.01 max 0.1 max 4.5-6.0 ‘These rods and wires are intended for welding Cu using Ar or He as the shielding gas. t These rods and wires are intended for welding Cu using N, as the shielding gas: Ar or He may be used t Optional elements. 9 O.OS%Mg max. [...]... a y eutectics enr Binary eutectics Table 34.5 COMMON SOLDER ALLOYS (183 -27OoC) Nominal composition Sn Pb Tin solders 63 37 BS 219:1977 Other Melting range “C Specification 0.6Sbmax 183 m.p A grade 63 37 02Sbmax 183 m.p AP 60 40 0.5Sbmax 183 -188 K 60 40 0.2Sbmax 183 -188 KP 50 50 45 40 55 60 0.5Sb max 0.4Sb max 0.4Sbmax 183 -212 183 -224 183 -234 G Typical uses (similar alternative standard) Soldering of... and cans 45 40 55 60 2.5-3.OSb 2.2-2.7Sb 2.0-2.4Sb 185 -204 185 -2 15 185 -277 C 32 30 18 68 70 82 1.6- 1.9Sb 1.5-1.8Sb 0.9-l.lSb 185 -243 185 -248 185 -275 N 4.75-5.25Sb 236-243 95A High service temperatures (morethan 100°C) and refrigeration equipment Step-soldering High service temperatures (more than 100°C) 3 Hop dip coating and soldering of ferrous metals; jointing of copper conductors General engineering... ALLOYS (BS2901 :PART 5: 1983) Element w t co c r TYP Ni NA32 NA33 NA34 NA35 NA36 93.0 min 62.0-69.0 Remainder 67.0 min Remainder 18. 0-21 O 18. 0-22.0 18. 0-21.0 NA37 NA38 NA39 NA40 NA41 Remainder Remainder 67.0 min Remainder 33.0-46.0 16.0-20.0 19.0-21.0 14.0-17.0 20.5-23.0 19.5-23.5 12.0-16.0 19.0-21.0 NA42 NA43 NA44 NA45 42.0-45.0 58.0 min Remainder Remainder 15.0 -18. 0 20.0-23.0 1.0 max 14.0 -18. 0 0.12 max... of welders working to 4871: approved welding procedures Part 1:1982 Fusion welding of steel Part 2:1982 TIG or MIG welding of aluminium and its alloys Part 3:1985 Arc welding of tube to tube-plate joints in metallic materials Approval testing of welders when weld4872: ing procedure approval is not required Part 1:1982 Fusion welding of steel Part 21976 TIG or MIG welding of aluminium and its alloys... acetylene containers) Part 2: 1977 Welded steel containers of water capacity 1 1 up to 130 1 6693: Diffusible hydrogen Part 1:1986 Method for determination of hydrogen in MMA weld metal using 3 day collection Part 2: 1986 Method for determination of hydrogen in MMA weld metal Part 3:1988 Primary method for the determination of diffusible hydrogen in manual metal arc ferritic steel weld metal Part 4:1988 Primary... pipe fittings for the petroleum industry Part 1: 1962 Wrought carbon and ferritic alloy steel fittings Part 2 1962 Wrought and cast austenitic Cr-Ni steel fittings Part 3: 1968 Wrought carbon andferritic alloy steel fittings Metric units Part 4: 1968 Wrought and cast austenitic Cr-Ni steel fittings Metric units Butt-welding pipe fittings for pressure purposes Part 1: 1963 Carbon steel ‘As welded‘ and... review’, J Less c o m n Met., 1963, 5, 205 Non-ferrous metals- general E A Taylor, ‘Inert Gas Welding of Non-Ferrous Metals , Metall Rev., No 116, 1967 Dissimilar metals M C T Bystram, ‘Welding Dissimilar Alloy Steels’, Br Weld J., 1958, 5, 475 J G Young and A A Smith, ‘Joining Dissimilar Metals , Weld Metal Fabric., 1959, 27, 278, 331 ‘Dissimilar Metals , Met Consrr Er Weld J., 1969, 1, 12s ‘Dissimilar-Metal... compression tube fittings of copper and copper alloy, Part 2 Specification for capillary and compression fittings for copper tubes (AMD 5651: 1987 covers the requirement for lead-free solders for potable water applications) Brazing Part 1:1986 Specification for brazing Part 2: 1986 Guide to brazing Part 3: 1988 Methods for non-destructive and destructive testing Part 4:1988 Methods for specifying brazing procedure... welders Safety signs and colours Part 1:1980 Colour and design Part 2: 1980 Colorimetric and photometric properties of materials Poess rcse 1140: 1980 1723: 1724 1959 182 1: 1982 2630: 1982 2633:1987 2640: 1982 2971:1977 2996: 1958 3019: - 3571: - Specification for resistance spot welding of uncoated and coated low carbon steel Brazing Part 1:1986 Specification for brazing Part 2: 1986 Guide to brazing... testing of welded or brazed joints in metals 4778: 1979 Glossary ofgeneral terms used in quality assurance (including reliability and maintainability terms) Approval testing of welding procedures 4870 Part 1: 1981 Fusion welding of steel Part 2:1982 TIG or MIG welding of aluminium and its alloys Part 3:1985 Arc welding of tube to tube-plate joints in metallic materials Part 4:1988 Automatic fusion welding . 1959 182 1: 1982 2630: 1982 2633:1987 2640: 1982 2971:1977 2996: 1958 3019: - 3571: - Welding terms and symbols. Part 1: 1983 Welding, brazing and ther- mal cutting glossary. Part. semiautomatic and automatic metal-arc welding. Part 4 1979 Specification for welding cables. Part 5: 1988 Specification for accessories. Part 8: 1984 Specification for electrode holders. welding. Filler metals for brazing. Low alloy steel electrodes for manual metal-arc welding. Filler rods and wires for gas-shielded arc welding. Part 1 Ferritic steels Part 2 Austenitic