Smithells Metals Reference Book Part 10 pdf

The solution of gases in metals 12-9 0.f 4- ' I I I II I I I- 3- - 2- - 1- 800'C E 4" A - V V I , 6ycc 'I: - 6cK1° 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Atom ratio H/Pd Figure 12.4 The palladium-hydrogen system (Levine nnd Weal:' GilIespie et a1.78.79 and Perminov." See also Everett and Nordon," Flanagansz Nakhutin and S~tyagina,8~ Mitacek and A~ion,~~ Carson et al.?' Karpova and Tverdovsky,8' Vmt et aLH7 and Maeland and Flmagans') 12-10 Gas-metai systems - - 600% 3 Atom mtio H/Pr Fgue 12.5 The praseodymium-hydrogen system (Mulford and N01ley.~~ See also Sieuerts and RoelP) The solution of gases in metals 12-11 I I II I I1 0.02 0.04 0.060.08o.ia 0.20 0.40 0.60 Atom ratio H/Ta Figure 12.7 The tuntalm-hydrogen system (Mallet and Koehl.” See also Kofitad et aLg3 and Pedersen et aLg4) I- 105L t +A,: 1 I 751.C //,I I I I I I I I , 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 1.0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Atom mlio H/Th Figore 128 also Peterson and The thorium-hydrogen system (Mallet and Campbell.95 See 12-12 Gasmetal systems '" 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 7.4 1.6 1.8 Log (at. % H) Finre 12.9 The titanium4ydrogen systems (M~Quillun.~' See also Lenning er a1.P' McQ~illan,~~ Samsonov and Antonava'oo and Krylov"') ?a4 B pi 10 3 4 L Y 0 lo2 10 I I II 0.1 0.2 03 Atom ratio H/Y Fm 12.10 Brauer and S~hneil'~~ and Maela~d'~~) The vanadium-hydrogen system (Kofi~ad and Wallace.'oz See ah The solution of gases in metals 12-13 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Log, at. H Figure 12.1 1 The zirconium-hydrogen system (Private communicatwn from hfcQuillan based on referenee 105. See also Motz,'06 Schwartz and Mallet,'" Gulbramen and Andrew,'08 Edwards et al.,'" Mallet and Albrecht,"o Esp~gno et al.,"' Libowitz,'" La Grange et a1.:l3 Sktery,'" Singh and Gordon Parr,115 and Katz and Berger116) 121.4 Solutions of nitrogen Table 12.5 gives values of dissolved nitrogen concentration in equilibrium with nitrogen at one atmosphere pressure for the metals iron, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, nickei silicon and some of their alloys. The solutions are dilute and the solution process is endothermic, the solubility increasing with temperature. Table 12.6 gives values for nitrogen concentrations in iron and chromium in equilibrium with nitrides, measured by methods including internal friction and calorimetry. In the solid metals, the solute atoms are assumed to occupy interstitial sites, only a small proportion of the available sites being filled. If iron' is cold-worked, the nitrogen solubility is enhanced by additional solute sites at lattice defects thereby introduced into the metal (see references 117 and 118). Some transition metals dissolve nitrogen exothermically to form concentrated interstitial solid solutions of metallic character analogous to the corresponding hydrogen solutions. Figures 12.12 and 12.13 present information for the systems niobium-nitrogen and tantalum-nitrogen. TaMe 125 NITROGEN SOLUTIONS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH GASEOUS NITROGEN AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Solvent metal Mass % of nitrogen at temperature, T "C References ~~~ Fe T 700 800 900 :sol:d a) Mass 1.5 x IO-' 2.3 x IO-' 3.3 x lo-' 120 also 119 [solid y) T 900 IO00 1100 1200 1300 1400 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.022 0.021 120. 121, 122, 145 Mass % 0.028 12-14 Gas-metal systems Table 12.5 NITROGEN SOLUTIONS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH GASEOUS NITROGEN AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE eonti?med Solvent metal Mass % of nitrogen at temperature, T"C References Fe (solid 6) (liquid) Fe-A1 uiquid) Fe-C (liquid) FoCr (solid y) (liquid) FecO (liquid) Fbcu (liquid) Fe-Mn' (solid y) (liquid) Fe-Mo (liquid) Fe-Nb (liquid) FbNi (solid) T 1400 Moss% 0,0101 T 1600 Mass% 0.044 T 1600 % AI 0.25 Mass % OM4 T 1600 Mas % 0.030 %C 1 T Mass % 4.76% 0 8.67% Cr 14.10% Cr T 1 600 % Cr 5 Mass % 0.07 T 1700 % Cr 10 Moss % 0.10 T 1600 %CO 5 Mass% 0.040 T 1600 %CU 2 Mass % 0.044 T Mass % 0.43% 0.53% 1.46% 12.98% Mn Mn Mn Mn T 1550 %Mn 5 Mass% 0.044 T 1600 %Mn 1 Mas% 0.046 T 1600 %Mo 2 Mass% 0.045 T 1600 %Nb 2 Mass % 0.060 T Mass % 1.01% Ni 3.98% Ni 8.11% Ni 15.46% Ni 26.8% Ni 40.7% Ni 1450 1500 1535 0,011 1 0.0121 0.0129 121 (average of 21 independent determinations) 1600 0.5 140 0.044 1600 1600 1600 I600 2345 125,128,131,132, 0.022 0.015 0.011 0.004 (averages of independent 139, 140, 144 determinations) 22, 121, 124-147 lo00 1100 1200 1300 1400 0.102 0.079 Q.063 0.051 0.034' 0.286 0.193 0.138 0.102 - 0.96 0.48 0.26 - - * S phase 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 10 IS 20 40 60 70 0.12 0.18 0.29 1.00 2.3 3.5 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 20 40 50 70 80 90 0.22 0.75 1.16 2.6 3.5 4.5 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 10 20 40 60 80 0.035 0.028 0.023 0.013 0.010 1600 1600 1600 1600 46810 0.042 0.042 0.040 0.039 1050 1200 1300 0.025 - - 0.024 - - 0.025 - 0.020 0.066 0.046 - 1550 1550 1550 1550 1550 10 20 40 60 80 0.052 0.087 0.22 0.43 0.80 1600 1600 1600 1600 2 5 1020 0.048 0.060 0.074 0.098 1600 1600 1600 1600 46810 0.047 0.051 0.054 0.057 1600 1600 1600 468 0.085 0.11 0.16 918 999 1217 0.028 3 0.025 3 0.021 5 0.02s 2 0.021 9 0.018 7 0.0205 0.0186 0.0156 0.0132 0.0125 0.011 1 0.0061 0.0062 0.0061 0.0019 0.0023 0.0027 146 127, 128, 133, 136, 140 also 143 133 22, 137, 140, 144 137, 140, 144 } 119 141. 142 133, 140 also 143 135, 137, 140, 144 also 143 140, also 143 145 also 143 The solution ofgases in metals 12-15 Tak 12.5 NITROGEN SOLUTIONS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH GASEOUS NITROGEN AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE-tinued Solvent metal Mass % of nitrogen at tempetature, T"C Refeences Fe-Ni (liquid) Fe-0 (liquid) Fe-S (liquid) Fe-Si (solid a) (solid y) (liquid) Fe-Sn (liquid) Fe-Ta (liquid) Fe-V (liquid) Fe-W (liquid) T % Ni Mass 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1 2 5 10 25 50 % 0.044 0.043 0.039 0.033 0.017 0.0067 Effect of up to 0.2% 0 is slight Effect of up to 0.3% S is slight T Mass% 283%Si T Mass % 0.20% Si 0.58% Si 3.90% Si 1.26% Si T 1600 % Si 2 Mass % 0.035 T 1 600 % Sn 2 Mass% 0.044 T 1600 % Ta 2 Mass % 0.052 T Mass% l%V 2% v 3% v 5% v 10% v T 1600 %W 2 Mass % 0.044 Fe-Cr-Ni T 1600 (liquid) % Cr 8.9 Y Ni 6.5 700 80 900 lo00 1100 0.0013 0.0016 0.0019 0.0021 0.0024 lo00 1050 1100 1200 1300 1350 - 0.024 - 0,022 - 0.020 - 0.022 - 0.020 - 0.018 0.024 - 0.022 0.021 0.020 - 0.023 - 0.022 0.021 0.019 - 1600 4 0.026 1600 4 0.042 1600 4 0.060 1 600 0.059 0.074 0.088 - - 1600 4 0.044 1600 1600 68 0.020 0.013 1600 1600 68 0.041 0.041 1600 1600 68 0.072 0.084 1700 1800 0.059 0.059 0.071 0.070 0.084 0.081 0.129 0.120 0.315 0280 1600 1600 68 0.045 0.045 1600 10 0.010 1600 10 0.040 1600 10 0.098 1900 0.059 0.067 0.079 0.1 10 0.237 1 600 10 0.046 600 1600 2 14 ,046 0.046 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 13.4 4.0 23.0 33.3 24.7 50.0 13.4 29.5 6.0 33.1 50.6 25.0 0.255 0.041 0.316 0.476 0.762 1.35 I37 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 140, 144 also 143 140 137, 140, 144 120 122, 147 126, 140, 144 also 143 137, 140 140 135, 140 140 136 Mass % 0.083 For additional data see reference 136 Fe-Mo-lr T 1700 1700 170 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 %Mo 1 35135135 %V 1 11222333 Mass % 0.054 0.058 0.063 0.069 0.071 0.077 0.089 0.093 0.099 135 For additional data see reference 135 CO (solid) Not detectable for T 1200 (liquid) T 1600 Mass % 0.0047 Co alloys T 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 (liquid) alloying element 0.8% AI 3.0% Cr 6.0% Cu 1.0% Fe 6.0% Mo Mass % 0.0044 0.0064 0.0053 0.0046 0.0053 T 1600 I600 1600 1600 1600 1600 149. 150 151 151 alloying Mass "/, 0.0098 0.0039 0.0028 0.0072 0.0059 0.0053 151 element 5.5% Nb 3.5% Ni 1.8% Si &OD/. Ta 1.0% V 6.0% W 12-16 Gemeta1 systems Table 12.5 NITROGEN SOLUTIONS IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH GASEOUS NITROGEN AT ATMOSPHERIC PREsSuRE-wntintimred Solvent metal Mass % @nitrogen at temperature, T"C References Co-Fe Cr (liquid) Cr-Ni Cr-Si (liquid) Mo (solid) Mn (liquid) Mn-Fe Ni (liquid) Ni-Cr (liquid) Ni-Fe Si (liquid) U See Fe-Co T 1600 Mass % 4.08 See NiCr T Mass % 1.5% Si 7.5% Si 10.0% Si 20.0% Si T 950 Mass % 0.85 T 1 245 Mass % 3.4 See Fe-Mn T 1 600 Mass % <0.0025 T 1600 % Cr 10 Mass % 0.016 See Fe-Ni T 1 420 MUSS % -0.01 1650 1700 1725 1750 3.90 3.84 3.76 3.54 1600 16% 1700 1750 3.83 3.68 3.54 3.08 1.98 1.89 1.72 1.68 0.84 0.74 0.69 0.62 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.26 lo00 1050 1100 1150 0.56 0.41 0.33 0.26 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 2.8 1.9 1.6 1.1 1.0 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 20 30 40 50 60 70 0.068 0.17 0.44 1.0 1.7 2.6 Some phase relationships discussed in referenm 171 and 172 154 also 136, 153 154 also 153 155 146, 156 22, 136, 137, 144 136 129 Table I26 NITROGEN SOLUTIONS IN IRON AND CHROMIUM IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH NITRIDES Phase in Method Solvent equilibrium determination Mass % of nitrogen at temperature, T"C Pure u Fe Fe,N Calorimetry T 200 240 300 330 400 450 575 Mass % 0.008 0.014 0.018 0.026 0.043 0.059 0.097 Invariant T 450 500 550 590 pressure Mass % 0.033 - 0.070 0.10 0.06 - - Internal T 250 300 350 400 450 500 575 585* friction Moss % 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.025 0.035 0.050 0.075 - - - 0.0084 - 0.025 - 0.055 - 0.095 *eutectoid temperature See also criticism in reference 164 and reply in reference 165 FesN Internal T 20 100 150 200 250 300 400 1.4 x 5.2 x lo-, - 0.008 8 - 0.055 0.20 friction Mass % - - 0.0035 0.010 0.020 0.040 - Nz at 1 atm Internal T 500 585 700 800 900 (for com- friction Mass % 9.0 x lo-, 0.001 4 0.0024 0.003 3 0.0045 parison) See also Table 12.8 Fe-2.80/, Si Unidentified Internal T 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 lo00 nitride friction Mass % 0.001 0 0.001 5 0.0024 0.0040 0.006 1 0,010 0.014 0.019 Cr Cr,N (solid) T 1100 1200 lux) 1400 Mass % 0.04 0.09 0.14 0.26 ~Cr,N~a2~~o~~~~o~~.~~103~.~~103 Refer- ences I_ 160 161 117 162 163 162 163 163 166 I52 10-2 10" 100 10' At. */e N Figure 12.12 The niobium-nitrogen system (Cost and wert168 See also Pem~ler'~') The solution of gases in metals 12-17 2 Figure 12.13 et The tantalumnitrogen system (Gebhardt See also Gebhardt et ~1."~ and Pem~ler'~') [...]... Slight solubility T 201 IO00 1100 2.8 x 10- 4 5.3 x IO-^ 1 200 9.1 10- 4 1300 1.5 x 10- 3 T 936 Mass ”/ O.OOO18 600 O.OOO55 700 0.0028 751 0.0049 ”/ Ta: See Figure 12.15 and references 208 and 210- 220 Ti See references 221-229 U See references 230-232 V See references 233-236 Y See reference 237 Zr See references 238-242 1412 2.2 x 10- 3 202, 203 204 if % Q 3 The solution ofgases in metals 12-21 Liquid of mp... 1.33 2.72 3.29 1.07 4.29 2.6 183 1.9 is 14 259 10 13 21 1 260 10 261 I5 15 10 19 107 11 108 262 109 263 263 263 264 263 106 12 106 Dzrwion in metals 13-16 Table 13.2 TRACER IMPURITY DIPNSION CuEmm-ontfnmd A Element cm2s-' Q klmol-' Temp range K Method Ref- Ni 21.9 15 9.57 6.0 1.9 229.3 217.3 237.6 238.2 235.7 102 2-1 223 903-1 200 100 8-1 212 923-1 223 109 4-1 232 IVa(i), s.c., Ni63, 99.99% IVa(i) s.c.,... J Inst Metals, 1951, 79, 7 3 100 G V Samsonov, and M M Antonova, Ukr khim Zh., 1966, 32, 555 , 101 B S Krylov, Izvest Akad Nauk, SSSR Metally, 1%6, 2 144 102 P Kofstad and W E Wallace, J Am ckem Soc., 1959,81, 5019 103 G Brauer and W D Schnell, J less-common Metals, 1964, 6 326 , 104 A J Maeland, J phys Chem., 1964, 68, 2197 105 6 E Ells and A D McQuillan, J Inst Metals, 195657,85, 89 106 I Motz,... 121.0 S i %p K 1460 154 24.8 13.6 IJc 12.8 I C 21.0 I!c 7.7 IC10.7 0.995 682'"' 657 484.4 448.4 303 298 105 .1 107 .4 992-1 044 1323-1.473 1479-1 684 771-1 072 1549-1 581 823-983 103 1-1 083 1 90 IVa(i), S.C and P.c., Ga7', 99.9999% 30 99.999% 38 Group W P Sb 3.6 109 '~) I/c 56 I C 0 .10 Bi Group W E S 2 101 7 -290} 0.2 I C 100 Ilc 130 i c 39.1 x 10' [lc 0.6 I C 20 168.52 195.48 IIC IC Se Te 114.7 295-316... (liquid) coo Mass % o oxygen at temperature, T “C f 500 300 30 x 973 035 0 400 14 x 1 024 025 9 44x 1 0 : 4 107 5 0.277 600 1 0 x 10- 3 7 I125 0.264 600 700 0 9 x lo-’ 945 0 7 x lo-’ 810 16 x loa0 0 8 x 10- 2 800 900 3.81 x 10- 3 6.14x 10- 3 875 205 x lo-’ 1 200 13 x IO-’ 1600 700 216 x 10- 3 References 1 650 0.23 (solid) T Mass % 0 6 x lo-’ 875 05 x lo-’ 8 1550 01 3 Cr (solid) CrzO3 (solid) T Mass... 152.8 165.0 159.5 149.6 160.4 167.5 157.4 154.7 198 209 210 192.6 196 205.2 275.5 204.1 99O-1218 699-897 991-1 198 916-1 197 970-1 225 866-1 210 926-1 1221 873-1 223 873-1 213 886-1 209 553-838 918-1 073 943-1 123 865-1 1 210 973-1 098 915-1 213 743-1 215 873-1 173 759-1 109 65&1 169 1 051-1 220 101 2-1 218 102 3-1 215 976-1 231 883-1 212 107 3-1 205 106 6-1 219 973-1 214 IVa(i), s.c., CuS4, 99.99% IVa(iii)... (solid) 178 I350 16x 179 700 1.7 x 800 2 1 x 10- 3 900 2 7x 10- 3 1600 1650 02 3 02 8 loo0 1 700 03 4 950 34 x 10- 3 4 6x 10- 3 1 050 77 10- 3 181 also 1 0 1 6 177 8, 7, 182, 189 183,184,185,186, 187,188,267,189, 268 T Mass % 01 0 T 250 0. 0109 Mass % 100 Na,O (solid) T Mass ”/ 7 $ u) $ 2 R 150 01 7 400 0.066 200 02 7 250 04 1 400 008 1 500 2 300 0.60 194 See reference 194 for condensed-phase relationships... Ag Au La Mn Fe co Gd - 2 5 lo-' ~ 88.3 1.2 x lo-' 92.9 4.4 x 10- 3 62.4 9.5 x lo-' 85.8 102 .6 3.8 x See Figure 13.3'"' 1.7 x lo-' 2.0x 10- 3 lom3 1.6~ 1.2x 10- 3 1.2 x (a) No numerical data 49.8 32.2 35.6 33.5 100 .5 reported 852-969 (r) 996-1 049 (5) 823-973 ( y ) 999 -104 8 (a) 998-1 048 ( 8 ) y and S range & !:;: ) . 190 and 191 T 100 150 Mass % 0 .10 0.17 T 250 400 Mass % 0. 0109 0.066 500 107 5 0.277 810 1.6 x loa0 0.8 x 10- 2 1 650 0.23 4.4 x 10: 4 800 2.1 x 10- 3 1 650 0.28. 9 See Figure 12.15 and references 208 and 210- 220 See references 221-229 See references 230-232 See references 233-236 See reference 237 See references 238-242 195 if. 0.018 700 800 900 216 x 10- 3 3.81 x 10- 3 6.14 x 10- 3 174 also 173 173 175 175 178 179 950 3.4 x 10- 3 300 0.60 loo0 4.6 x 10- 3 1 050 7.7 10- 3 181 also 180, 176,