The Heinemann ELT English Grammar potx

The Heinemann ELT English Grammar Digby Beaumont & Colin Granger Progress Tests written by Digby Beaumont & Ken Singleton MACMILLAN HEINEMANN Engfeh Language Teaching uploaded for tailieu.vn by tamtmt УДК 802.0 - 5 /075/ ББК81.2/АНГЛ-2я75/ В34 Macmillan Heinemann English Language Teaching, Oxford A division of Macmillan Publishing Limited Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 0 435 292188 (with answers) 0 435 292196 (without answers) Text © Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger 1989, 1992 Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 1998 Heinemann is a registered trademark of Reed Education and Professional Publishing Limited First published 1989 This edition published 1992 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers. Designed by Mike Brain Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all those people whose suggestions and comments have helped with this book, especially Gibson Ferguson at the University of Edinburgh's Institute of Applied Language Studies. Hazel Barker at the English Language Centre, Hove, Sussex, Lynn Smart at the Eurocentre, Brighton, Sussex, and Michele Cronick at Heinemann International, Oxford. All authors of grammars owe a debt to the corpus of published materials which has influenced them. In this respect, we would like to acknowledge the following in particular A Communicative Grammar of English, G. Leech, J. Svartvik (Longman, 1975); Meaning and the English Verb, G. Leech (Longman, 1971); Practical English Usage, M. Swan (OUP, 1980): Л Bcsic English Grammar, ). Eastwood, R. Mackin (OUP, 1982); Advanced English Practice, B. D. Graver (OUP. 1965 : Cassell's Student's English Grammar, J. Allsop (Cassell, 1983); Longman English Grammar, L. G. Alexander Longman, 1988); English in Situations, R. O'Neill (OUP, 1970); and finally, English Grammar in Use. R M-n*> -CUP, 1985) for its exemplary treatment of grammar reference and ргасисг Digby Beaumont, Colin Granger B34 The Heinemann ELT English Grammar: Учебное пособие. - К.: Методика, 2000. - 352 с. Русская редакция: проф. Бех П.А. ISBN 966-7269-23-Х ISBN 966-7269-23-Х © Методика, Киев. uploaded for tailieu.vn by tamtmt Contents Introduction Verbs 1 Present continuous 2 Present simple 3 Present continuous and present simple 4 Past simple 5 Past continuous 6 Present perfect simple 7 Gone and been 8 Present perfect with just, yet and already 9 Present perfect continuous 10 Present perfect continuous and present per- fect simple 11 Present perfect with for and since 12 Present perfect and past simple 13 Present perfect and present tense 14 Past perfect simple 15 Past perfect continuous 16 Future: will 17 Future: going to 18 Future: will and going to 19 Present continuous for the future 20 Future: present continuous and going to 21 Present simple for the future 22 Present simple for the future after when if, etc 23 Future continuous: will be + -ing form 24 Future perfect: will have + past participle 25 Future in the past: was/were going to 26 Continuous forms with always 27 Verbs not normally used in the continuous 28 Review of the present and the past 29 Review of the future 30 Imperative and let's 31 Be 32 There is, there are 33 Have and have got 34 Have for actions Modal verbs and related structures 35 Modal verbs: general 36 Ability: can, could, be able to 37 Permission: can, could, may, might, be al- lowed to 38 Obligation and necessity (1): must, have to, have got to 39 Obligation and necessity (2): mustn't, don't have to, don't need to, haven't got to, needn 't 40 Review of permission and obligation: can, can't, must, mustn't, needn't, be allowed to, have to, don't have to 41 Needn't have and didn 't need to 42 Obligation and advice: should, ought to, had better, be supposed to, shall 43 Possibility: may, might, could 44 Possibility: can 45 Probability: should, ought to 46 Deduction: must, can't 47 Review of possibility, probability and de- duction: may, might, could, should, ought to, must, can't 48 Requests: can, could, may, will, would 49 Offers: will, shall, can, could would 50 Suggestions: shall, let's, why don't we, how/ what about, can, could 51 Habits: used to, will, would 52 Refusals: won't, wouldn 't 53 Promises and threats: will 54 May/might as well 55 Other uses of should 56 Wish and if only 57 Would rather 58 It's time The passive and have something done 59 The passive: general 60 The passive: infinitive and -ing forms 61 Using get instead of be in the passive 62 Verbs with two objects in the passive 63 The passive with by and with 64 It is said that he /He is said to etc 65 Have something done If sentences, conditionals 66 When and if 67 Conditionals: introduction 68 Open present or future conditionals 69 Unreal present or future conditionals in uploaded for tailieu.vn by tamtmt 70 Open and unreal present or future condition- als 71 Unreal past conditionals 72 General conditionals 73 Conditionals without if 74 Review of conditionals Reported speech 75 Direct and reported speech: introduction 76 Say and tell 77 Reported statements 78 Reported questions 79 Using the to infinitive in reported speech 80 Review of reported speech -ing form and infinitive 81 -ing form: participle or gerund 82 Verb + -ing form or infinitive: introduction 83 Verb + -ing form 84 Verb + to infinitive 85 Verb + question word + to infinitive 86 Verb + object + to infinitive 87 Verb + -ing form or to infinitive (1) 88 Verb + -ing form or to infinitive (2) 89 Be used to + -ing form and used to + infini- tive 90 Need + -ing form or to infinitive 91 Infinitive without to 92 Preposition + -ing form 93 Person + -ing form 94 -ing form and to infinitive as subjects 95 To infinitive of purpose 96 Noun/Pronoun/Adjective + to infinitive 97 See someone doing and see someone do, etc 98 Review of-ing form and infinitive 99 Participle (-ing and -ed) adjectives 100 Participle (-ing) clauses Nouns, articles and quantity 101 Singular and plural nouns (1) 102 Singular and plural nouns (2) 103 Compound nouns 104 Possessive 's (genitive) 105 Possessive 's or of ? 106 Double possessive 107 Countable and uncountable nouns 108 Articles: a/an and the 109 Talking in general: no article and a/an 110 Talking in general: the 111 Common expressions without articles 112 Place names with and without the 113 Review of a/an and the 114 Quantity: general 115 Some and any 116 Much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few 117 No and none 118 All, every, everybody, everything, whole 119 Both, either, neither Pronouns 120 Personal pronouns 121 Possessive adjectives and pronouns 122 Reflexive pronouns 123 Review of personal pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, and reflexive pronouns 124 One (s) 125 Something, anything, somebody, anybody, etc Adjectives 126 Form, position and order of adjectives 127 Comparative and superlative adjectives 128 Av as 129 Review of comparatives, superlatives and as as Adverbs 130 Adjectives and adverbs of manner 131 Adverbs of manner, place and time 132 Adverb position with verbs 133 Time: still, yet, already 134 Time: any more, any longer, no longer 135 Adverbs of frequency 136 Adverbs of probability 137 Fairly, quite, rather and pretty 138 Too and enough 139 So and such 140 Comparison: adverbs Negatives, questions and answers 141 Negative statements 142 Yes/No questions 143 Wh- questions IV uploaded for tailieu.vn by tamtmt 144 Subject and object questions 145 Question words 146 Negative questions 147 Question tags 148 Reply questions 149 Indirect questions 150 Short answers 151 So/neither am I, so/neither do I, so/neither can I, etc 152 / think so, 1 hope so, I expect so, etc Relative clauses 153 Defining relative clauses with who, that and which 154 Leaving out who, that and which in defining relative clauses 155 Defining relative clauses with whose, where, when and why/that 156 Defining and non-defining relative clauses 157 Non-defining relative clauses with whose, whom, where and when 158 Relative clauses with prepositions + which and whom 159 Which referring to a whole clause Linking words 160 Time: when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, until 161 Contrast: although, even though, though, in spite of, despite, while, whereas, however 162 Reason and result: because (of), as, since, so, as a result, therefore, so/such (that) 163 Purpose: to, in order to, so as to, for, so that 164 Purpose: in case Prepositions 165 Place: at, in, on 166 Place and movement: in, into, out of, on, onto, off, inside, outside 167 Place and movement: above, below, over, under, underneath, on top of Contents 168 Other prepositions of place and movement 169 Time: at, in, on 170 On time and in time 171 At the end and in the end 172 Time: in, during, for, while 173 Time: by, until, from, to, before, after 174 For, since, ago and before 175 Means of transport: by, on, in 176 Like, as and as if 177 With (= having) and in (= wearing) 178 Adjective + preposition 179 Noun + preposition 180 Preposition + noun 181 Verb + preposition 182 Verb + object + preposition 183 Review of prepositions 184 Indirect objects with or without to and for Phrasal verbs 185 Phrasal verbs: introduction 186 Types of phrasal verbs Pronunciation and spelling of endings 187 Pronunciation of endings: -(e)s and -ed 188 Spelling of endings: -(e)s, -ing, -ed, -er, -est, -ly General 189 Contractions 190 Irregular verbs Progress Tests Appendix: American English Glossary Index uploaded for tailieu.vn by tamtmt Предисловие Предлагаемое учебное пособие - The Heinemann ELT English Grammar - предназначено для лиц, изу- чающих английский язык. Цель пособия состоит в том, чтобы помочь изучающим овладеть грамматикой и использовать ее на практике. Главным образом, пособие рассчитано на тех, кто работает самостоятель- но. Однако его материалы могут использоваться и для работы под руководством преподавателя. Пособие рассчитано для лиц, имеющих средний уровень подготовки по английскому языку. Вместе с тем его можно с успехом использовать и на продвинутом этапе обучения для повторения и закрепления изучен- ного материала. ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ Грамматические пояснения изложены в простой и доступной форме. В общем используется английский язык повседневного обихода. Хотя, где это необходимо, используются отдельные грамматические тер- мины (например, adjective - имя прилагательное, noun - имя существительное, subject - подлежащее). Эти термины объясняются в Глоссарии (Glossary) на страницах 324 - 327. СТРУКТУРА ПОСОБИЯ Пособие состоит из 190 разделов. Как правило, каждый раздел посвящен одной из грамматических тем (например, the present continuous - настоящее длительное время, will или артикли a, an и the). Раздел начинается с объяснений и примеров, после чего следует одно или несколько упражнений. Кроме того, в некоторых разделах делается сравнение грамматического материала с материалом, изложенным в предыдущих разделах (например, в разделе 2 сравнивается the present continuous (настоя- щее длительное время) и present simple (настоящее простое время). В обзорных разделах объединяются и отрабатываются на практике некоторые материалы предыдущих разделов (например, в разделе 28 оттренировываются the present - настоящие и past tenses - прошедшие времена). В этих разделах содержатся лишь упражнения и отсутствуют объяснения. Некоторые разделы (например, 35 и 67) носят лишь справочный характер и не содержат упражнений. На страницах 294 - 322 помещены 88 учебно-контрольных тестов. Они предназначены для проверки степе- ни овладения грамматическим материалом пособия. Тесты можно использовать для выявления отдель- ных проблем, поскольку каждый из них ориентирован на определенную область грамматики. На страницах III - V содержится Оглавление (Contents). На страницах 328-335 помещен Алфавитный указатель (Index), который приводит подробный перечень грамматических структур (например, articles - артикли, present continuous - настоящее длительное время) и ключевых слов (например, a/an, enough). Здесь также помещены рубрики, касающиеся того, как ис- пользуется язык для выражения, например, возможности, долженствования. В квадратных скобках [ ] иногда приводятся переводы некоторых примеров, используемых как иллюст- ративный материал. Ответы к упражнениям размещены на страницах 336 - 348, а ответы к тестам - на страницах 348 - 353. В Приложении на странице 323 приведены некоторые сведения об американском варианте английского языка. ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПОСОБИЯ В КАЧЕСТВЕ САМОУЧИТЕЛЯ Найдите желаемую тему по Оглавлению (Contents) - страницы iii - v или по Алфавитному указателю (Index) - страницы 328 - 335. Прочитайте объяснения и ознакомьтесь с примерами. Затем выполните предлагаемые упражнения. Сверьте ваши ответы с Ключами к упражнениям (Key to exercises) - страни- цы 336 - 348*. Если у вас возникают какие-либо затруднения, снова обратитесь к объяснениям и приме- рам. Затем найдите тест по изучаемой теме в Оглавлении учебно-контрольных тестов (Progress Tests) - страницы 294 - 296. Выполните тест. Затем сверьте ваши ответы с Ответами к учебно-контрольным тестам (Answers to Progress Tests) - страницы 348 - 353*. * в издании, содержащем "ответы на ключи". VI 1 Present continuous Form Present continuous образуется с помощью be + -ing. AFFIRMATIVE (УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ) NEGATIVE (ОТРИЦАНИЕ) QUESTION (ВОПРОС) I am you are he she is it we you are they working I you he she it we you they am not are not is not are not working am are is are I you he she it we you they working? Эта форма иногда называется 'present progressive'. CONTRACTIONS (СТЯЖЕНИЯ) 'т = am 're = are aren 't = are not s = is isn t = is not При присоединении окончания -ing иногда происходят изменения в написании, например: have —> having. См. 188.3-6. Use (Употребление) Present continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое происходит в момент речи. 'Where are the children ?' 'They're playing in the garden.' 'What are you doing at the moment?' 'I'm writing a letter.' You can switch off the TV. I'm not watching it. Look, there's Sally. Who is she talking to? We're leaving now. Goodbye. uploaded for tailieu.vn by tamtmt 2 Present continuous Present continuous употребляется также для выражения действия, которое происходит в настоящее время, но не обязательно в момент речи. You're spending a lot of money these days. Sue is looking for a job at the moment. Present continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое происходит в настоящее время в течение определенного периода. Robert is on holiday this week. He's staying with his sister in Bournemouth. Present continuous употребляется для выражения изменяющихся или развивающихся действий и ситуаций в настоящем времени. Your children are growing up very quickly. Computers are becoming more and more important in our lives. EXERCISE 1A What are the people in the pictures doing? Make sentences. Example: 1 He's reading a newspaper. EXERCISE IB Complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets in the present continuous. Example: 'Where are Ken and Kate?' They're waiting (wait) outside.' 1 ' (Sally | have) a shower?' 'No, she (wash) her hair.' (not | watch) the TV at the moment. Why don't you switch it off? (have) a great time.' (Maria | do) these days?' 'She (study) English at a school 2 You. 3 ' (you | enjoy) yourself?' 'Yes, I 4 'What. in London.' 5 Ben and Patty are in London on holiday. They (stay) at a small hotel near Hyde Park. 6 Prices (rise) all the time. Everything (get) more and more expensive. Note (Примечание) -Смотрите также 3. Present continuous и present simple. -Некоторые глаголы, например like, know, обычно употребляются для образования форм continuous. См. 27. -Always может употребляться с формами времени continuous в значении 'слишком часто', например: He's always saying stupid things. См. 26. -Present continuous может употребляться для выражения действия в будущем времени, например: I'm meeting Sue on Saturday evening. CM. 19. uploaded for tailieu.vn by tamtmt 2 Present simple (Настоящее простое время) Form AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION / you he she it we you they work works work I you he she it we you they do not work does not work do not work do does do I you he she it we you they work? CONTRACTIONS don't = do not doesn 't =does not После he, she и it глаголы в утвердительной форме заканчиваются на -s/-es, например, / work —» he works; you play —» she plays; we finish —> it finishes. При присоединении к глаголам окончания -s/-es иногда происходят изменения в написа- нии, например, study/studies. См. 188.1,4. Относительно произношения -s/-es, см. 187.1. Use Present simple употребляется для выражения повторяемых и привычных действий. / have a shower every morning. Most evenings my parents stay at home and watch TV. Do you go to the cinema very often ? What time does Kate finish work? Present simple употребляется для выражения постоянных ситуаций (непрерывных в течение длительного времени). Mr and Mrs Shaw live in Bristol. [Господин и госпожа Шоу живут в Бристоле]. (Это их постоянное место жительства.) 2 Present simple Present simple также употребляется для выражения общепринятых истин. The River Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Vegetarians don't eat meat or fish. EXERCISE 2A Complete the sentences. Use the present simple of the verbs in brackets. Examples: The President of the USA lives (live) in the White House. I don't go (not | go) to the theatre very often. 1 Jet engines. 2 I (not | Brighton. 3 The sea (make) a lot of noise. live) in London. I (live) in _ (cover) two thirds of the world. 4 Loud music (give) me a headache. 5 We (not | come) from Canada. We (come) from the USA. 6 She (work) from Mondays to Fridays. She (not | work) at weekends. 7 Andrew and Les (not | go) to school by bus every day. Most mornings Andrew (go) by bicycle and Les (walk). 8 You (not | write) to your penfriend very often, but he (write) to you every week. Note EXERCISE 2B Complete the questions in the present simple. Example: 'What time do you get up every morning?' 'I normally get up at 7 o'clock.' 1 ' to the radio every morning?' 'I listen to it most mornings.' 2 ' in Manchester?' 'No, he lives in Newcastle.' 3 'What time _ . work every day?' 'She usually finishes at 5.30.' 4 'How often swimming?' 'I go about once a week.' 5 ' TV every evening?' 'They watch it most evenings.' 6 ' the guitar?' 'Yes, she plays the guitar and the piano.' 7 'How much money ___ a month?' 'We earn about £800.' 8 ' much in your country?' 'Yes, it snows a lot during the winter.' -См. также 3. Present continuous и present simple. - What do you do? - это вопрос о чьем-то занятии, например: 'What do you do?' Т т a doctor.' -Когда who, what или which является подлежащим в вопросе в present simple, то do/does не употребляется. Например: Who lives in that flat? См. 144. -Такие слова, как usually, often, every day, часто употребляются с present simple для обозначения регулярности действия, например: / usually have a shower every day. См. 135. -Present simple также употребляется для выражения будущего действия, например: The train leaves at 7.30 tomorrow morning. CM. 21. -Относительно настоящего времени глагола be (am, are, is) CM. 31. 10 [...]... 10 (not | try) Japanese food before either, so let's go there Patty: Yes, why not? 19 7 Gone and been EXERCISE 6C Every Saturday morning Simon and Sally clean the kitchen Here are the jobs that they do: SIMON AND SALLY 1 do the washing up 4 clean the windows SALLY 2 clean the cooker 5 de-frost the fridge SIMON 3 empty the rubbish bin 6 clean the floor Look at the picture It is ten to eleven on Saturday... When he arrived at the station, his train had already left 1 the station 2 the theatre 3 the post office 4 the furniture shop 5 his friend's house 6 the football stadium his train | already | leave the play) already | start it | already | close they | sell | the table he wanted his friend j go out the game | nearly | finish 30 15 Past perfect continuous EXERCISE 14B EXERCISE 14C Choose the correct form... in each sentence into the past perfect simple and the other verb into the past simple Example: The office was empty when the police arrived The robbers had left/left Example: Mario felt (feel) very nervous when he first drove in Britain because he hadn 't driven (not | drive) on the left before 1 We had just started lunch when the telephone had rung/rang 2 When I opened the safe, the money had disappeared/disappeared... Complete the paragraphs using the past continuous or the past simple of the verbs in brackets (i) It was midnight and I was alone in the house Outside it was raining (rain) very hard I 1 (get) ready to go to bed when I suddenly heard a strange noise outside my room in the corridor Then, when I looked at the door, I noticed that someone 2 (turn) the handle! I 3 (rush) over to the door and quickly 4 (turn) the. .. 4 (turn) the key in the lock Then I 5 (ask) in a trembling voice, 'Who is it?' (ii) It was early evening and it 1 (begin) to get dark in the surgery of Doctor Nigel Harris The young, handsome doctor 2 (stand) looking sadly out of the window when there was a quiet knock at the surgery door The door 3 (open) and Dr Harris 4 (turn) round to see the young girl who had just entered the room She was very... phoned (phone) a garage 1 We (go) down in the lift when suddenly it (stop) 2 (they | have) dinner when you (call) to see them? 3 When the doorbell (ring) I (get) up and (answer) it 4 When I (open) the door, a friend (stand) there 5 'When I (arrive) back at the car park, my car wasn't there!' 'Oh, no! What (you | do)?' 'I (report) it to the police.' EXERCISE 5C These paragraphs begin three stories: a... yesterday When he got to the classroom, the lesson had started/started 4 They waited until everyone was ready and then they had started/started the meeting 1 Andrew (do) the test before, so he (find) it very easy 21 (not | laugh) at the joke because I (hear) it before 3 We (leave) the restaurant when we (have) dinner 4 When I found my wallet I (discover) that somebody (took) the credit cards out of... (break down) 41 (see) a shark 5 My clothes (get) dirty 6 I (break) a tooth I (drive) to work I (eat) a sandwich I (run) for a bus I (shave) I (swim) in the sea I (clean) the attic 5 Past continuous EXERCISE 5B Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: the past continuous or the past simple Examples: When she came (come) into the room I was listening (listen) to the radio When my car broke down (break... young people all over the world die grow up, study start appear act see, like, offer star become cause EXERCISE 4B EXERCISE 4C What did Simon and Sally do yesterday? Correct these statements, as in the example Use the words in the box Complete the conversation Use these verbs: win, meet, go, cost, stag, watch, buy, do, play radium the Eiffel Tower John F Kennedy detective stories the radio 1962 Sally:... just entered the room She was very beautiful With a sad smile the doctor 5 (ask), 'Are you the new nurse?' (iii) I 1 (sit) in the big chair in Henry's barber's shop at the time Henry 2 (cut) my hair with his big pair of scissors when we heard the sound of horses outside The noise was so loud that we 3 (go) over to the window to look Through the window we could see at least twenty gunmen riding into town . finally, English Grammar in Use. R M-n*> -CUP, 1985) for its exemplary treatment of grammar reference and ргасисг Digby Beaumont, Colin Granger B34 The Heinemann ELT English Grammar: . noise outside my room in the corridor. Then, when I looked at the door, I noticed that someone 2 (turn) the handle! I 3 (rush) over to the door and quickly 4 (turn) the key in the lock. Then I 5 (ask). Communicative Grammar of English, G. Leech, J. Svartvik (Longman, 1975); Meaning and the English Verb, G. Leech (Longman, 1971); Practical English Usage, M. Swan (OUP, 1980): Л Bcsic English Grammar, ).