Coastal Lagoons - Chapter 0 pot

Coastal Lagoons Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustainable Use and Development © 2005 by CRC Press CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. edited by I. Ethem Gönenç IGEM Research & Consulting Co. Turkey John P. Wolflin US Fish and Wildlife Service USA Coastal Lagoons Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustainable Use and Development © 2005 by CRC Press This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. 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Gönenc, I. Ethem. II. Wolfin, John. QH541.5.C65C5915 2004 577.7'8 dc22 2004051926 L1686 disclaimer.fm Page 1 Monday, November 1, 2004 12:38 PM © 2005 by CRC Press Preface Coastal lagoons are the most valuable components of coastal areas in terms of both ecosystem and natural capital. In most NATO coastal countries, the majority of the population lives within a 50-kilometer coastal band. Increasing human use and development pressures in the coastal areas make these dynamic and productive ecosystems very sensitive and vulnerable to deteriorations. This has resulted in direct and indirect impacts that have considerably reduced the ability of these ecosystems to meet an ever-increasing demand for their use and development. Therefore, a NATO-Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) Pilot Study on “Ecosystem Modeling of Coastal Lagoons for Sustainable Management” was initiated in 1995. Turkey acted as the Pilot Study Director and USA as Co-Pilot Study Director where Canada, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Poland, Russian Federation, and Romania were the main participants. Lithuania, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan attended as observer and contributing countries. Sustainable use management is a conscious social decision that provides for the long-term health of both the ecological and economic systems of a lagoon. As reflected in case studies and other investigations by the scientists who have authored chapters of this manuscript and contributed to the Pilot Study, the finite capacity of the natural capital of lagoons cannot meet the growing demands of the socioeconomic system without a strategy of sustainable use and development. Accordingly, lagoon ecosystem components, which describe the “supply” side, or natural capital of the lagoon system and are available to the socioeconomic, or “ demand ” side, are defined in detail. The hierarchical interrelationships between these ecosystem components are considered to be the basic conceptual and methodological elements used to define and manage sustainability. Decision makers must balance the cost and benefits of alternative uses of the natural capital of the environment. This book summarizes the role of modeling as a support system for decision making to provide sustained use and development of lagoon ecosystems. Existing knowledge on hydrodynamics and ecology of lagoons has been investigated during the pilot study. As a product of the pilot study this book has been compiled. This manuscript points out that the use of models as a tool in the decision making process provides awareness of the interrelationships between input and output variables within the ecosystem and connected environments. Mod- eling will further enhance accuracy of predictions for, and awareness of the consequences of human actions and decisions concerning the use and development of lagoon systems as a whole. The authors present available knowledge in the field and experience gained from the pilot study. The use of a model to predict the outputs of the ecological system provides the basis for estimating both the ecological and economic changes expected. As a model predicts outputs, changes in the natural capital need to be recorded as assets or L1686.fm-Coding Page v Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM © 2005 by CRC Press liabilities for the affected economy. Changes in input variables result in correspond- ing output change in the natural capital that needs to be documented in economic terms. Assigning monetary values to goods and services is critical to decision makers. It allows the consequences of decisions on use of natural capital and the future benefit, or loss to public or private financial interests. Thus, modeling has become an essential part of modern coastal lagoon management as reflected in the book. GUIDANCE TO THE READER ON USE OF THIS MANUSCRIPT: The Introduction Chapter (Chapter 1) briefly identifies the focus of the manuscript. Chapter 2 provides the overall framework for the rest of the chapters. In this chapter, the organization and functional structural specifications of lagoons are defined. A phi- losophy of sustainable management is related. The processes of transport, biogeochemical cycle, and ecology are described, as are the challenges of modeling in lagoon environments. Chapter 2 is highly recommended for decision makers and managers, as it is an overview of the key issues that should be considered in management. In Chapter 3, the physical processes that drive transport in lagoon are reviewed. Equations for defining mass, momentum, and energy transfer are presented along with equations for determining temperature, salinity, and sediment transport. Finally, required input and boundary conditions, as well as the boundary processes are discussed for lagoon ecosystems. The material is intended for physical scientists. It presents the reader an excellent background on physical modeling of lagoons. Chapter 4 consists of detailed reviews on biogeochemical cycles (nutrients and organic chemicals) in lagoons and related processes and mechanisms, special conditions which raise impacts over these processes and mechanisms, and finally, the equations formulating all of these concepts. This information is a sound tool to aid nutrient and toxic modeling studies. Therefore, this chapter is strongly recommended to readers with particular interest in understanding internal dynamics of the lagoons, the impacts of inputs from the socio-economical system into a lagoon, and evaluation of lagoon carrying capacities. Chapter 5 outlines the changes in lagoons under different eutrophication states and morphologic conditions regarding main biological features and processes. The chapter provides a framework to smooth ecological modeling studies. The targeted readers for this chapter are those who have specific interest in assessing the trophic state in lagoons by a structural analysis on producers and consumers, as well as changes due to the impacts of socio-economical inputs into the lagoon environment. Chapter 6 contains valuable information that will assist experienced modelers. Premodeling analysis and model selection, critical considerations on model implementation, stability and accuracy problems of numerical modeling, and model analysis, are discussed. This chapter is advised for all modelers as a reference guide. In Chapter 7, the principles of developing a lagoon monitoring system are reviewed as athe first step towards modelling and management. The relationships between monitoring and modeling as well as guidance on evaluation of the monitoring results also are also presented. Therefore, it is one of the chapters of the book available for common reference. L1686.fm-Coding Page vi Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM © 2005 by CRC Press Decision-making processes are discussed in Chapter 8. A thorough assessment on how modeling, and other tools, should be employed in integrated sustainable use management for a lagoon is presented. This chapter should be reviewed in the context of the information presented in the book prior to this chapter. The mission of this book and the Ppilot Sstudy is accomplished only provided that the information and knowledge presented in this chapter are used and implemented. This chapter is required reading for elected officials, managers, and decision makers. In Chapter 9, selected case studies from different areas of the world are presented. They provide detailed information and knowledge on how to apply the methodolo- gies and approaches given in the book and how to use tools for sustainable use management use of lagoons. Naturally, readers from various disciplines involved with different aspects of lagoon assessment and management may not need to absorb information provided in every chapter in full detail. Thus, with attention paid to the structure of the book and the content of the chapters, it is advisable for readers that study lagoon hydrodynamics to focus on Chapters 3 and Chapter 6, whereas, for those interested in lagoon ecology will find Chapters 2, Chapter 4, and Chapter 5 of value. Finally, those readers interested in lagoon management will find relevant information in Chapters 2 and Chapter 8, and as necessary, they might need to refer to other chapters. Chapter 1 and Chapter 7 are for the common use of all readers. Backed up by NATO-CCMS, scientists, operators, managers, and students from a wide geographic range from Central Asia, Europe, and then North America, have contributed and reunited every year for workshops in various contributing countries to study lagoons for a 5 -year period. These workshops enabled the participants to test the reliability of the information provided within the chapters of this book for the targeted purposes stated in the above paragraphs. Contributors from different disciplines and with different levels of background, shared information, made argu- ments, locally investigated lagoons, and finally formed a common vision and understanding reflected on in this book. At the beginning of the new millennium, countries of any degree of development are aware of the fact that environmental pollution must be managed particularly in coastal areas. With this realization this manuscript has been developed by a group of international expert scientists. They appreciate your attention and wish you well on the path of designing and implementing sustainable use management strategies. L1686.fm-Coding Page vii Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM © 2005 by CRC Press Biographies BIOGRAPHY OF EDITORS I. Ethem Gönenç is an internationally recognized scientist who is considered a visionary. He is the Director of the NATO-CCMS Pilot Study on “Ecosystem Modeling of Coastal Lagoons for Sustainable Management” which was initiated in 1995. He brought together expert scientists from 15 countries and was the catalyst behind the development of this manuscript. Prof. Gonenc has done pio- neering work in the field of environmental science and technology. He has worked on master plans and feasibility studies in his home country Turkey, including those for Istanbul, a mega-metropolis of 12 million people, and Ankara, the capital. He was responsible for planning and development of the innovative approach to waste water management in Istanbul. He was a recipient of NATO and World Health Organization fellowships. At Denmark Technical University he developed a new model on biofilm kinetics with Paul Harremoes. He has received the Danish Royalty Award. Prof. Gonenc has published extensively in prime international journals and has presented at numerous world’s most recognized conferences and congresses on a wide range of environmental management topics including sustainable watershed management, environmental policy, environmental impact assessment, ecological modeling, diffusion in environment, biofilm kinetics, and nitrification/denitrification. Gonenc has several multidisciplinary research projects. Gonenc received a Ph.D. from Istanbul Technical University where he worked for 28 years. Although recently retired from the University, he continues to be dedi- cated to implementation of science-based environmental management practices within the context of sustained use and development of natural resources on an international basis. Prof. Gonenc is currently the CEO of IGEM Research and Consulting Company in Istanbul, Turkey. IGEM Research&Consulting, Kaptan Arif Sok. 12/9, Suadiye 34740, Istanbul, Turkey; tel: +90 216 3736071; fax: +90 216 4456364; e-mail: igemd35@isnet.net.tr John P. Wolflin teamed up with I. Ethem Gonenc in 1995 as the Co-Director of the NATO sponsored Pilot Study Ecosystem Modeling of Coastal Lagoons for Sustainable Management. He is one of the principal editors of this manuscript developed by the scientific experts affiliated with the Pilot Study. Wolflin is a tenured scientist with over 30 years of experience in natural resource management and collateral duties as an educator. Currently, he is the Supervisor of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Chesapeake Bay Office in Maryland. Wolflin oversees conservation programs on wetlands regulation and restoration, Federal navigation and highway L1686.fm-Coding Page ix Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM © 2005 by CRC Press projects, environmental contaminant assessment and remediation, endangered and invasive species, and application of conservation provisions of other Federal environmental laws and international treaties that focus on migratory birds and inter- jurisdictional fisheries. He has lectured on sustained use and development of natural resources at universities in the U.S. and abroad. At Johns Hopkins University he taught Natural Resources—Policy and Conservation (1994–999). He has authored numerous papers on resource management and made presentations at many conferences including the International Wetlands Research Bureau, Wetlands International, and the European Union (US Information Agency World Net Broadcast). Wolflin began his career as a field scientist and is recognized for his work on complex and controversial land and water resource developments. He chaired an interdisciplinary team that developed a comprehensive management strategy for fish and wildlife, commercial navigation, and recreational use of the Upper Mississippi River. Wolflin completed the Department of the Interior’s Executive Management Development Program. He also has supervised the Service’s Idaho Office and has worked with the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources as a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer. Wolflin has a Bachelor of Science in biology and behavior science and a Master of Science in biology with special emphasis on coastal ecology. John P. Wolflin, Supervisor, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Office, Annapolis, MD, 21617 USA; tel: 410 573 4573; fax: 410 266 9127; e-mail: john_wolflin@fws.gov BIOGRAPHY OF CHAPTERS AUTHORS Angheluta Vadineanu has been graduated in Biology (1972) and got his Ph.D degree (1980) in Ecology at the University of Bucharest. He is University Professor and Head of Department of Systems Ecology and Sustainability (UNIBUC-ECO) as well as UNESCO-Cousteau Chair Holder in Ecotechnie at the same University. He has a wide and rich experience of teaching and training of human resources in the field of systems ecology and sustainability as well as of knowledge development and use concerning both natural capital and socio-economic system. His research and management activ- ities have been focused for more than 25 years on: the dynamics of the structure and productivity of Lower Danube River Wetlands System, including Razim -Sinoe lagoons system; the identification and management of the Romanian ecological network; structure and functioning of benthic communities; population dynamics and energy budget; the assessment of energy flow and biogeochemical cycles in wetlands and terrestrial ecosystems; and more recently on the social and economic valuation of natural capital as well as on the assessment of Eecological footprint for local or national socio-economic systems. He has published alone or as co-author, over one hundred and twenty scientific papers and eight books. He was (e.g Environmental Advisory Committee for European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1992/1994) or is member of several international scientific and advisory bodies (e.g., Scientific Com- mittee of the European Center for Nature Conservation and IUCN Commission on L1686.fm-Coding Page x Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM © 2005 by CRC Press Ecosystem Management). He is also coordinating the National Network for Long Term Ecological Research. Department of System Ecology, University of Bucharest SPL, Independentei 91-95, 76201 Bucharest , ROMANIA Tel: +40 1 411 23 10 Fax: +40 1 411 23 10 E-mail: anvadi@bio.bio.unibuc.ro Angel Pérez-Ruzafa was born in Murcia (Spain) in 1958. Graduate studies in Biology by the University of Murcia (Spain) and the University of La Laguna (Canary islands-Spain). PhD degree at the University of Murcia on the ecology of the benthic assemblages of the Mar Menor lagoon. Professor Titular of ecology and head of the research group on Ecology and Management of Coastal Marine Ecosystems at the Department of Ecology and Hydrology of the Faculty of Biology at the University of Murcia. Research topics and scientific publications (more than 40 in peer reviewed journals and book chapters) on coastal lagoons ecology (mainly in the Mar Menor lagoon), environmental impact, biological indicators, marine protected areas, and on the dynamics of populations and ecology of echinoderms and benthic fishes. Research has been developed through his national and international projects at Galapagos islands, Atlantic archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Canary islands and Cabo Verde), Antarctic, and the Mediterranean. He has been Vice-chancellor of University Extension and International Relationships of the University of Murcia. He collaborates as scientific assessor in several environmental management and research projects with national and local administrations like the Consejería de Agricultura, Agua y Medio Ambiente of the Region de Murcia Government, or the Dirección General de Puertos y Costas of the Spanish Minis- terio de Fomento. Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología. Facultad de Biología. Campus de Espinardo. Universidad de Murcia. 30100 Murcia (Spain). Telf. 34 968 364998. Fax 34 968 363963. e-mail angelpr@um.es Ays¸egül Tanık is Full Professor at Istanbul Technical University (ITU) in Turkey. She obtained her B.Sc. degree in Chemical Engineering (1981) and M.Sc. Degree (1984) in Environmental Engineering from Bogazici University, Istanbul. Her Ph.D is in Environmental Engineering (1991) and she got her degree from ITU, Depart- ment of Environmental Engineering where she has been a member of the teaching staff since 1992. She has become Full Professor in 2002. She has worked as a Project and Research Engineer in various contracting firms dealing with treatment of water and wastewater within the years 1984–1992. Her current fields of interest are: determination and management of diffuse sources of pollutants, water quality management, water quality modeling, and watershed management. She has recently been lecturing on Environmental Impact Assessment, Marine Pollution and its Control, L1686.fm-Coding Page xi Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM © 2005 by CRC Press and Environmental Law to undergraduate Environmental Engineering students, and Diffuse Pollution, Integrated Watershed Management, and Fate and Transport of Pollutants in the Environment to graduate students. She has supervised numerous M.Sc. theses in the field of Environmental Engi- neering. She is a member of International Water Association (IWA), Turkish National Committee of Water Pollution Control (SKATMK), Chamber of Civil Engineers. She has almost 20 papers appearing in international SCI journals, more than 20 papers in the selected international proceedings besides many national conference papers. She has been one of the co-authors of the book chapters of NATO Science Series 2, Environmental Security Vol. 74 (2000) on Transboundary Water Resources in the Balkans: Initiating a Sustainable Co-operative Network, of IWA publishing of Water, Sanitation and Health, WHO Water Series (2000), and of the 6th International HCH and Pesticides Forum Book (2001) by Plant Protection Institute, Poland. She has been taking part in 2 NATO-CCMS projects, one in NATO CR together with many national projects supported by either ITU or the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey. Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul-Turkey; Tel:+90 212 2856884, Fax: +90 212 2853781, E-mail:tanika@itu.edu.tr Boris Chubarenko was born in 1961 in Russia. He graduated from Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology with M.Sc. in mechanics in 1994, and defended his Ph.D thesis on numerical methods of wave dynamics in nonlinear media in 1987. He was educated in marine environmental pollution prevention in Sweden (1994) and environmental water management, monitoring and modeling in Denmark (1997). Since 1987 he worked at P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences (headed by Dr.V.Paka). His present position in the Institute is a Head of Laboratory for Coastal Systems Study. During the period of 1990–1992 he was employed as a Head of Ecological Laboratory in the Kaliningrad State University. As a guest-scientist he worked at the Department of Environmental Flows (leaded by professor Kolumban Hutter) in Darmstadt Technical University (Germany), and participated in theoretical and observational projects on physical limnology, having studied Lake Constance. Presently he gives lectures in modeling of coastal water systems in Kaliningrad State University and in mathematics in high school. His research interests focuse on physical coastal oceanography, integrative studies of lagoons, estuaries and sandy coasts, and application of numerical models in environmental impact assessment, environmental monitoring, and operational oceanography. His present activity is devoted to integrative studies of the Baltic lagoons (Vistula, Curonian, Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain estuarine lagoons) and of the Baltic coastal zone including monitoring and environmental impact assessment of port developments. He has an experience in preparation and coordination of international projects funded by European funds (1994–present time). His papers were published in WWF Bultic Bulletin, Meteorology and Hydrology, Oceanological Studies, Ann. L1686.fm-Coding Page xii Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM © 2005 by CRC Press [...]... research projects in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, and China Ecosystems Research Division, US EPA, 9 60 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 306 0 5-2 700 USA Tel: 1-7 0 6-3 5 5-8 00 1, Email russo.rosemarie@epa.gov © 200 5 by CRC Press L1686.fm-Coding Page xvii Tuesday, July 27, 200 4 3:19 PM Sofia Gamito is Aassistant professor at the Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (Faculty of Marine... publications in peer reviewed journals At the moment he is working on the sea-lagoon exchange, the influence of the hydrological cycle on the lagoon environment, and sediment transport in very shallow water bodies ISMAR-CNR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, S Polo 1364, 301 25 Venezia, Italy Tel: +3 9 -0 4 1-5 216875 Fax.: +3 9 -0 4 1-2 601 3 40 E-mail: georg.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it Javier Gilabert is Associate Professor...L1686.fm-Coding Page xiii Tuesday, July 27, 200 4 3:19 PM Geophysicae, Int J Ecological Modeling and Systems Ecology, Baltica, J of Environmental and Chemical Physics, J of Limnology, ICES Research Report Atlantic Branch of P.P Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira, 1, Kaliningrad, 23 600 0, Russia Tlf.:+7 01 12 451574 Fax: +7 01 12 5169 70 E-mail: chuboris@ioran.baltnet.ru... more than 40 publications, 14 of them are published in peer-reviewed journals, and has participated in 10 national or international projects, related to ecology and management of coastal areas Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 800 5-1 39 Faro, Portugal Tel.: + 351 289 800 976 Fax: + 351 289 818353 E-mail: sgamito@ualg.pt... the coastal zone, estuaries, lagoons, and bays Finally, Dr Koutitonsky teaches coastal dynamics courses worldwide as well as graduate courses at ISMER where he supervises graduate students (M.Sc and Ph.D.) Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER), 3 10 Allee des Ursulines, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada, G5L-3A1, Tel : (418) 72 3-1 986, ext 1763; Fax : (418) 72 4-1 842; e-mail : VGK@uqar.qc.ca © 200 5... Istanbul, Turkey © 200 5 by CRC Press L1686.fm-Coding Page xxiii Tuesday, July 27, 200 4 3:19 PM Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction I Ethem Gonenc and John Wolflin Chapter 2 Identification of the Lagoon Ecosystems Angheluta Vadineanu Chapter 3 Physical Processes Georg Umgiesser and Ramiro Neves Chapter 4 Biogeochemical Cycles Melike Gurel, Aysegul Tanik, Rosemarie C Russo, and Ethem Gonenc Chapter 5 Effects... Biologists) He was a member of the ICES © 200 5 by CRC Press L1686.fm-Coding Page xiv Tuesday, July 27, 200 4 3:19 PM Advisory Committee on Marine Pollution, the vice-chairman of the HELCOM Environment Committee, the vice chairman of the HELCOM Working Group on Monitoring and Assessments, the co-chairman of the HELCOM Working Group on Management Plans for Coastal Lagoons and Wetlands, and member of the... Inc., 28295 Burton Shore Rd., Locustville, VA 23 404 , USA Telf 75 7-7 8 7-2 637 ext 11, Fax 75 7-7 8 7-2 411 e-mail: natural@visi.net Melike Gürel is research assistant at Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Environmental Engineering Department, Turkey She obtained her degrees in Environmental Engineering, B.Sc (1992), M.Sc Degree (1994) and Ph.D degree ( 200 0) from ITU She has been working as a research assistant... also particularly grateful for the summer offshore breezes of lagoons (called “meltem” in Mediterranean Countries), which provided us coolness of spirit during our comprehensive studies and the development of this manuscript John P Wolflin and I Ethem Gönenç Koycegiz 27 June, 200 3 © 200 5 by CRC Press L1686.fm-Coding Page xxi Tuesday, July 27, 200 4 3:19 PM Other Contributors Ali Erturk Istanbul Technical... Gilabert, Concepción Marcos Diego, and Angel Pérez-Ruzafa Chapter 6 Modeling Concepts Boris Chubarenko, Vladimir Koutitonsky, Ramiro Neves, and Georg Umgiesser Chapter 7 Monitoring Program Design Eugeniusz Andrulewicz and Boris Chubarenko Chapter 8 Decision-Making for Sustainable Management Karen Terwilliger and John Wolflin Chapter 9 Case Studies © 200 5 by CRC Press . and index. ISBN 1-5 667 0- 6 8 6-6 (alk. paper) 1. Coastal ecology. 2. Sustainable development. I. Gönenc, I. Ethem. II. Wolfin, John. QH541.5.C65C5915 200 4 577.7'8 dc22 200 405 1926 L1686 disclaimer.fm. bodies. ISMAR-CNR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, S. Polo 1364, 301 25 Venezia, Italy. Tel: +3 9 -0 4 1-5 216875. Fax.: +3 9 -0 4 1-2 601 3 40. E-mail: georg.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it Javier Gilabert is Associate. environmental research projects in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, and China. Ecosystems Research Division, US EPA, 9 60 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 306 0 5-2 700 USA. Tel: 1-7 0 6-3 5 5-8 00 1, Email