STRUCTURE 77 5. The city doesn’t need no more taxes; everyone pays too AB C much alr eady. D a. A b. B c. C d. D 6. The distinct geology of Cape Cod began ________ about 20,000 years ago. a. formed b. form c. to form d. was forming 7. In contrast to its soft body and muscular feet , some mol- AB C lusks have hard shells. D a. A b. B c. C d. D 78 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS 8. Surprisingly, my younger sister dresses mor e conservative ABC than I do. D a. A b. B c. C d. D 9. Jackson Pollock, the twentieth-century American painter, was concerned ________ the connection between the unconscious and artistic creativity. a. with b. in c. of d. for 10. After they vandalized the school, the teenagers ________ the scene. a. flew b. flied c. fleed d. fled STRUCTURE 79 11. In 1963, Betty Friedan’s expose of domesticity, The Fem- A inine Mystique, became an immediate bestseller and BC cr eating a national sensation. D a. A b. B c. C d. D 12. Homesteaders on the Great Plains brang few possessions ABC to their new home. D a. A b. B c. C d. D 13. Since his release from jail in 1990, Nelson Mandela has emerged as the ________ spokesman for South Africa’s anti-apartheid movement. a. more prominent b. more prominently c. most prominent d. most prominently 80 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS 14. Neither the actors nor the producer ________ the adver- tisement for the movie. a. to like b. liking c. like d. likes 15. Less people stood in line for the concert, even though AB C there were mor e tickets available. D a. A b. B c. C d. D 16. Of the three girls that recently joined the basketball team, ABC Frieda is the tallest . D a. A b. B c. C d. D STRUCTURE 81 CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS ■ Sentences must have a subject and a predicate and express a complete thought. ■ A subject is the sentence part that tells who or what the sentence is about. ■ A predicate is the sentence part that describes what the subject is or what the subject is doing. ■ A clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate. ■ An independent clause stands alone and expresses a complete thought. ■ A dependent clause needs an independent clause to complete its meaning. ■ The parts of speech are noun, verb, helping verb, adjective, adverb, and preposition. ■ For subject-verb agreement, the subject of a sentence must match the verb in number. ■ Familiarize yourself with the common pitfalls involving subject-verb agreement. ■ For pronoun agreement, a pronoun and its antecedent must match in number. ■ Know how to identify common pronoun errors and troublesome pronouns. ■ Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. ■ Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. ■ Review the common grammatical mistakes involving modifiers and problem modifiers. ■ Avoid using two negative pronouns or modifiers in one sentence. 82 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS ■ Learn how to create the comparative and superlative forms of modifiers. ■ The five basic verb forms are infinitive, present tense, present participle, past tense, and past participle. ■ Study and memorize the forms of the most common irregular verbs. ■ Review the common errors involving verb tense and problem verbs. ■ Review and memorize common prepositional idioms. Practice Answers 1. I went for a walk downtown and mailed your letter . 2. If it is hot tomorrow, let’ s go to the beach. 3. The 20-foot-tall, long-necked giraf fe is the tallest living animal on Earth. 4. The log cabin quilt was pr obably designed as a way to give a second life to unwieldy but warm fabrics salvaged from suits and coats. 5. agree 6. sleep 7. was 8. her 9. his, he 10. your, you’re 11. which 12. It’s, your 13. strange 14. comfortable 15. politely . body and muscular feet , some mol- AB C lusks have hard shells. D a. A b. B c. C d. D 78 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS 8. Surprisingly, my younger sister dresses mor e conservative ABC than I do. D a. A b Africa’s anti-apartheid movement. a. more prominent b. more prominently c. most prominent d. most prominently 80 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS 14. Neither the actors nor the producer ________ the adver- tisement for. involving modifiers and problem modifiers. ■ Avoid using two negative pronouns or modifiers in one sentence. 82 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS ■ Learn how to create the comparative and superlative forms of modifiers. ■ The