BUILDING BROADBAND NETWORKS phần 3 pps

participating institutions to reserve high quantities of bandwidth at specified times for scientific research and/or educational investigations. Charter Internet2 members such as the Universities of Wisconsin and Virginia, Carnegie Mellon University, the California Institute of Technology (Cal Tech), and the University of California at Berkeley verify ATM-over-SONET capabilities in sustaining multimedia integration and on-demand real-time interactive telecollaboration. I2 inno- vations contribute to the implementation of advanced network architectures, technolo- gies, and protocols on the commodity or public Internet for everyday use. 2.16.3 INTERNET2 (I2) NETWORK AGGREGATION POINTS OF PRESENCE (POPS) Internet2 (I2) deployment is based on the formation of GigaPoPs (Gigabit Points of Presence). I2 GigaPoPs are high-capacity, multiservice, multifunctional, intercon- nection regional transfer and aggregation PoPs (Points of Presence) that move vast volumes of voice, video, and data between I2 sites. Designed for regional groups of I2 participants, Type 1 GigaPoPs route Internet2 traffic through one or two connections. Type 2 GigaPoPs provision access to next-generation federal networks and international configurations such as the Asia-Pacific Network (APAN) and the Nordic Countries Network, Phase 2 (NORDUnet2). Commercial GigaPoPs that route I2 traffic to destination endpoints and optimize bandwidth availability are also in development. 2.16.3.1 Michigan GigaPoP I2 GigaPoPs enable groups of Internet2 participants in specified geographical regions to access interactive multimedia applications, evaluate current and emergent proto- cols and specifications, and implement sophisticated educational technologies. For example, Michigan State University, Michigan Technological University, the Uni- versity of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Wayne State University, and the UCAID office in Ann Arbor use the Michigan GigaPoP for conducting teleresearch projects to facilitate middleware and application development and next-generation routing operations. The Michigan GigaPoP also transports traffic to and from the Abilene and vBNS+ Internet2 backbone networks and to the ATM-based Chicago NAP (Network Access Point). In addition to the Chicago NAP, major ATM traffic exchange points for peer-level entities include the FloridaMIX (Florida Multimedia Internet Exchange) in South Florida and the MAE-WEST Exchange Point in California. 2.16.3.2 Mid-Atlantic GigaPoP (MAGPI) The Mid-Atlantic GigaPoP (MAGPI) provisions networking services for I2 institu- tions such as the Universities of Pennsylvania and Delaware and Princeton and Rutgers Universities situated in the mid-Atlantic states along the Eastern seaboard. 2.16.3.3 Mid-Atlantic (Middle-Atlantic) Crossroads (MAX) Net.Work.Virginia, the Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA), the Washington, D.C. Research and Education Network (WREN), and the Maryland 0889Ch02Frame Page 76 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC GigaPoP are among the entities that contribute to the formation of the Mid-Atlantic Crossroads (MAX). Designed for communications carriers, universities, research centers, and Network Service Providers (NSPs) in the Mid-Atlantic States, MAX serves as the Washington, D.C. area aggregation point for bandwidth-intensive network traffic. In addition, MAX provides access to advanced networking initiatives such as ESnet and connections to the Abilene and the vBNS+ Internet2 backbone networks. 2.16.3.4 Mid-Atlantic MetaPoP MAX also plays a pivotal role in the deployment of the Mid-Atlantic MetaPoP. The Mid-Atlantic MetaPoP is a major network switching and aggregation point that provides high-performance multimedia services and high-speed network connections to regional initiatives such as the East Coast GigaPoP in the Northeastern region of the United States and SoX (Southern Crossroads) in the Southeastern region of the United States. 2.16.3.5 Southern Crossroads (SoX) Sponsored by SURA (Southeastern Universities Research Association), the Southern Crossroads (SoX) initiative facilitates access to current and emergent networking services. The SoX ATM infrastructure provides video, data, and voice services in an integrated multivendor environment and connects Internet2 and non-Internet2 participants to each other and to the Abilene Network, vBNS+, and the Next Gen- eration Internet (NGI). In addition to providing expanded opportunities for telecollaboration among university scientists, researchers, and educators at SoX-affiliated institutions, SoX also supports access to regional networks such as SEPSCoR (SouthEast Partnership to Share Computational Resources) and the Atlanta MetaPoP, the major network aggregation point for the Southeastern United States. Participants in the SoX initia- tive include the Universities of Alabama, Delaware, North Carolina, Richmond, and Texas; Emory, Florida Atlantic, Tulane, Mississippi State, and West Virginia Uni- versities; and the Alabama and North Carolina Supercomputer Centers. 2.16.4 PEERING RELATIONSHIPS Peering or reciprocal relationships enable I2 participants, NRENs (National Research and Education Networks), and NSPs (Network Service Providers) to exchange Internet traffic with destination addresses on each other’s backbone network at regional exchange points and NAPs (Network Access Points). In addition, every participant in a peering relationship is required to transfer information to and from affiliated networks. Affiliated networks include networks established by scientific libraries, research centers, academic institutions, and local and regional consortia that are interconnected to a peer-level network backbone. Peering exchanges require utilization of current router information between the peering entities via the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). 0889Ch02Frame Page 77 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC In a peering environment, NRENs (National Regional and Education Networks) and regional network configurations use large-scale caches that offload traffic from the commodity Internet to reduce Web congestion. This traffic is distributed via intermediate or local caches or servers to network nodes or endpoints. Internet2 maintains peering or reciprocal networking relationships with NRENs worldwide, including the NRENs in Ireland (HEAnet), Taiwan (TAnet2), Switzerland (SWITCH), Canada (CA*net II and CA*net3), Singapore (SingAREN), and the Czech Republic (CESNET). As with I2, NRENs support advanced telecollaborative research projects and implementation of high-performance, high-speed broadband network services. An I2 network backbone and service provider, the Abilene Network sustains reciprocal networking relationships with vBNS+ and high-performance NRENs such as NRENs in Germany (DFN), Taiwan (TAnet2), and Italy (GARR). In addition, the Abilene Network supports peer-level information exchange with federal networks such as the U.S. Department of Defense Research and Education Network (DREN) and the NASA Integrated Services Network (NISN). 2.16.5 METROPOLITAN INTERNET EXCHANGES (IXS) AND E XCHANGE POINTS (XPS) Internet Exchanges (IXs) and Exchange Points (XPs) are reciprocal traffic exchange points for networks in peer-level relationships. For example, the Boston Metropolitan Exchange Point (Boston MXP) enables NSPs (Network Service Providers) such as HarvardNet, communications carriers such as Sprint and AT&T MediaOne, and higher educational institutions including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University to exchange voice, video, and data with one another. Additional North American metropolitan IXs and XPs include the Anchorage Metropolitan Access Point (AMAP), the Seattle Internet Exchange (SIX), the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Access Point (DFMAP), and the Denver Internet Exchange (DIX). 2.16.6 EUROPEAN BACKBONE (EBONE) NETWORK Developed by GTS (Global TeleSystems), the European Backbone (EBone) is the largest backbone network in the European Union. EBone employs an IP-over-SDH infrastructure for enabling reciprocal traffic exchange among peer-level NSPs at specified interconnection points, or PoPs (Points of Presence), in Amsterdam, Brus- sels, Barcelona, Bratislava, Copenhagen, Dusseldorf, Geneva, Frankfurt, London, Munich, Madrid, Milan, Prague, Stockholm, Vienna, Zurich, and Paris. EBone also supports interconnections to PoPs in New York City and Pennsaukin, New Jersey. 2.17 vBNS+ (VERY HIGH-PERFORMANCE BACKBONE NETWORK SERVICE PLUS) 2.17.1 VBNS+ FOUNDATIONS As with the Abilene network, vBNS+ is a high-speed, high-performance network infrastructure that serves as a network backbone for Internet2. The vBNS+ acronym 0889Ch02Frame Page 78 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC also stands for “very high-speed Broadband Network Service Plus.” In 1995, the National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated work on the vBNS+ implementation. At that time, vBNS+ was known as vBNS. Originally, vBNS+ was an experimental testbed for resolving performance issues associated with the delivery of high-capacity Internet services. It was the first backbone network to support IP-over-ATM-over-SONET operations at rates reaching OC-3 (155.52 Mbps). In addition, vBNS+ was the first production network to offer native IPv6 multicasting services and MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) support. 2.17.2 VBNS+ OPERATIONS vBNS+ achieves high-speed transmission by carrying IP traffic in an IP network overlay that operates on top of an ATM-over-SONET infrastructure managed by WorldCom. vBNS+ transports voice, video, and data via PVPs (Permanent Virtual Paths). PVPs consist of PVCs (Permanent Virtual Circuits) with every network node connected to every other network node in a mesh topology. vBNS+ also supports SVCs (Switched Virtual Circuits) and RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) for providing reserved bandwidth service. Designed to facilitate scientific research, vBNS+ initially interoperated with NSF (National Science Foundation) supercom- puting sites managed by the Cornell Theory Center. Links were also established with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), and the Pittsburgh and the San Diego Supercomputer Centers. (See Figure 2.5.) 2.17.3 VBNS+ IN ACTION In parallel with the Abilene Network, vBNS+ maintains high-speed interconnections with NRENs. As with the Abilene initiative, vBNS+ also functions as a non-com- mercial research platform for facilitating development of high-speed applications and innovations in network technologies, topologies, architectures, and protocols. IPv6-over-vBNS+ service became available in 1998. vBNS+ trials and experiments evaluate capabilities of network technologies such as ATM-over-SONET in enabling real-time collaboration, interactivity, multimedia integration, and QoS (Quality of Service) guarantees. Currently, vBNS+ supports high-speed peering relationships and interconnectivity with NSF federal research and education networks such as the Metropolitan Research and Education Network (MREN), ESnet, and DREN. Approximately 40 GigaPoPs across the United States interoperate with vBNS+. Authorized I2 entities support transmissions to I2 GigaPoPs that in turn direct traffic to and from vBNS+ at rates of 155.52 Mbps (OC-3) and 622.08 Mbps (OC-12). Northwestern University uses the vBNS+ platform for videoconferencing and development of complex computational grids; the University of Chicago employs the vBNS+ infrastructure for investigating the climate of the Earth and other planets; and the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) sponsors development of advanced data mining applications in high-energy physics via the vBNS+ platform. Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) develops simulations for predicting earthquake occurrence 0889Ch02Frame Page 79 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC via the vBNS+ infrastructure. A participant in the Earth Systems Science Center (ESSC), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) utilizes vBNS+ capabilities for determining water resource usage patterns. The University of Washington bench- marks vBNS+ performance in provisioning metropolitan area ATM-over-SONET transport services at 10 Gbps (OC-192). 2.17.4 VBNS+ IP MULTICASTING SERVICE vBNS+ supports a native IP multicasting service that enables direct and dependable delivery of MBone traffic, thereby eliminating MBone routing instabilities and the need for dedicated multicast routers to perform tunneling functions. vBNS+ multicast FIGURE 2.5 vBNS+ network segment featuring an ATM WAN, FDDI (Fiber Data Distrib- uted Interface) dual-ring topology, HIPPI (High-Performance Parallel Interface connections), and ATM switching and routing equipment. ATM WAN OC-3 Monitor/management Probe Server FDDI RingFDDI Ring Lightstream ATM Switch OC-3 Netstar Gigarouter OC-3 Cisco 7000 Router AT M FDDI COL- ACT- STA- 123456789101112 HS1 HS2 OK1OK2 PS CONSOLE HIPPI crossbar switch HIPPI 0889Ch02Frame Page 80 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC services enable traffic exchange between Web caches and MBone sessions. In 1999, vBNS+ supported approximately 60 multicast links to academic and research net- works. 2.17.5 VBNS+ FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS An enhanced version of vBNS, vBNS+ is a nationwide network that provisions access to high-performance broadband applications. vBNS+ employs a dual backbone topology supporting ATM and packet-over-SONET (POS) technologies. In addition, vBNS+ supports innovations in IPv6 high-bandwidth multicast services, develop- ment of security filtering solutions, user-configurable routing policies, and imple- mentation of SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) for voice-over-IP (VoIP) services. vBNS+ also facilitates access to sophisticated IPv6 applications, enables VPN (Vir- tual Private Network) implementation, and supports MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) operations. Entities participating in vBNS+ track network usage by monitoring SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Statistics and Measure- ment Services. I2 research centers and universities are selected through a peer review process to participate in vBNS+ initiatives. 2.18 NATIONAL ATM TELE-EDUCATION INITIATIVES Accelerating global demand for distance education, dependable multimedia trans- port, and rapid access to sophisticated Internet resources and services contributes to the growing popularity and acceptance of ATM technology in school and university environments. Effective ATM deployment by educational and research institutions requires careful planning and a strategic commitment from administrators, faculty, and staff to utilize ATM applications to enhance the learning process. Representative ATM-based tele-education initiatives are explored in this section. 2.18.1 CALIFORNIA 2.18.1.1 California Research and Education Network-Phase 2 (CalREN-2) Developed by the Consortium for Education Network Initiatives in California (CENIC), CalREN-2 supports the establishment of a high-capacity, high-perfor- mance, next-generation network that interconnects higher education institutions statewide to each other and to major national broadband networking initiatives such as vBNS+, Abilene, and ESnet. Moreover, CalREN-2 employs an ATM-over-SONET infrastructure for enabling access to bandwidth-intensive telecollaborative services and teleresearch, telemedicine, and tele-education applications. Each CalREN-2 campus employs IP technology and ATM switches to transmit voice, video, and data with CalREN-2 destination addresses to a virtual GigaPoP. CalREN-2 campus transmissions are then sent from the virtual GigaPoP to the CalREN-2 backbone network, and ultimately to recipient locations. Virtual GigaPoPs are located in key geographical areas throughout the state. CalREN-2 supports transmissions between member campuses and virtual GigaPoPs at rates ranging from 622.08 Mbps (OC-12) to 2.488 Gbps (OC-48). The CalREN-2 infrastructure enables 0889Ch02Frame Page 81 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC connections between virtual GigaPoPs and vBNS+ at 155.52 Mbps (OC-3) and 622.08 Mbps (OC-12). In addition to ATM, SONET, and IP, CalREN-2 sites also support Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, and FDDI (Fiber Data Dis- tributed Interface) services. The CalREN-2 infrastructure provides a framework for implementation of the California Virtual University (CVU), features QoS assurances, and enables data collection for monitoring network performance. Moreover, CalREN-2 facilitates development of middleware, innovations in fields that include telemedicine and distance education, and implementation of advanced security solutions, IP multi- casts, streaming media, and 3-D (three-dimensional) interactive simulations. 2.18.1.2 California State University at Monterey Bay (CSU Monterey Bay) A CalREN-2 participant, California State University at Monterey Bay (CSU Monterey Bay) enables deployment of multimedia Geographic Information Systems (GISs) featuring high-resolution video, high-fidelity audio, and 3-D (three dimen- sional) imagery for creating Antarctic seafloor environments. Also a 3-D initiative, Salinas Valley 2020 simulates the impact of land-use practices and water resource policies on the local environment over time. CSU Monterey Bay, the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC), and the Navy Post-Graduate School support implementation of a regional collaborative broadband tele-education network. This network enables distance education delivery from the main campus at UCSC to post-secondary institutions in the area surrounding Monterey Bay and facilitates collaborative development of K–12 (Kindergarten through Grade 12) tele-education enrichment projects for deployment in public schools situated in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties. 2.18.2 FLORIDA 2.18.2.1 Florida International University (FIU) A multi-campus institution in South Florida, Florida International University (FIU) employs an ATM infrastructure for provisioning high-speed access to data, audio, and video resources; museum holdings; and specialized department collections in architecture, music, and art history. In addition, this ATM configuration fosters interactive videoconferencing and delivery of real-time classroom lectures to various campus locations. Course grades are posted online and can be accessed by students via the FIU ATM platform as well. Voice, video, and data traffic is transported at 155.52 Mbps (OC-3). 2.18.3 GEORGIA 2.18.3.1 PeachNet and PeachNet2 (PeachNet Phase 2) Sponsored by the State of Georgia, PeachNet employs a high-speed broadband ATM network infrastructure for distance learning programs and teleresearch projects. Within the State of Georgia, public colleges and universities including the University System 0889Ch02Frame Page 82 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC of Georgia, vocational and technical schools, and public schools and school districts use the PeachNet infrastructure for enabling e-mail exchange, participation in interactive tele-education programs and videoconferences, Web browsing, and Internet research. An enhanced version of the original PeachNet, PeachNet2 (PeachNet Phase 2) provisions access to digital library initiatives, enables telecollaborative research, and supports interactive videoconferencing. In addition, PeachNet2 enables IP telephony, video-on-demand (VOD), and advanced distance education initiatives. PeachNet and PeachNet2 facilitate bandwidth-intensive transmissions via a dis- tributed GigaPoP that works in conjunction with the in-place GigaPoP established by Georgia State University (GSU) and the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech). The distributed GigaPoP supports links to research and education networks, including Abilene and vBNS+ at rates up to 155.52 Mbps (OC-3). 2.18.3.2 Georgia State University (GSU) A PeachNet and PeachNet2 participant, Georgia State University (GSU) employs an ATM backbone network operating at 622.08 Mbps (OC-12) that works in concert with Fast Ethernet technology for enabling student, faculty, administrative, and staff applications. MultiProtocol-over-ATM (MPOA) services support connections between the GSU ATM backbone network and campus 100BASE-T Fast Ethernet segments. In addition, the GSU network platform supports I2 research, IP multicast services, Internet telephony, and seamless multimedia transmission. 2.18.3.3 University of Georgia A participant in PeachNet and PeachNet2, the University of Georgia employs an extendible and scalable ATM-over-SONET backbone network. This platform fosters real-time telecollaboration between researchers at the University of Georgia Learn- ing Performance and Support Laboratory, NASA, George Mason University (GMU), and the University of Houston. Moreover, this ATM-over-SONET infrastructure facilitates teleconsultations between veterinarians and students attending veterinary schools at the University of Georgia and Texas A&M University. The University of Georgia Virtual Electronic Network for University Services (VENUS) initiative enables LAN and WAN integration, provides direct links to bandwidth-intensive campus resources, supports virtual LAN (VLAN) implementations, and fosters high- speed voice, video, and data transmission. 2.18.4 MASSACHUSETTS 2.18.4.1 Boston University (BU) Boston University (BU) employs a campus ATM configuration operating at 155.52 Mbps (OC-3) for enabling advanced scientific research and academic initiatives such as the MARINER (Mid-level Alliance Resource In the North East Region) project. This project fosters telecollaborative development of tele-instruction and teletraining programs for deployment in K–12 public schools. 0889Ch02Frame Page 83 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC The ATM network at Boston University (BU) enables multimedia applications and initiatives sponsored by the Departments of Physics and Chemistry, the College of Engineering, the Computer Graphics Laboratory, and the Center for Remote Sensing. In addition, BU initiated the establishment of a high-bandwidth ATM network infrastructure for interlinking local institutions in the Boston metropolitan area. With the aid of an NSF (National Science Foundation) grant in the DARPA (U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Connections to the Internet Program, BU also established links between vBNS+ and the Boston MAN to support transmissions at 155.52 Mbps (OC-3). 2.18.5 MICHIGAN 2.18.5.1 Michigan Teacher Network (MichNet) The Michigan Teacher Network (MichNet) fosters utilization of Internet resources in K–12 public schools and enables students in grades 4 through 9 to access Web resources and participate in tele-education programs. MichNet employs an IP-over-ATM back- bone network that provisions multiple connections to the Internet via the Chicago Network Access Point (NAP) at rates ranging from 1.544 Mbps (T-1) to 622.08 Mbps (OC-12). MichNet maintains peering relationships with ESnet and the Ohio Academic Research Network (OARnet). Michigan State University (MSU), Wayne State Univer- sity, and the University of Michigan (UM) participate in the MichNet initiative. 2.18.5.2 University of Michigan The Center for Information Technology Integration (CITI) at the University of Michigan supports development and implementation of the Secure Distributed Video Conferencing (SDVC) initiative. This project employs cryptographic protocols and algorithms for smart-card key exchange to safeguard the integrity of video, audio, and data transmission to reception points on Internet2. The SDVC initiative operates over an experimental I2 ATM backbone network at the University of Michigan and supports connections to vBNS+. 2.18.6 MISSOURI 2.18.6.1 MOREnet3 (Missouri Research and Education Network, Phase 3) A statewide initiative, MOREnet3 (Missouri Research and Education Network, Phase 3) employs an ATM backbone network to support multimedia applications and tele- education initiatives in K–12 public schools and post-secondary institutions. This ATM infrastructure works in concert with IP, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Frame Relay technologies; enables IPv6 multicasts; and provisions MPOA and MPLS services. 2.18.7 NEBRASKA 2.18.7.1 Great Plains Network (GPN) The Great Plains Network (GPN) employs an ATM backbone network for enabling broadband applications and telecollaborative scientific research in the field of earth 0889Ch02Frame Page 84 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC systems science. GPN also facilitates connections to the Abilene Network at rates reaching 622.08 Mbps (OC-12). The initial GPN segment interconnects educational institutions and research centers in Kansas, Arkansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Oklahoma via a DS-3 (44.736 Mbps) link. The University of Nebraska at Lincoln provisions technical support and network management services for the GPN configuration. 2.18.8 NEVADA 2.18.8.1 NevadaNet Sponsored by the University and Community College System of Nevada, NevadaNet provisions high-performance, high-speed ATM services statewide. Moreover, Neva- daNet enables multimedia transmission, tele-education projects, and telecollabora- tive research. NevadaNet also supports high-speed Internet connections to K–12 public schools and public libraries and interconnects the University of Nevada at Reno and the University of Nevada at Las Vegas to the vBNS+ Network. 2.18.9 NEW JERSEY 2.18.9.1 Washington Township Public School System Located in the Delaware Valley, the Washington Township Public School System utilizes an ATM backbone network to support videoconferences, tele-education services, and curricular delivery to multiple K–12 classrooms concurrently. In addi- tion to ATM, the Washington Township Public School System employs Ethernet and Fast Ethernet segments for enabling access to Web applications, online coursework, and library resources. This configuration also supports television broadcasts and foreign language instruction. In addition, the township uses the public school system ATM platform for municipal operations; budgeting, purchasing, and payroll appli- cations; and providing online access to titles of local library holdings. 2.18.10 NEW YORK 2.18.10.1 New York State Education and Research Network, Year 2000 (NYSERNet 2000) The New York State Education and Research Network, Year 2000 (NYSERNet 2000) initiative has enabled implementation of an advanced IP-over-ATM network for provisioning next-generation networking services throughout the State of New York via a high-speed, optical fiber link extending from New York City to Buffalo. In addition, the NYSERNet 2000 platform supports connections to the Next-Generation Internet (NGI), vBNS+, Abilene, and Gemini 2000. Developed by IXC Communi- cations, Gemini 2000, an advanced IP optical backbone network, transports com- mercial traffic and transmissions generated by NYSERNet 2000 research and edu- cational institutions that are ineligible to use vBNS+ and Abilene facilities. NYSERNet 2000 enables rates ranging from 622.08 Mbps (OC-12) to 2.488 Gbps (OC-48). The NYSERNet 2000 infrastructure employs a distributed GigaPoP 0889Ch02Frame Page 85 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC [...]... research networks from an SMDS platform to an ATM infrastructure In 1999, SuperJANET3 (SuperJANET, Phase 3) , the successor to SuperJANET2 (SuperJANET, Phase 2), provisioned ATM multimedia services at rates reaching 155.52 Mbps (OC -3) A feasibility study conducted by SuperJANET3 participants established requirements for SuperJANET4 © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 0889Ch02Frame Page 92 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3: 05... C-PoPs employ fiber-optic cabling for high-speed broadband wireline transmissions and Backbone Edge Nodes (BENs) to extend SuperJANET4 services in England, Northern Ireland, Wales, and Scotland C-PoPs support information delivery to and from BENs at 34 .36 8 Mbps (E -3) and 155.52 Mbps (OC -3) rates BENs enable operations between SuperJANET4 and regional networks or MANs BENs are typically situated at JCPs... high performance Backbone Network Service Plus (vBNS+) Home Page Available: http://www.vbns.net/ © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 0889Ch03Frame Page 1 03 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3: 04 PM 3 3.1 Optical Network Solutions INTRODUCTION Extraordinary demand for high-speed, high-performance networks with vast transmission capacities and potentially unlimited bandwidth contributes to the popularity of SONET/SDH (Synchronous... activities in mobile computing environments MobilAT employs ATM switching to support the seamless integration of in-room, in -building, campus, metropolitan area, and regional area networks © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 0889Ch02Frame Page 91 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3: 05 PM 2.19 .3 2.19 .3. 1 KOREA Chonbuk National University Chonbuk National University utilizes an ATM backbone network that supports rates at 622.08... traffic (See Figure 3. 1.) © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 0889Ch03Frame Page 104 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3: 04 PM WAN Level 2 Level 1 Level 1 Level 0 OT OT Level 0 OT OT Level 0 OT OT OT MAN LAN OT FIGURE 3. 1 A WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) implementation Optical transports (OT) connect to three levels of WDM service, specifically, Level 0 (LAN), Level 1 (MAN), and Level 2 (WAN) 3. 2 PURPOSE In this... signals in standard increments of 51.84 Mbps are derived For example, levels at OC -3 and STS -3 (OC -3/ STS -3) enable rates at 155.52 Mbps and OC-12/STS-12 at 622.08 Mbps In addition, OC-48/STS48 foster transmission at 2.488 Gbps and OC-192/STS-192 at 10 Gbps At present, SONET/SDH support an optimum rate reaching OC-255/STS-255 or 13. 21 Gbps SONET/SDH operations are remarkably fast Because STS and OC levels... Module Add/Drop Module FIGURE 3. 2 SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) dual-ring network architecture Add/Drop Module Add/Drop Module HS1 HS2 OK1 OK2 PS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 12 11 COLACTSTA- CONSOLE ATM Switch Cross Connect Add/Drop Module FIGURE 3. 3 An example of a point-to-point SONET configuration network reconfiguration and remarkably efficient network operations SONET/SDH networks also facilitate guaranteed... Distributed Interface (FDDI), FDDI-II (FDDI-Phase II), Fibre Channel (FC), WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), and DWDM (Dense WDM) solutions (See Figure 3. 3.) © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 0889Ch03Frame Page 108 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3: 04 PM 3. 4.6 SONET/SDH PROTOCOL STACK SONET/SDH solutions employ a four-layer protocol stack consisting of the Photonic Layer, the Section Layer, the Line Layer, and... electronic-to-optical and optical-to-electronic conversions impede the speed of SONET/SDH networks Optical networks that employ electronic switching and conversion are generally limited to speeds of 13. 21 Gbps (OC-255) To achieve higher rates, each signal must maintain the integrity of its photonic structure while transiting the network 3. 5 .3 OPTICAL TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OTDM) SONET/SDH configurations also employ... in testbed environments extend and © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 0889Ch03Frame Page 112 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3: 04 PM refine SONET/SDH capabilities in supporting broadband applications and crossinstitutional collaborations 3. 8.1 CISCO SYSTEMS In 2000, Cisco Systems implemented an SDH optical transport extender for fostering delivery of broadband services via an optical network directly to SOHO (Small . of in-room, in -building, campus, metropolitan area, and regional area networks. 0889Ch02Frame Page 90 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3: 05 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 2.19 .3 KOREA 2.19 .3. 1 Chonbuk National. support information delivery to and from BENs at 34 .36 8 Mbps (E -3) and 155.52 Mbps (OC -3) rates. BENs enable operations between SuperJANET4 and regional networks or MANs. BENs are typically situated. vBNS+. 2.18.6 MISSOURI 2.18.6.1 MOREnet3 (Missouri Research and Education Network, Phase 3) A statewide initiative, MOREnet3 (Missouri Research and Education Network, Phase 3) employs an ATM backbone network