In addition, ITU-R Recommendations defined procedures for adapting IMT-2000 solutions to accommodate communications requirements of subscribers in develop- ing countries. The ITU-R Recommendations also described security procedures, radio interface functions, radio subsystem attributes, transmission rates, and voice- band requirements for IMTS-2000 implementations. 8.19.5.4 World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC) In 1992, the World Radio Communications Conference (WRC) identified spectrum between the 1.885 and 2.025 GHz frequencies and between the 2.110 and 2.200 GHz frequencies for IMT-2000 applications. The WRC also clarifies services of spectrum between the 1.980 and 2.010 GHz frequencies and between the 2.170 and 2.200 GHz frequencies for third-generation mobile satellite services that will be available worldwide by 2005. In addition, the WRC promotes development of a global seamless radio infrastructure capable of supporting IMT-2000 services pro- visioned by wireless configurations ranging from fixed wireless access (FWA) net- works to multi-application ad hoc mobile systems. 8.19.5.4.1 WRC-2000 At the World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC) in 2000 (WRC-2000), spec- tral allocations above the 71 GHz spectral block were allocated for scientific initi- atives pertaining to radio astronomy, satellite probing of the earth’s natural land and water resources, and space research. In addition, WRC-2000 established spectral allocations for the satellite portion of IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommu- nications-2000) in spectrum between the 1.525 and 1.559 GHz RF (Radio Fre- quency) bands; between the 1.610 and 1.660 GHz RF bands; and between the 2.4835 and 2.500 GHz RF bands. Moreover, spectral allocations between the 2.500 and 2.520 GHz frequencies and between the 2.670 and 2.690 GHz frequencies were identified for the satellite component of IMT-2000 as well. In 2001, based on WRC-2000 recommendations, the ITU-T designated spectrum between the 805 and 960 MHz frequencies, between the 1.710 and 1.885 GHz frequencies, and between the 2.500 and 2.690 GHz frequencies for the terrestrial component of IMT-2000. In accordance with WRC-2000 recommendations, the ITU-T endorsed utiliza- tion of spectrum between the 1.850 and 2.025 GHz frequencies and between the 2.110 and 2.200 GHz frequencies for IMT-2000 UMTS implementations. As a consequence of spectral shortages, these spectral allocations currently share spec- trum with in-place radio services and cellular communications systems. As with WRC, the ITU-T also endorses the use of spectrum between the 2.700 and 2.900 GHz frequencies for IMT-2000 3G (third-generation) mobile and personal communications systems. However, this RF allocation currently enables airport surveillance radar operations in the United States, Germany, Brazil, Norway, Jamaica, and Australia. In addition, this RF frequency block also supports weather forecasting and life safety applications provisioned by NEXRAD (Next-Generation Radar) systems in the United States. As a consequence of spectral overlaps, the United States opposes utilization of spectrum between the 2.700 and 2.900 GHz frequencies for IMT-2000 implementations. 0889Ch08Frame Page 374 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC In the United States, additional ITU-T spectral allocations designated for IMT- 2000 currently support diverse cellular communications services and applications. As an example, IMT-2000 allocations in frequencies between the 800 and 900 MHz enable U.S. cellular communications service. Moreover, IMT-2000 alloca- tions in the 1.700 GHz frequency block foster national security and public safety service operations sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense. Additionally, IMT-2000 allocations in the 2.500 GHz spectral band facilitate wireless data operations and delivery of instructional television programming throughout the United States. As a consequence, the FCC supports development of complementary approaches for spectral sharing and reallocation and promotes utilization of alter- native spectral bands for supporting 3G cellular network deployments and global roaming solutions. 8.19.5.4.2 Operator Harmonization Group (OHG) Communications operators that hold membership in the Operator Harmonization Group (OHG) monitor spectral allocations for IMT-2000 applications to prevent IMT-2000 allocations from disrupting in-place operations. The OHG also promotes development of affordable 3G telephony devices. Verizon, China Mobile Telecom, Japan Telecom, NTT DoCoMo, and SingTel participate in OHG activities. 8.20 UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (UMTS) 8.20.1 UMTS F OUNDATIONS Developments in GSM technical capabilities, Personal Communications Services (PCS), and GPRS contribute to the creation of the Universal Mobile Telecommuni- cations System (UMTS). UMTS is a third-generation digital cellular communica- tions system that is standardized in the European Union by the ITU-T and ETSI. In addition to GSM, PCS, and GPRS, protocols and technologies that enable UMTS deployment include TDMA, CDMA, W-CDMA, DECT, SDR (Software Definable Radio), and Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Designated as the core technology in the IMT-2000 3G telecommunications suite, UMTS uses an evolved GSM plat- form, formally known as 3GSM, as the framework for provisioning 3G services at rates between 384 Kbps and 2.4 Mbps. Moreover, UMTS and GSM technologies enable interoperable applications, support access to GSM and UMTS services via dual-mode UMTS and GSM com- municators, and provide flexible bandwidth for voice, video, and/or data applications. As noted, GSM serves as the mobile component of wireless N-ISDN (Narrowband- Integrated Services Digital Network). UMTS functions as the mobile component of wireless B-ISDN (Broadband-ISDN). 8.20.2 UMTS CAPABILITIES UMTS technology enables next-generation cellular communications, services, and implementations that support seamless communications coverage, on-demand 0889Ch08Frame Page 375 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC bandwidth, ubiquitous access to multimedia configurations, high-quality voice ser- vices, and customizable capabilities for accommodating unique subscriber require- ments. UMTS solutions feature a multiservice platform that enables development of ad hoc or stand-alone wireless networks. The UMTS platform interworks with narrowband and broadband WLANs (Wireless LANs), WMANs (Wireless MANs), and WWANs (Wireless WANs). UMTS implementations also enable voice recogni- tion and paging services, video telephony, voicemail, SMS, multimedia messaging (MM), and fax delivery and provision access to videoconferencing, videotelephony, and teleshopping applications. Additionally, UMTS universal multimode multiband communicators support telecommuting and operations in fields that include teletourism, E-commerce, tele- medicine, and E-government. In 1999, Finland became the first country to grant UMTS licenses to communications operators. UMTS services are available in Fin- land and in Japan. (See Figure 8.4.) 8.20.3 UMTS COMMUNICATORS UMTS communicators range from low-cost pocket devices to sophisticated cellular phones and PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) that support access to a rich combi- nation of voice, video, and data services. UMTS communicators function as trans- ceivers, work in concert with cordless base stations in the home or workplace, and establish links to cellular and/or satellite communications networks when subscribers move outside of SOHO environments. UMTS communicators also provision alphanumeric addressing and private num- bering schemes as well as phone number portability. Only one UMTS communicator and one universal phone number are required to access multimedia services, regard- less of subscriber location and mobility. Because a single UMTS communicator supports multiple functions concurrently, the need for additional cellular devices and fixed wireline phones is eliminated. UMTS solutions enable development of virtual home and virtual workplace networking environments featuring personalized services for UMTS subscribers whenever a UMTS portable device is utilized or a SIM module is removed from one UMTS communicator and inserted into another UMTS communicator. 8.20.4 UNIVERSAL TERRESTRIAL RADIO ACCESS (UTRA) TECHNOLOGY UMTS networks employ the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) interface for enabling seamless 3G operations and services. UTRA supports FDD (Frequency- Division Duplex) and TDD (Time-Division Duplex) radio operations and operates in concert with W-CDMA solutions. UTRA is an evolved GSM third-generation radio access specification defined by the ITU-R M 1457 Recommendation. UTRA FDD refers to IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technology. UTRA TDD refers to IMT- 2000 CDMA TDD. The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) develops UTRA architectures, protocols, and topologies and supports the design and implementation of a global 0889Ch08Frame Page 376 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC FIGURE 8.4 The sample network shows connections via an international backbone to a GSM Library, personal information, and Web sites. Home/Dorm Environment Subscriber/User Wireless Network/Fixed Network Access Network Operator/Core Network Operator Website UMTS Service Delivery Functions Comm International Backbone Value Added Service Provider GSM Library Research Pages Standard Website Personal Information Misc. Mobile User Sample Network Content Providers Payment/Billing UMTS 0889Ch08Frame Page 377 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC © 2002 by CRC Press LLC UTRAN (UTRA Network). 3GPP also delineates procedures for mapping ANSI-41 services on top of UTRAN configurations and methods for enabling transparent operations between cdma2000 and UTRAN implementations. In contrast to GSM systems that employ circuit-switching technology for low- bit rate data transmission, UMTS supports packet-switched and circuit-switched network services. UMTS communications providers offer flat rate and pay-per-bit payment options. The Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) interface for UMTS standards-compliant portable communicators enables subscriber access to diverse voice, video, and data services. 8.20.5 UMTS OR T-UMTS (TERRESTRIAL-UMTS) AND S-UMTS (S ATELLITE-UMTS) OPERATIONS Originally called the Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications Systems (FPLMTS), UMTS technology supports implementation of ubiquitous mobile mul- timedia solutions in a range of frequencies. As an example, the terrestrial component of UMTS or T-UMTS (Terrestrial-UMTS) enables operations in spectral bands between the 1.710 GHz (Gigahertz) and the 1.885 GHz frequencies, the 2.010 GHz and the 2.025 GHz frequencies, the 2.110 GHz and the 2.170 GHz frequencies, and the 2.500 to 2.690 frequencies. The satellite component of UMTS or S-UMTS (Satellite-UMTS) fosters operations in spectral bands that include the 1.980 GHz to the 2.010 GHz frequencies, the 2.170 GHz to the 2.200 GHz frequencies, and the 2.670 to the 2.690 frequencies. S-UMTS operations are also examined in Chapter 10. UMTS trials are conducted in European and Scandinavian countries, including Monaco, Germany, Austria, Finland, and Italy. These pilot implementations bench- mark network performance, verify protocol functions, and validate UMTS support of wireless broadband services. 8.20.6 UMTS AND IMT-2000 A 3G mobile system specification, UMTS is compliant with IMTS-2000 specifica- tions. As noted, UMTS implementations support Web browsing, global roaming, and access to IP (Internet Protocol) applications. Moreover, UMTS initiatives enable stationary and mobile subscribers to access customized voice, video, and data appli- cations via multifunctional, multiservice cellular communicators. In accordance with IMT-2000 objectives, UMTS provides secure and reliable communications services and features the capability to accommodate virtually any communications requirement. Moreover, in parallel with IMT-2000, UMTS pro- visions high-quality voice telephony operations and supports dependable access to wireless and/or wireline network configurations. To promote UMTS acceptance in markets outside the European Union, the European Telecommunications Stan- dards Institute (ETSI) and member states in the European Union have endorsed a European Union Parliament directive stating that UMTS is the core technology for IMT-2000. 0889Ch08Frame Page 378 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 8.20.7 UMTS STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES Subscriber demand for increased access to mobile applications contributes to stan- dardization of 3G UMTS systems. As with IMT-2000, UMTS technical solutions are developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC) and approved by the ITU-T. 8.20.7.1 International Telecommunications Union-Radio Communications Sector (ITU-R) The International Telecommunication Union-Radio Communications Sector (ITU-R) promotes the equitable and economical utilization of the RF (Radio Frequency) spec- trum and development of a global information infrastructure for coordinating operations of current and next-generation wireless systems in space and terrestrial environments. The ITU-R supports the technological convergence of telecommunications and infor- mation technologies, the widespread utilization of PCS solutions, and the development of innovative television and sound broadcasting systems and services. Moreover, the ITU-R enables deployment of standardized mobile satellite services and implementation of standards-compliant second-generation and third-generation cellular communicators that work in concert with GSM and UMTS technologies. 8.20.7.2 Mobile Wireless Internet Forum (MWIF) The Mobile Wireless Internet Forum (MWIF) supports implementation of standard- ized 3G (third-generation) wireless IP networks. 3G IP mobile networks optimize spectrum usage and enable subscribers to wirelessly access video, data, and voice services via standards-compliant UMTS communicators. 8.20.7.3 UMTS Forum The UMTS Forum fosters development of interoperable wireless networks that are universally available and accessible. In addition, the UMTS Forum supports utilization of a distinctive numbering system that provides each UMTS subscriber with one uni- versal telephone number and one handset for enabling total mobility. This unique number also enables UMTS subscribers to be contacted instantaneously regardless of location. The UMTS Forum monitors licensing requirements for 3G systems. Specifications for UMTS developed by the UMTS Forum build on GSM stan- dards and support next-generation IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommuni- cations-Year 2000) goals and objectives. As a consequence, a graceful migration from 2G systems such as GSM and DECT and 2.5G solutions such as GPRS to 3GSM and 3G UMTS services is supported. Manufacturers, network operators, regulators, and value-added service providers participate in UMTS Forum activities. In 1999, the UMTS Forum and the IPv6 Forum agreed to promote utilization of IPv6 for third-generation mobile services and work with the IETF in making IPv6 services universally available. As noted, 0889Ch08Frame Page 379 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) supports the availability of vast numbers of IP addresses to overcome IPv4 addressing constraints. Communications operators and service providers that participate in the IPv6 initiative include Ericsson, Nokia, NTT, Cisco, AT&T, Deutsche Telekom, and WorldCom. 8.20.7.4 UMTS and the World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC) Sponsored by the ITU-T, the World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC), origi- nally known as WARC (World Administration Radiocommunications Conference), initiated work on UMTS specifications in 1992. WRC also established the foundation for global roaming and ubiquitous mobile communications services and applications. As noted, the WRC currently identifies frequency spectrum for development and deployment of satellite and terrestrial components for enabling T-UMTS and S- UMTS solutions. 8.21 TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS-ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GLOBAL EVOLUTION (TDMA-EDGE) TECHNOLOGY 8.21.1 TDMA-EDGE A PPLICATIONS AND SERVICES Approved by the ITU-T in 2000, TDMA-EDGE (Time-Division Multiple Access- Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution), popularly known as EDGE, is a 3G cellular solution defined in the UWC-136 (Universal Wireless Communications-136) specification for radio telecommunications technology (RTT). Developed by TDMA operators, the Universal Wireless Communications Consortium (UWCC), and the GSM Alliance, EDGE technology is an enhanced version of TDMA technology. In addition to the ITU-T, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the TIA, and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute endorse the EDGE spec- ification. Capabilities of 3G TDMA-EDGE deployments are evaluated by Nortel Networks and AT&T in trials conducted in cities across the United States. TDMA-EDGE configurations deliver circuit-switched voice services and packet- switched data services in real-time via channels that support dual-band analog and digital operations. As with TDMA, EDGE promotes convergence between GSM and D-AMPS technologies. TDMA-EDGE solutions also facilitate migration to UMTS implementations. TDMA-EDGE services are deployed in spectrum between the 1.800 and 1.900 GHz higher frequency bands and between the 800 and 900 MHz lower frequency bands, depending on the subscriber’s geographic location. As noted, in the United States, lower-frequency allocations constitute the cellular band and the higher-frequency allocations constitute the PCS band. In the European Union, the United States PCS band is called DCS (Digital Communications Service) 1800 or, optionally, GSM 1800. TDMA-EDGE implementations enable transmission rates up to 384 Kbps in pedestrian microcellular environments and in low-speed vehicular environments. In higher-speed vehicular environments, the TDMA-EDGE platform supports trans- mission rates at 14.4 Kbps. 0889Ch08Frame Page 380 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 8.21.2 UNIVERSAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS CONSORTIUM (UWCC) The Universal Wireless Communications Consortium (UWCC) promotes TDMA- EDGE implementation in 3G wireless networks that employ UMTS technology. The UWCC also supports cellular communications projects that facilitate conversion of AMPS and D-AMPS systems into converged TDMA-EDGE and WIN (Wireless Information Network) solutions. Endorsed by the UWCC, ANSI, and the Global WIN Forum (GWF), WIN provisions enhanced TDMA subscriber services in wire- less environments. 8.22 3GSM (THIRD-GENERATION GSM) Third-generation cellular systems such as 3GSM and UMTS support communications services and sophisticated multimedia applications such as video-on-demand (VOD), music, movies, high-speed multimedia transport, mobile Web applications, and cellular postcards, and feature a next-generation radio–air interface. Currently in development, 3G handsets feature a next-generation radio–air interface and convenient viewing screens, and range in size from a basic cellular phone to a handheld computer. The GSM Association supports migration from second-generation GSM and advanced GSM or 2.5G services such as GPRS to 3GSM solutions and endorses the inclusion of 3GSM as an integral component of the ITU IMT-2000 technology suite. In addition, the GSM Association participates in the Third Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) and works with the UMTS Forum in developing 3G systems. 8.23 EUROPEAN COMMISSION ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES (EC-ACTS) PROGRAM The European Commission Advanced Communications Technologies and Services (EC-ACTS) program sponsored an array of initiatives benchmarking capabilities of advanced GSM and UMTS services in real-world environments. Findings contrib- uted to the development of mobile multiservice platforms for voice, still images, text, and full-motion video applications. 8.23.1 MOBILE MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS (MOMUSYS) The MoMuSys (Mobile Multimedia Systems) initiative supported implementation of mobile broadband applications and interactive video and audio services via cellular networks in the educational, medical, and financial service sectors. More- over, this initiative benchmarked Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees, evaluated capabilities of wireless ATM (WATM) solutions, and assessed satellite support of real-time multimedia delivery via portable multimedia communicators. 8.23.2 SECURITY FOR PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ASPECT) ASPECT trials contributed to an understanding of UMTS capabilities in supporting universal roaming and promoted development of a common billing format. In addi- 0889Ch08Frame Page 381 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC tion, the ASPECT project fostered integration of 2G security mechanisms into 3G UMTS implementations. The ASPECT initiative also sponsored research trials for evaluating capabilities of smart cards and biometric techniques in provisioning subscriber identification and authentication services. 8.24 EUROPEAN COMMISSION INFORMATION SOCIETY TECHNOLOGIES (EC-IST) PROGRAM As with the European Commission ACTS (EC-ACTS) Program, the EC-IST (Infor- mation Society Technologies) Program sponsors an array of initiatives that enhance applications provisioned by second-generation and third-generation cellular network implementations. The initiatives that follow provide an introduction to enhancements in second-generation cellular communications capabilities and highlight develop- ment efforts leading to innovations in third-generation UMTS networks. 8.24.1 BRAIN The BRAIN initiative facilitates development of broadband radio access technology for enabling seamless connections to current and emergent IP multimedia applica- tions. Designed as a wireless extension to GSM, GPRS, EDGE, and UMTS imple- mentations, BRAIN is designed to provision links to voice, video, and/or data services supported by IP networks at rates reaching 2 Mbps in hard-to-reach locations such as airports, exhibition halls, conference centers, and train stations. 8.24.2 CAUTION The CAUTION initiative supports development of reliable and advanced capacity management and administrative services in present-day and next-generation cellular networks. Approaches for eliminating traffic congestion and gridlock are examined. In addition, procedures for enabling seamless network operations and dependable network performance in cellular networks based on technologies including WAP, GPRS, GSM, and UMTS are explored. 8.24.3 IPV6 WIRELESS INTERNET INITIATIVE (6WINIT) The 6WINIT (IPv6 Wireless Internet Initiative) project verifies capabilities of a pan- European IPv6-compliant wireless Internet. The wireless Internet platform employs a mix of technologies, including GPRS and UMTS, for enabling access to mobile E-commerce (M-commerce) and multimedia applications. 8.24.4 TIGRA The TIGRA project utilizes spectrum between the 800 and 900 MHz frequencies for supporting next-generation TETRA-based Public Mobile Radio (PMR) and pub- lic safety services. TETRA systems currently operate in the overcrowded spectral block between the 380 and 430 MHz frequencies within the European Union. 0889Ch08Frame Page 382 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 8.25 ON THE HORIZON: 4G BROADBAND CELLULAR SOLUTIONS In 2000, AT&T and Nortel Networks initiated development of 4G (fourth-generation) cellular networking solutions. These next-generation cellular networks were designed to work in concert with wideband transceivers, multibeam antennas, sophis- ticated modems, Software Definable Radios (SDRs), and advanced power amplifiers for enabling dependable delivery of streaming video and audio applications. In addition, AT&T supports an asymmetric networking configuration called 4G Access. Expected to be available by 2005, 4G Access employs W-OFDM (Wideband- Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) for the downlink channel and EDGE technology for the uplink or the return channel. Transmission rates at 10 Mbps for stationary systems and 384 Kbps for mobile systems will be supported. Nortel Networks supports development of a 4G wireless network that enables voice, video, and transport at rates of 20 Mbps. Ericsson expects to implement 4G cellular systems that provision access to Web resources at rates reaching100 Mbps. NTT DoCoMo also supports development of 4G systems that facilitate access to data, voice, and full-motion video applications at transmission rates between 2 Mbps and 155.52 Mbps. 8.26 CELLULAR HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 8.26.1 H EALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES Health and safety issues related to the use of cellular communicators are increasingly the focus of media attention. Reports on the potential role of cellular phone use in causing short-term memory problems, dizziness, nausea, headaches, biochemical stress, vision impairments, high blood pressure, and cancerous brain and jaw tumors appear regularly in the popular and scientific press. Some findings suggest that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by cellular devices may result in headache, birth defects, miscarriages, behavioral changes, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. According to the United Kingdom National Radiological Protection Board, cellular phone use is associated with significant absorption of microwave energy in the eyes. The brain, nose, tongue and surrounding muscles may also be affected. The Swedish National Institute of Working Life identified a link between the time and the number of calls per day and the prevalence of fatigue, facial tingling sensation, headache, and warming sensations on or around the ear. The Canadian Wireless Telecommunications Association (CWTA) addresses health-related issues associated with handheld devices, antenna installations, and utilization of mobile phones for emergency 911 calls. According to CWTA investi- gations, sufficient evidence to link adverse health effects with exposure to radiowaves emitted by cellular telephony systems has not yet been established. Sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Electromagnetic Fre- quency (EMF) Project supports the documentation of research relating to health effects of exposure to electromagnetic frequencies (EMFs). Results from WHO 0889Ch08Frame Page 383 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC [...]... http://www.wapforum.org/what/WAPWhite_Paper1.pdf © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 0889Ch09Frame Page 3 87 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 2:59 PM 9 9.1 Wireless Technologies and Networks INTRODUCTION WPANs (Wireless Personal Area Networks) , WLANs (Wireless Local Area Networks) , WMANs (Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks) , and WWANs (Wireless Wide Area Networks) operate at various rates and levels of complexity; feature a multiplicity... implementations that support links from the customer premise to wireline networks such as corporate intranets and the Web Moreover, 39 GHz installations optimally enable transmission rates at 1.544 Mbps (T-1) over distances that extend to 2 kilometers 9 .7. 3 9 .7. 3.1 MICROWAVE MARKETPLACE Nortel Networks Nortel Networks supports broadband fixed wireless access (FWA) solutions that employ microwave technology... transmission in local area and wider area environments Wireless networks operate in dynamic and flexible environments for accommodating personal and terminal mobility These networks promote access to traffic tips, weather reports, stock quotes, bank accounts, e-mail, Web services, and enterprisewide networks As with wireline networks, wireless networks facilitate diverse applications such as videoconferencing,... and/or terminal location, and mobility motivates ubiquitous implementation of integrated cellular and wireless networks that interoperate with landline networks As noted in Chapter 8, wireless networks developed apart from cellular networks In the present-day environment, wireless and cellular networks support overlapping services and applications, employ identical or closely related portable devices,... spectral block between the 5.35 and 5 .72 5 GHz frequencies enables building- to -building WLAN connections U-NNI spectrum between the 5 .72 5 and 5.825 GHz frequencies facilitates network operations over a range of several kilometers in rural communities that lack an in-place wireline telecommunications © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 0889Ch09Frame Page 400 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 2:59 PM infrastructure This U-NNI... difficult to achieve and maintain and connectivity to landline networks can also be sporadic (See Figure 9.1.) 9.12.5 BROADBAND FWA ETHERNET LAN MARKETPLACE Broadband FWA Ethernet LANs that conform to IEEE 802.11b requirements enable rates reaching 11 Mbps Vendors active in the broadband FWA Ethernet marketplace include 3Com, Symbol, Apple, Extreme Networks, Ericsson, Fujitsu, Dell, Compaq, Sony Corporation,... (Gigabits per second or OC-48) over distances that range to 4 kilometers FSO broadband wireless implementations support building- to -building connections, disaster recovery operations, and emergency backup services; provide redundant links in case of disasters; and augment capabilities of LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution System) networks FSO configurations can be rapidly setup without permits or licenses... communications networks that support short-range connections that extend to 400 meters and longer connections that extend to 4.5 kilometers SupraConnect implementations employ transceivers mounted on building rooftops to provision direct line-of-sight links 9.5.3.4 OrAccess OrAccess supports implementation of FSO networks for eliminating network gridlock between long-haul optical fiber networks and the... Wednesday, April 17, 2002 2:59 PM 9.9.5 9.9.5.1 ITU-RADIO COMMUNICATIONS SECTOR (ITU-R) Broadband FWA Solutions and Radio Local Area Networks (RLANs) The International Telecommunication Union-Radio Communications Sector (ITUR) develops specifications for point-to-multipoint radio systems and utilization of IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-Year 2000) technologies for enabling broadband fixed... infrastructure to support broadband FWA network solutions ITU-R allocates spectrum between the 1.350 and 2.690 GHz frequencies for broadband FWA networking operations Emergent broadband RLAN specifications operate as extensions to wireline LANs and support ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) implementations that enable rates at 20 Mbps 9.9.5.2 Broadband FWA . wireless networks that interoperate with landline networks. As noted in Chapter 8, wireless networks developed apart from cellular networks. In the present-day environment, wireless and cellular networks. 0889Ch09Frame Page 3 87 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 2:59 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC Innovative wireless networking solutions such as ad hoc or freestanding networks and broadband fixed wireless. UMTS is the core technology for IMT-2000. 0889Ch08Frame Page 378 Wednesday, April 17, 2002 3:00 PM © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 8.20 .7 UMTS STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES Subscriber demand