18. Lincoln’s tone in the last paragraph of Passage 1 (lines 19–34) is a. conciliatory b. hostile c. grandiose d. humble e. firm 19. In Passage 2, lines 35–36, why does Lincoln say there is less occasion for an extended address? a. The war is going well. b. There is no time to speak at length. c. There is little interest in his speech. d. He doesn’t know what else to say. e. Everyone already knows his position. 20. In line 44, in referring to insurgent agents, Lincoln means a. foreign soldiers b. foreign spies c. secessionists d. southern spies e. slave traders 21. In Passage 2, whom does Lincoln blame for the war? a. the North b. the South c. both sides d. neither side e. himself 22. In line 52, the word it in the phrase the territorial enlargement of it refers to a. territory b. slavery c. interest d. government e. the Union –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 32 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 32 23. The passage is most likely an introduction to which of the following? a. a discussion of the global impact of the Great Depression b. an account of the causes and effects of the Great Depression c. a proposal for changes in how the government handles economic crises d. a history of unemployment in the United States e. a comparison of economic conditions in the 1930s and that of today 24. The author cites the emergence of “Hoovervilles” (line 5) as an example of a. federally sponsored housing programs b. the resilience of Americans who lost their jobs, savings, and homes c. the government’s unwillingness to assist citi- zens in desperate circumstances d. a new kind of social program introduced by the government e. the effectiveness of the Hoover administration in dealing with the crisis 25. In line 7, coupled most nearly means a. eloped b. allied c. centralized d. combined e. associated –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 33 Paragraph-Length Critical Reading The passages below are followed by several questions about their content. Read each passage carefully and answer the questions based on what is stated or implied in the text. Questions 23–25 are based on the following passage about the Great Depression. The worst and longest economic crisis in the modern industrial world, the Great Depression in the United States had devastating consequences for American society. At its worst (1932–1933), more than 16 million people were unemployed, more than 5,000 banks had closed, and over 85,000 businesses had failed. Millions of Americans lost their jobs, their savings, and even their homes. The homeless built shacks for temporary shelter—these emerging shantytowns were nicknamed “Hoovervilles,” a bitter homage to President Herbert Hoover, who refused to give government assistance to the jobless. Farmers were hit espe- cially hard. A severe drought coupled with the economic crisis ruined small farms throughout the Great Plains as productive farmland turned to dust and crop prices dropped by 50%. The effects of the Ameri- can depression—severe unemployment rates and a sharp drop in the production and sales of goods—could also be felt abroad, where many European nations were still struggling to recover from World War I. Line (5) (10) 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 33 26. What is the best synonym for immobilizes as it is used in line 2? a. movement b. dislocates c. daunts d. sensitizes e. incapacitates 27. The final sentence of the passage (lines 5–6) serves primarily to a. explain how medicines are derived from snake venom b. show how evolutionarily advanced snakes are c. provide evidence to support the statement made in the previous sentence d. suggest that Brazilian snakes have more cura- tive venom than other snakes e. introduce the idea that there is a special class of drugs used to treat hypertension –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 34 Questions 26–27 are based on the following passage about snake venom. Snake venom is one of the most effective methods of self-preservation in the animal kingdom. It is, essen- tially, toxic saliva composed of different enzymes that immobilizes prey. One type of toxin, known as a hemotoxin, targets the victim’s circulatory system and muscle tissue. The other is called a neurotoxin, and it affects the nervous system by causing heart failure or breathing difficulties. Although deadly, some snake venoms have been found to have curative properties. In fact, toxinologists, herpetologists, and other sci- entists have used the venom of a Brazilian snake to develop a class of drugs that is used to treat hypertension. Line (5) Questions 28–32 are based on the following passage about the Aristotle’s view on friendship. If you have ever studied philosophers, you have surely been exposed to the teachings of Aristotle. A great thinker, Aristotle examines ideas such as eudaimonia (happiness), virtue, friendship, pleasure, and other character traits of human beings in his works. In his writings, Aristotle suggests that the goal of all human beings is to achieve happiness. Everything that we do, then, is for this purpose, even when our actions do not explicitly demonstrate this. For instance, Aristotle reasons that even when we seek out friend- ships, we are indirectly aspiring to be happy, for it is through our friendships, we believe, that we will find happiness. Aristotle asserts that there are three reasons why we choose to be friends with someone: because he is virtuous, because he has something to offer to us, or because he is pleasant. When two peo- ple are equally virtuous, Aristotle classifies their friendship as perfect. When, however, there is a disparity between the two friends’ moral fiber; or when one friend is using the other for personal gain and or pleasure alone, Aristotle claims that the friendship is imperfect. In a perfect friendship—in this example, let’s call one person friend A and the other friend B—friend A wishes friend B success for his own sake. Friend A and friend B spend time together and learn from each other, and make similar decisions. Aris- totle claims, though, that a relationship of this type is merely a reflection of our relationship with ourselves. In other words, we want success for ourselves, we spend time alone with ourselves, and we make the same kinds of decisions over and over again. So, a question that Aristotle raises, then, is: Is friendship really another form of self-love? Line (5) (10) (15) 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 34 28. The primary purpose of the passage is to a. introduce the reader to philosophy b. suggest that Aristotle was a great thinker c. show that human beings are egoistic hedonists d. introduce one aspect of Aristotle’s philosophy e. pose a question for the reader to ponder 29. According to Aristotle, helping a friend get the job she always wanted by writing a recommenda- tion letter would be an example of a. a virtuous person b. an unselfish act c. someone in a perfect friendship d. someone who has self-love e. a person who wants success for all 30. The word disparity in line 9 means a. similarity b. anomaly c. fluctuation d. incongruity e. shift 31. According to the passage, if A befriends B only because A enjoys B’s sense of humor, this would imply that a. B is not a virtuous person b. A is a virtuous person c. both A and B are virtuous people d. A and B are involved in a perfect friendship e. A and B are involved in an imperfect friendship 32. In the last sentence (lines 16–17), the author’s purpose is to a. demonstrate that human beings are selfish b. extrapolate one of Aristotle’s points on friendships c. leave the reader in a quandary d. justify human beings’ behavior e. illustrate for the reader that Aristotle’s teach- ings are complex –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 35 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 35 Pretest Answers Sentence Completions 1. c. Although sets up a relationship of contrast, or opposition. Although the young girl is skinny, she behaves opposite to what one would expect of a skinny person—she eats a lot, or has a ravenous appetite. 2. c. Because signals cause and effect. Sagacious means wise. A wise ruler would rule with compassion. 3. e. There is a clue in this sentence, the phrase: more frivolous. Why? Because we know Percival missed the kind of experiences more frivolous friends had. So, we know he’s not frivolous. Which of the word choices means not frivolous? Choice e, utilitarian ecstatic. Ecstatic experi- ence can be opposed to utilitarian approach. None of the other pairs works in the sentence. 4. d. Think of this sentence as Scientific knowledge is (something), resulting from years of hard work by (somebody). That means the blank will be filled by a word that describes the result of years of hard work. The word is cumulative. The others don’t describe such a result. 5. a. Even though is another phrase that sets up a relationship of opposition, or thwarted expectations. But here, the opposition is between the adjective that goes in the first blank and grandmother’s digestion.Even though this kind of meal causes her trouble, she insists on eating it. The word in the sec- ond blank describes the kind of food she eats even though it causes her trouble. It is close in meaning, then, to the first word. Piquant and spicy are synonyms. None of the other pairs has this relationship. 6. b. Climate conditions in Antarctica are brutal and inhospitable for humans. Therefore, the correct choice is inimical, which means hostile, like conditions in Antarctica. 7. a. The word because signals a relationship of causation. Start by replacing heedful with a more common or familiar word, like the syn- onym aware. Now, you may want to say this sentence to help you figure out the analogy: Because the king was (aware) of (something), he (made sure) (something) (would happen when he died). The only answer choice that can fill in both blanks is a, posterity legacy. Posterity means future generations, and legacy refers to something left behind, so the sen- tence is saying that the king wanted future generations to remember the things he had done after he was gone. 8. c. Actually is an important word here because it signals contradiction—again, dashed expecta- tions. So, the first part of the sentence, up to the comma, means roughly the daredevil had the kind of temperament you wouldn’t expect in a daredevil. The rest of the sentence is an example, an illustration of that aspect of his temperament. You wouldn’t expect a daredevil to have a careful temperament. Perambulate means to get around on your own, so it also works in the sentence. Passage-Length Critical Reading 9. d. In the first paragraph of this passage, the author compares and contrasts a series of words. To correctly answer this question, first pick out the pairs of contrasting words: poeti- cal vs. philosophical; artistic vs. critical; concrete vs. abstract; synthetically vs. analytically; and wholes vs. aggregates. Then you can see that concrete is paired with abstract. 10. c. In the second paragraph, the author discusses two kinds of genius, the critical and the artis- tic. To answer this question, you first have to read the entire paragraph. In line 8, the author says the critical genius creates according to a prearranged theory. In line 12, the author says –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 36 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 36 of the critical genius he does not create. Any of the other answer choices may be considered true, but choice c is the only one found in this passage, so it is the correct one. 11.e.The word colossal comes from the Latin colos- sus and refers to a figure of gigantic propor- tions. The author has been discussing Dante and Michelangelo, both of whom he obviously admires. So, when he calls Beethoven an artist of the same order as those two, even if you don’t know the word colossal, you can assume he is complimenting Beethoven’s artistry. 12. b. In answering this question, it is important to keep in mind the author’s purpose in writing the passage—to praise poetical genius. Beethoven is the sole composer discussed along with other creative artists the author reveres. While some of the other choices may be true, the author does not discuss them in this passage. 13. a. This is a question about the author’s main point, or purpose in writing the passage. The word suggests tells you the exact phrasing of the answer choices may not be found in the passage itself. The author is praising artistic, or poetical genius and writes at length about the artistic imagination. The only answer choice that summarizes the author’s ideas is choice a. Again, while some of the other answers may be true, they are not found in the passage. 14. d. In the first paragraph, Lincoln is discussing two U.S. laws that are philosophically opposed to each other: the fugitive-slave law, which requires a runaway slave to be returned to his or her owner, even if the slave has escaped to a free state, and the law which for- bids the importation of slaves into the coun- try, a law aimed at curtailing the slave trade. He says that each law is as well enforced as any law can be when the community itself is so divided on the moral issues involved. In other words, someone who supports the fugitive-slave law would be pro-slavery; and someone who supports forbidding the foreign slave trade would be opposed to slavery. The only answer choice which correctly restates what Lincoln says is d. 15. b. After Lincoln makes the declaration that sepa- ration would make matters worse, he gives his reasons in the next sentence. He says that each side would grow more firmly entrenched in its own position, a position the opposing side finds offensive. 16. c. This question asks for the point of the entire paragraph. Lincoln makes several points here, and it’s up to you to tie them together into a coherent whole. While each answer is partially true, only choice c sums up Lincoln’s state- ments throughout the paragraph. 17. b. The phrase domestic institutions is used in a sense we find unfamiliar today. Both before and after this phrase, however, Lincoln is dis- cussing laws, and domestic institutions is used as part of that discussion. 18. a. The key to the correct answer here lies in the phrase worthy and patriotic citizens, used to describe those who want to change the Con- stitution. Lincoln goes on to say that he does not object to the proposed amendment. 19. e. Lincoln opens his Second Inaugural Address by saying there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at his first inaugura- tion. He continues by comparing the two occasions, using the words then and now; and saying that the first occasion (then) called for a detailed statement, but that now, little that is new could be presented. 20. c. After using the phrase insurgent agents, Lin- coln says what these agents were doing— seeking to dissolve the Union. In other words, they were secessionists. –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 37 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 37 . implied in the text. Questions 23–25 are based on the following passage about the Great Depression. The worst and longest economic crisis in the modern industrial world, the Great Depression in the United. program introduced by the government e. the effectiveness of the Hoover administration in dealing with the crisis 25. In line 7, coupled most nearly means a. eloped b. allied c. centralized d. combined e for the war? a. the North b. the South c. both sides d. neither side e. himself 22. In line 52, the word it in the phrase the territorial enlargement of it refers to a. territory b. slavery c. interest d.