Tài liệu The complete guide to the toefl IBT reading part 9 pdf

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Passage 2

1 Mount Rainier, the heart of Mount Rainier National Park, is the highest moun-

tain in the state of Washington and in the Cascade Mountain Range The sea level and has an area of about one square mile (2.58 square kilometers) Numerous steam and gas jets occur around the crater, but the volcano has been dormant for many centuries

2 Mount Rainier has a permanent ice cap and extensive snow fields that give rise to over forty glacier: feed swift streams and tumbling waterfalls that race through the glacial valleys The lower slopes of the mountain are covered with forests There are alpine meadows between the glaciers and the forests contain beautiful wild flowers The Wonderland Trail encircles the entire mountain Its 90-mile (145-kilometer) length can be hiked in about a week’s time The Nisqually Glacier is probably the ice region that is most often explored by visitors Not far from theté lies Paradise Valley, where hotel accom- modations are available

7 To which of the following does the word If in the passage refer? © The national park

8 The word J

©) snow fields

©) steam and gas jets

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©) forests © wild flowers © alpine meadows © glacial valleys 10 What does the word & © Paradise Valley © Wonderland Trail ©) Nisqually Glacier © Mount Rainier in the passage refer to? Passage 3

| Some people associate migration mainly with birds Birds do travel vast dis-

tances, but mammals also migrate 7 is caribou, reindeer that graze

on the grassy slopes of northern Canada When the weather turns cold, they

travel south until spring Their tracks are so worn into the land that they are

clearly visible from the air Another migrating mammal is the Alaskan fur seal These seals breed only in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea The young are born in June and by September are strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey as far as southern California The males do not journey so far

swim only to the Gulf of Alaska In the spring, males and females all return to the island, and thére the cycle begins again Whales are among the greatest migrators of all The humpback, fin, and blue whales migrate thousands of miles each year from the polar seas to the tropics Whales eat huge quantities of tiny plants and animals (called plankton) THES are most abundant in cold polar waters In winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed and give birth to their young 11 The phrase/Aii exam © migratory mammal © place where mammals migrate ©) migratory bird

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y in the passage refers to © female seals © young seals © the islands © male seals

14 The word ì in the passage refers to C the Gulf of Alaska

15 The word These in the passage refers to

1 Design is the arrangement of materials to produce artistic or functional effects Design plays a role in visual arts as well as in the creation of commercial prod-

ucts: Designers are concerned with the direction of lines, the size of shapes, and

the shading of colors They arrange these patterns in ways that are satisfying to viewers Various elements are involved in creating a pleasing design

Harmony, or balance, can be obtained in a number of ways It may be either symmetrical (in balance) or asymmetrical (out of balance, but still pleasing to the eye) Or a small area may balance a large area if it has an importance to the eye (because of bright color, for example) which equals that

larger area

Contrast is the opposite of harmony The colors red and orange harmonize, since orange contains red A circle and an oval harmonize because ñ

made up of curved lines But a short line does not harmonize with a long line I€ is in contrast

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_in the passage refers to © acolor © anarea © importance © balance

1 in the passage is a reference to

19 The word It in paragraph 3 refers to © ashort line ©) the color red © along line © contrast 20 The word it in paragraph 4 refers to ©) balance © unity © adesign © aconsistent whole Passage 5

1 In most of the earliest books for children, illustrations were an afterthought But in the Caldecott “toy books” (named after the British illustrator Randolph Caldecott), which first appeared in 1878, were almost as important as the

lines of text, and occupied far more space in the book One can almost read the

story from the dramatic action in the pictures

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2

hehe

Since then, thousands of successful picture books have been published in the United States and around the world In 1 the words and illustrations seem to complement each other perfectly Often a single person is responsible for both writing and illustrating the book One of the greatest, and certainly one

of the most successful, illustrator-authors was Dr Seuss, whose real name was

Theodor Geisel His first children’s book, And to Think That | Saw It on Mulberry

Street, hit the market in 1937, and the world of children’s literature was

changed forever Seuss’s playful drawings were a perfect complement to his engaging stories and unforgettable characters In 1957, Seuss’s The Cat in the

Hat became the first book in Random House's best-selling series, Beginner

Books, written by Seuss and several other authors ombine outrageous illustrations of people, creatures, and plants, and playful stories written in ve simple language (The Cat in the Hat, for example, uses only 250 words, an estimate of the number of words that a six-year-old can read.)

Dr Seuss is not the only well-known author-illustrator, of course There is Max Sendak, who wrote and illustrated Where the Wild Things Are, the story of a little boy named Max who becomes king of the fierce (but funny) creatures

live in the Land of the Wild Things Robert McCloskey produced both the richly

textured illustrations and the delightful story of a family of ducks living in down- town Boston, Make Way for Ducklings Some books are produced by a

collaborative author-artist team Author Margaret Wise Brown combined with illustrator Clement Hurd to produce two delightful books loved by very young children, Goodnight Moon and The Runaway Bunny

band-and-wife team of writer Audrey Wood and illustrator Don Wood, who were responsible for King Bidgood’s in the Bathtub and The Napping House

Wordless and nearly wordless picture books have also become popular With a little help, three- and four-year-olds can follow the sequence of events, and they can understand the stories suggested in

few or no words is that they allow children and their parents the opportunity to tell and retell the same stories over and over in /own words One of the most charming examples of a wordless book is Jan Omerod’s Sunshine Barbara Berger’s Grandfather Twilight and David Weisner’s Tuesday are examples of books containing only a few words

U.S publishers have also drawn on illustrators from other countries whose original, imaginative works have brought £ different visions to American children’s books Among them are Leo Lionni from Italy, Feodor Rojankovsky from

Russia, and Taro Yashimi from Japan

21 The word they in the passage refers to

©) the earliest books for children ©) lines of text

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22 The phras © picture books © illustrations © authors © words in the passage refers to the best 23 In the passage, the word 8 refers to ©) Dr Seuss’s drawings © unforgettable characters © successful illustrator-authors ©) the books of the Beginner Book series in the passage refers to © 250 words ©) outrageous illustrations © The Cat in the Hat

©) people, creatures, and plants

in the passage refers to ©) the fierce creatures

©) the book Where the Wild Things Are © the Land of the Wild Things 26 The phrase © a husband-and-wife team © a delightful book © an author-artist team © abook similar to King Bidgood’s in the Bathtub n the passage refers to an example of

27 In the passage, the word them refers to © three- and four-year-old children © events in a book

28 The word t

© children and their parents ©) books with few or no words © charming examples C the books Sunshine, Grandfather Twilight, and Tuesday in paragraph 4 is a reference to 29 In paragraph 5, the word © USS publishers

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đ® Passage 6

Sericulture, or silk production, has a long and colorful history unknown to most people Archaeological finds show that sericulture dates to at least 2500 B.c., and may be much older For much of that time, China kept the secret of silk to | as one of the most zealously guarded secrets in history Anyone revealing the secret of silkworm culture or trying to smuggle silkworm eggs out of China was punished by death

The key to China’s domination of silk production lies with one species native to China: the blind, flightless moth Bombyx mori This insect lays five hundred or more eggs in four or five days and dies soon after The eggs are like pinpoints— one hundred of théim weigh only one gram From one ounce (28.3 grams) of eggs come about 30,000 worms (the larvae of the moth), which eat a ton of white mulberry leaves and produce twelve pounds (5.4 kilograms) of raw silk The silkworm of Bombyx mori produces smoother, finer, and rounder thread than other silkworms Over thousands of years, this Chinese moth has evolved into the specialized silk producer that it is today

At one time, silk was reserved exclusively for the use of the Chinese

emperor Gradually, all classes of society began wearing silk In addition to being used for clothing and decoration, silk came to have industrial uses in China is something that happened in the West only in modern times Silk was used for musical instruments, fishing lines, bowstrings, bonds of all kinds, and even for manufacturing paper During the Han Dynasty, silk became an absolute value in itself Farmers paid taxes in both grain and silk Values were calculated in lengths of silk as thy had once been calculated in gold The importance of silk is even reflected in all the dialects of the Chinese language For example, of the 5,000 most common characters in the Mandarin alphabet, around 250 have silk as

“key.”

In spite of their secrecy, the Chinese eventually lost their monopoly on silk production Sericulture reached Korea around 200 B.c when immigrants from

China arrived thére Sericulture came to India in a.p 300 In A.D 440, a prince

of Khotan married a Chinese princess She wore a huge hairpiece, and when she left China, she hid silkworm eggs in ff It was not until A.o 550 when sericulture came to the West Silkworms were carried by travelers in hollow tubes of bam- boo to Constantinople This allowed a silk industry to be established in the Middle East and later Italy However, high-quality Chinese silks still had a market in the West

It was around 300 B.c when Greeks and Romans first heard rumors of Seres (China), the kingdom of silk Perhaps the first Romans to actually see silk were the soldiers of Marcus Licinius Crassus, governor of Syria At the battle of Carrhae, near the Euphrates River, the Romans were startled to see 1

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PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN

6 Silks were brought to Rome by means of the Silk Road There were actually

two routes, a land route and a sea route The former stretched from northern

China through northern India and then across central Asia to Roman-controlled Damascus Silks were carried by camel caravans on this route lay across the Indian Ocean Silks were brought to Jiaozhi and shipped from the port that is now the city of Haiphong Via ports in India and Sri Lanka, the silk- carrying ships sailed to Roman-controlled Egypt The land route, in particular,

had immense effects on history, not just on that of Rome and China, but

of all the lands that it passed through All sorts of trade goods—silver, gold, jade, spices, porcelain—passed along the route Ideas traveled the Silk Road too the concept of Buddhism was carried from India to China by merchants on the Silk Road The Silk Road created the first diverse international culture, exposing many peoples to the ideas and riches of both Roman and Chinese cultures

7 In the last thirty years, world silk production has doubled even though there are artificial fibers that can replace it China and Japan together manufacture more than 50% of the world’s silk Beginning in the 1970's, the first country that developed sericulture thousands of years ago dramatically increased it silk production and is again the world’s leading producer of silk

Glossary

Khotan: an independent kingdom on the edge of the Taklamakan Desert in what is today western China

Constantinople: the capital of the eastern (Byzantine) Roman Empire (today called Istanbul)

Parthians: Central Asian people who ruled an empire centered in today’s Iran; the Parthian Empire fought several wars with the Roman Empire

Jiaozhi: a Chinese-ruled territory in present-day Vietnam

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30 The word i © sericulture © China C5 2500 5.c © asecret n the passage is a reference to 31 In the passage, the word © eggs © silkworms © four or five days © mulberry leaves es) es Sy ©i 4 NI

n the passage refers to

in the passage refers to

36 The word if in the passage refers to © sericulture

©) the Roman soldiers

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38 The phrase © the sea route

r in the passage refers to

tin the passage refers to © the history of Rome and China

40 The phrase An impoi + : n the passage refers to an example of © an idea that traveled on the Silk Road

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SENTENCE ADDITION QUESTIONS

Sentence addition questions tell you to look at a paragraph in the reading passage In that paragraph, there are four black squares You are given a sentence that is not in the passage and told to add it to the paragraph at one of the four places marked by the black squares You must decide which of these four squares is the most logical place for the missing sentence When you click on one of the squares, the sentence will appear at that point in the paragraph

Sentence addition questions test your understanding of correct sequencing, of paragraph organization, and especially of paragraph cohesion You can think of cohesion as the “glue” that holds the sentences of a paragraph together There are certain devices that writers use to achieve cohesion You can sometimes use these devices as clues to help you find the best place to put the “new” sentence You might see these devices either in the reading passage or in the new sentence Devices:

= Signal Words

Scientists have many theories about why the Ice Ages took place However, none of these theories can fully explain why ice sheets formed at certain periods and not at others

The signal word However links these two sentences It shows that there is a

contrast between the information in the first sentence and the information in the second

Stone tools are more durable than bones Therefore, the tools of early humans are found more frequently than the bones of their makers

These two sentences are joined by the signal word Therefore This word indicates a

conclusion Because the information in the first sentence is true, the information in the second sentence also is true

African art first came to the attention of Europeans around 1905 when art critics and artists recognized the dynamic qualities of African sculpture Furthermore, some of the top European artists of the time, such as Picasso and Modigliani, used African art as inspiration for their own work

These sentences are linked by the signal word Furthermore This signal words indicates addition The first sentence provides you with certain information about a topic (African art), and the second sentence provides you with more information on the same topic

If we watch a cell divide under a microscope, what do we see? First, the nucleus

of the cell begins to look different The dense material then thins out in the middle Finally, a new cell wall forms between the two nuclei The cell has divided The signal words in this paragraph indicate sequence They are used to link sentences that describe a series of events, or as in this paragraph, the steps of a process (cell division)

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When people look at cloud formations, they have a tendency to see imaginary shapes For example, they may see faces, animals, maps, household objects, boats, or fairyland figures Similarly, when people view inkblots on a piece of paper, they may see meaningful shapes Psychologists have long thought that people’s responses when they are asked to explain what they see in a set of inkblots reveal a lot about these people’s personalities This concept is the basis for the

Rorschach inkblot test, which first appeared in 1921

For example links the second sentence to the first by providing a specific example (cloud shapes) to illustrate the general concept presented in the first sentence The key word similarly is linked to the first two sentences by comparing similar con- cepts (The idea of seeing shapes in clouds is similar to the idea of seeing shapes in inkblots.) Here is a list of common signal words: Contrast however, on the other hand, nevertheless, unlike , in contrast Conclusion | therefore, consequently, thus, hence Addition furthermore, in addition, moreover Sequence first, after that, afterwards, later, next, then, finally, lastly Examples _| for example, for instance Similarity similarly, likewise, like _ = Personal Pronouns

Blood travels through the great arteries it then passes into smaller arteries until reaching the capillaries They join to form veins, which carry the blood back to the heart

The pronoun It in the second sentence refers back to the referent blood in the first sentence, linking those two sentences Likewise, the pronoun they in the third sentence refers back to capillaries in the second and links those two sentences

= Demonstratives

A number of methods of improving worker motivation and performance were developed in the 1970's One of these was called Management by Objectives (MBO) This technique was designed to improve morale by having workers set their own goals

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= Synonyms

The earliest remains of ancient animals are those of soft-bodied jellyfish-like ani-

mals, worms, and proto-insects The fossils of these creatures show us that, while

some animals remained simple, others were becoming increasingly complex These two sentences are linked by the word fossils, which is a synonym for remains = Repetition of Key Words

Hydrilla is an invasive plant imported to Florida from Sri Lanka some fifty years ago to be used as a decorative plant in home aquariums Hydrilla has overgrown

more than 40% of the state’s rivers and lakes, making life miserable for boaters

and often impossible for native wildlife

The repetition of the key word hydrilla links these two sentences

In addition to these language clues, you can also use content clues The new sentence might be in contrast to one of the sentences in the passage The new sentence might give an example of something mentioned in the passage, or it might represent a missing step in a process or a sequence of events

Remember: There must be some kind of key in either the passage or in the new sentence that links the new sentence to either the sentence that comes before the new sentence or the one that comes after it There must be something—an idea, a word, a phrase—that tells you where to put the new sentence It’s up to you to find the clues!

The third type of natural pathway is called a sweepstakes route This is dispersal caused by the chance combination of favorable conditions./ Bird watchers are familiar with “accidentals,” birds that appear in places far from their native areas Sometimes they may find a habitat with

favorable conditions and “colonize” it.g§ Gardeners are familiar with

“volunteers,” cultivated plants that grow in their gardens although they never planted the seeds for these plants Besides birds and plants, insects, fish, and mammals also colonize new areas Sweepstakes routes are unlike either corridors or filter routes in that organisms that travel these routes would not be able to spend their entire lives in the habitats that they travel through

Follow these steps when you answer a sentence addition question:

1 Read the new sentence carefully, then read the sentences in the paragraph that are marked with black squares as well as the sentences immediately before and after the black squares

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3 If the answer is not clear, look for content clues that could tie the new sentence to the sentence that comes before or after it

4 Look for places in the passage where the focus seems to shift from one topic to another abruptly, without much transition

5 You may be able to eliminate certain squares between two sentences because those sentences are closely joined and could not logically be separated 6 If you still cannot find the answer, just go on to the next question and come

back to this question later by means of the Review function

Here are parts of two passages taken from the Reading Preview Test and sentence addition questions about them

Sample 1

Look at the four squares [ll] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

They may be blown off course by storms or may be escaping population pressures in their home areas

The third type of natural pathway is called a sweepstakes route This is dispersal caused by the chance combination of favorable conditions Bird watchers are familiar with “accidentals,” which are birds that appear in places far from their native areas ll Sometimes they may find a habitat with favorable conditions and “colonize” it BH Gardeners are familiar with “volunteers,” cultivated plants that grow in their gardens although they never planted the seeds for these plants ll Besides birds and plants, insects, fish, and mammals also colonize new areas Sweepstakes routes are unlike either corridors or filter routes in that organisms that travel these routes would not be able to spend their entire lives in the habitats that they pass through Circle the square |) that indicates the best place to add the sentence

Language clues: The personal pronouns They and their link this sentence to the referent “accidentals” in the second sentence

Content clue: The new sentence explains how the “accidentals” can appear in places far from their native areas You may have thought that they and their in the missing sentence refers to “volunteers,” but this is not logical The seeds of plants cannot be blown “off course” because plants do not have a “course” (a chosen direction) They blow wherever the wind takes them Plants also cannot choose to escape population pressures

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Sample 2

Look at the four squares [li] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

After all, they say, the statues themselves show that the islanders were skilled stoneworkers

DNA testing has proven that all Easter Islanders were in fact descended from Polynesians li The current theory is that the Hanau Momoko and Hanau Eepe were two of several clans of islanders, all of whom built statues ml The “statue toppling wars” broke out among the clans as the island became over- populated When one group won a victory over another, they toppled their enemies’ statues lm Archaeologists say that the resemblance between the expert stonework of the Easter Islanders and that of the Inca is coincidental g As for the sweet potato, most scientists believe that sweet potato seeds came to the island in the stomachs of sea birds a cs > = va Q Circle the square || that indicates the best place to add the sentence

Language clue: The personal pronoun they in the new sentence is a link to the referent Archaeologists in the previous sentence The phrase skilled stone workers in the new sentence also connects with the phrase expert stonework in the previous sentence

Content clue: The new sentence explains how the resemblance between the stonework of the islanders and the stonework of the Inca could be coincidental

Answer: Choose the fourth black square

You will see three sentence addition questions in each Reading Section (one for each passage) The sentence addition question will generally be the second-to-last question in each set of questions (followed by a Summary or Chart Question)

EXERCISE 7.1

Focus: Understanding paragraph organization and cohesion and answering sentence addition questions

DirEcTIONs: Read the new sentence and the passage that follows Circle the square in the passage to mark the place where the new sentence best fits into the passage

1 Look at the four squares {m] that indicate where the following sentence could

be added to the passage

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