FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.21 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS TABLE 21-21 Number of arms in mild steel pulley Details of spokes Diameter, mm No Of diameter 250–500 560–710 800–1000 1120 1250 1400 1600 1800 2000 10 12 14 16 18 18 22 19 19 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 Source: IS 1691, 1968 Particular Formula Mild Steel Pulley Minimum length of boss (Fig 21-3) l ẳ a=2 21-28ị 10 to 16 h >16 h and continuous service 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 10 h DC motors; series-wound and compound wound; single-cylinder internal-combustion engines; multicylinder internal-combustion engines 10 to 16 h >16 h and continuous service 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8 10 h Note: This table gives only a few examples of particular machines If an idler pulley is used, the following values must be added to the service factors: inside: 0:1 inside: Idler pulley on the tight side Idler pulley on the slack side outside: 0:2 outside: 0:1 Source: IS 2494, 1964 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.29 TABLE 21-28 Nominal inside length, nominal pitch lengths and permissible length variations for V-belts Nominal inside length, mm 610 660 711 787 813 889 914 965 991 1016 1067 1092 1168 1219 1295 1372 1397 1422 1473 1524 Nominal pitch length, mm Cross-section A 645 696 747 823 848 925 950 1001 1076 1051 1102 1128 1204 1255 1331 1433 1451 1509 1560 B C Pitch length variation D E PLLa MVLb ỵ11.4 6.4 ỵ12.5 7.5 932 2.5 1008 ỵ14.0 À8.9 1059 1110 1212 1262 1339 1415 1440 1466 1567 þ16.0 À9.0 1351 1580 5.0 1600 1626 1651 1727 1778 1905 1981 2032 2057 2159 2286 2438 2464 2540 2667 2845 3048 3150 3251 3404 3658 4013 4115 4394 4572 1636 1661 1687 1763 1814 1941 2017 2068 2093 2195 2322 2474 1694 1770 1821 1948 2024 2101 2202 2329 2703 2880 3084 2507 2583 2710 2888 3091 3287 3294 3693 3701 4056 4158 4437 4615 ỵ17.8 12.5 1783 1991 þ30 À16 2113 2215 2342 2494 2723 2901 3104 3205 3307 3459 3713 4069 4171 4450 4628 7.5 ỵ34 18 3127 3330 3736 4092 4194 4473 4651 10 ỵ38 21 þ43 À24 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 12.5 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.30 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE TABLE 21-28 Nominal inside length, nominal pitch lengths and permissible length variations for V-belts (Cont.) Nominal pitch length, mm, Cross section Nominal inside length, mm A Pitch length variation B D E 4996 5377 5009 5390 6101 6863 7625 8387 9149 5032 5413 6124 5886 7648 8410 9172 9934 10696 12220 5426 6137 6899 7661 8423 9185 9947 10709 12233 37 ỵ76 43 13744 15268 16792 4953 5334 6045 6807 7569 8331 9093 9855 10617 12141 C 13757 15281 16805 þ89 À50 þ105 PLLa MVLb þ49 À28 þ56 À32 þ65 15 17.5 13665 15189 16713 À59 a Pitch length limit Maximum variation in length within a matched set Source: IS 2494, 1964 b TABLE 21-29 Dimensions for standard V-grooved pulleys Groove section Pitch width, lp , Minimum height of groove above pitch line, bmin , mm Minimum depth of groove below pitch line, h, min, mm Center to center distance of grooves, e, mm A 11 3.3 8.7 15 Æ 0:3 B 14 4.2 10.1 19 Æ 0:4 C 19 5.7 14.3 25:5 Ỉ 0:5 D 27 8.1 19.9 37 Ỉ 0:6 E 32 9.6 23.4 44:5 Ỉ 0:7 Edge of pulley to first groove center, f , mm þ2 À1 þ2 12.5 À1 þ2 17 þ1 þ3 24 ỵ4 29 10 Source: IS: 3142-1965 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS Particular 21.45 Formula ROPES Manila rope (Tables 21-32 and 21-34) Pu ¼ 48053d The ultimate load SI ð21-54aÞ USCS ð21-54bÞ where d in m and Pu in kN Pu ¼ 7000d where d is diameter of rope in in and Pu in lbf F ỵ Fc where d in m and F1 in N F F1 ¼ 200d ¼ F þ þ Fc where d in in and F1 in lbf The maximum tension on the tight side F1 ẳ 137:5 104 d ẳ F ỵ 21-55aị USCS 21-55bị Customary Metric F1 ẳ 0:14d SI 21-55cị where d in mm and F1 in kgf P ¼ vð0:6 À 6:7  10À4 Fc Þ Power transmitted SI ð21-56aÞ where Fc in N, P in kW, and v in m/s 2v ð200 À Fc Þ 105 where Fc in lbf and P in hp Pẳ USCS 21-56bị Refer to Table 21-32 for Fc ¼ values of coefficients for manila rope Hemp ropes d br where The load on the hemp rope 21-57ị Fẳ br ẳ breaking stress, MPa (psi) ¼ 9:81 MPa (1.42 kpsi) for white rope ¼ 8:82 MPa (1.28 kpsi) for tarred rope TABLE 21-32 Value of coefficient Fc for manila rope Velocity, mps Coefficient, Fc 7.50 2.96 10.00 5.40 12.50 8.44 15.00 12.60 17.50 16.10 20.00 21.00 22.50 26.55 25.00 32.89 27.50 39.69 30.00 41.17 32.50 55.34 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 35.00 64.40 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.46 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Particular Formula The load on the hemp rope in terms of nominal diameter of rope F ¼ 7:7  106 d for white rope SI ð21-58aÞ USCS ð21-58bÞ SI ð21-58cÞ USCS ð21-58dÞ where d in m and F in N F ¼ 1120d where d in in and F in lbf F ¼  106 d for tarred rope where d in m and F in N F ¼ 1020d where d in in and F in lbf HOISTING TACKLE The effort on the rope in case of single-sheave pulley (Fig 21-6) Pẳ D ỵ d ỵ 2s Q ¼ CQ D À d À 2s0 ð21-59Þ Refer to Table 21-33 for C FIGURE 21-6 Rope passing over sheave FIGURE 21-7 Load on a hoist The effort on the rope in a hoist for raising the load (Fig 21-7) Pẳ Cn C 1ị Q Cn 21-60ị The pull required on the rope in a hoist for lowering the load P0 ẳ C1 Q CCn 1ị ð21-61Þ TABLE 21-33 Value of C Manila rope Wire rope Dry chain Greased chain 1.15 1.07 1.10 1.04 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS Particular Efficiency of hoist 21.47 Formula ẳ Cn nCn C 1ị 21-62ị where n ẳ number of times a rope passes over a sheave Continuous system Fig (21-8) In the continuous system one continuous rope passes around the driving and driven sheaves several times, in addition to making one loop about tension pulley located on a traveling carriage FIGURE 21-8 Continuous system The relation between ultimate load, bending and service load in wire rope Pu ! Pb ỵ Ps n The bending load Pb ¼ kA Another formula connecting ultimate strength of rope, tensile load on rope (P), dimensions of the rope, wire, and sheave diameter ð21-63aÞ dw D where k ¼ 82728:5 MPa (12 Mpsi) Pu ¼ À n0 d D P dw d ð21-63bÞ ð21-63cÞ E0 u where D ¼ minimum diameter of sheave or pulley, m (in) n0 ¼ stress factor ¼ nkd n ¼ safety factor kd ¼ duty factor obtainable from Table 21-35 Area of useful cross-section of the rope The approximate ultimate strength of plow-steel ropes A¼ u À n0 d D P dw E0 d ð21-63dÞ Pu ¼ 524;000d for  and  19 ropes SI ð21-64aÞ where Pu in kN and d in m Pu ẳ 76d USCS 21-64bị SI 21-64cị where Pu in lbf and d in in Pu ¼ 517;800d for  37 ropes where Pu in kN and d in m Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS TABLE 21-34 Manila rope Breaking load Pitch Size designation (C)a mm Number of yards per strand 25 32 35 38 41 44 51 57 64 70 76 83 89 95 102 108 114 121 127 140 152 165 178 203 229 254 279 305 330 356 381 406 432 457 11 13 17 20 24 28 33 37 43 48 54 60 67 81 96 113 131 171 216 267 323 384 451 523 600 683 771 864 a Linear density kilotex 53 66 89 107 120 138 191 226 294 346 413 489 569 635 742 831 933 1,090 1,159 1,329 1,661 1,954 2,265 2,958 3,736 4,620 5,583 6,640 7,800 9,044 10,376 11,811 13,335 14,943 Grade 2.6C a mm 3.2C a mm 20.7–25.5 26.5–32.6 29.0–36.7 31.5–38.7 34.0–41.8 36.4–44.8 42.2–52.0 47.2–58.1 53.0–65.2 58.0–71.3 62.9–77.4 68.7–M.6 73.7–90.7 78.7–96.8 84.5–104.0 89.4–110.1 94.4–116.2 100.2–123.3 105.2–129.4 116.0–142.7 125.9–154.9 136.6–168.2 147.4–181.4 168.1–206.9 189.6–233.8 210.3–258.8 231.0–284.3 252.5–360.5 273.2–336.3 294.8–362.8 315.5–388.3 336.2–413.8 357.7–440.3 378.4–465.7 kN 5.4 6.9 8.9 10.5 12.3 14.2 19.9 23.9 31.6 37.6 44.8 52.1 59.5 68.0 76.5 85.2 95.4 105.1 116.1 139.0 163.9 190.8 219.7 282.5 353.2 432.9 520.1 616.8 719.9 829.5 953.1 1081.6 1216.1 1362.1 Grade kgf kN 546 711 902 1,067 1,257 1,448 2,032 2,439 3,226 3,836 4,572 5,309 6,071 6,935 7,798 8,687 9,729 10,719 11,837 14,174 16,714 19,457 22,404 28,805 36,019 44,147 53,038 62,893 73,409 84,586 97,185 10,292 24,009 38,894 4.7 6.2 7.8 9.3 11.0 12.6 17.7 21.2 28.1 33.4 39.9 46.3 53.1 60.5 68.0 75.7 84.7 93.4 103.1 123.6 145.5 169.4 195.3 251.1 313.9 384.6 462.3 548.0 639.7 737.3 846.9 961.8 1081.1 1210.6 kgf 483 635 800 953 1,118 1,283 1,803 2,159 2,870 3,404 4,064 4,725 5,410 5,172 6,935 7,722 8,636 9,525 10,516 12,599 14,834 17,273 19,915 25,604 32,005 39,219 47,145 55,883 65,230 75,188 86,364 98,049 110,241 123,450 Grade kN 4.1 5.5 6.9 8.2 9.6 11.0 15.4 18.4 24.7 29.1 34.9 40.6 46.3 52.8 59.5 66.3 74.2 81.7 95.2 108.1 127.0 148.0 170.9 219.7 274.5 336.3 404.5 479.3 559.5 645.2 740.8 841.5 946.1 1059.2 kgf 419 559 699 838 978 1,118 1,575 1,880 2,515 2,972 3,556 4,140 4,725 5,383 6,071 6,757 7,570 8,332 9,703 11,024 12,955 15,088 17,425 22,404 27,992 34,292 41,252 48,872 57,051 65,789 75,543 85,805 96,474 108,006 C stands for nominal circumference of the rope TABLE 21-35 Duty factor and life of mechanism of electric wire rope hoists Duty factor Average life Mechanism class Strength Wear Running h/day Total life h, over 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 3.0 over 2500 9000 20000 40000 Source: IS 3938, 1967 21.48 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.49 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS Particular Formula Pu ẳ 75d USCS 21-64dị where Pu in lbf and d in in The nominal bearing pressure pẳ 2Pt Dr Di Cu 21-65ị where C ẳ 0:0015 Refer to Table 21-33 for C DRUMS Wire rope drum The number of turn on the drum for one rope member (Fig, 21-9) The length of the drum iS ỵ2 D 2iS ỵ p for one rope lẳ D 2iS ỵ 12 p ỵ p1 for two ropes lẳ D nẳ 21-66ị 21-67aị 21-67bị where S ¼ height to which the load is raised, m (in) FIGURE 21-9 Wire rope drum The minimum diameter of groove of sheaves and drums (d) dgs ẳ d ỵ 0:8 mm to d0 ỵ 3:2 mm The thickness of wall of drum made of cast iron h ¼ 0:02D þ 0:6 to 1:0 cm ð21-68Þ The outside diameter of the drum (Fig 21-9) Do ẳ D ỵ 6dị 21-69ị The depth of groove in drum or sheave h1 < À 1:5d ð21-70Þ The outside diameter of sheave (dos ) dos ẳ ds ỵ 2h1 where ds ẳ minimum diameter of sheave, m Stresses developed in drum The maximum bending stress The maximum torque on the drum 8FlD ðD4 D4 ị i Dỵd Mt ẳ F b ¼ where d ¼ diameter of rope Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ð21-71Þ ð21-72Þ FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.50 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Particular The maximum shear stress The crushing stress The combined stress according to normal stress theory Formula ¼ 16Mt D ðD4 À D4 ị i c ẳ 21-73ị F ph 21-74ị where p ¼ pitch of the grooves on the drum qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 21-75ị ẳ 2 ỵ 2 ỵ 4 d c b where d ¼ design stress HOLDING CAPACITY OF WIRE ROPE REELS The rope capacity (L) in meters in any size length may be calculated by the formula L¼ H ỵ Dr ịWH 1000d 21-76ị WIRE ROPE CONSTRUCTION For wire rope strand construction, diameter, weight, breaking load for different purposes Refer to Tables 21-36 to 21-39 and Figs 21-10 to 21-16 For wire rope data, factor of safety, values of C, and application Refer to Tables 21-40 to 21-45 CHAINS Hoisting chains The working load for the ordinary steel common coil chain Pw ẳ 84;800d SI 21-77aị USCS ð21-77bÞ Customary Metric ð21-77cÞ where d in m and Pu in kN Pw ¼ 12;300d where d in in and Pu in lbf Pw ¼ 8:65d where d in mm and Pu in kgf The working load for stud chain Pw ẳ 60;310d SI 21-78aị USCS 21-78bị where d in m and Pu in kN Pw ¼ 8750d where d in in and Pu in lbf Pw ẳ 6:15d Customary Metric 21-79ị where d in mm and Pu in kgf Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS TABLE 21-36 Steel wire ropes (from Indian standards) Nominal breaking strength of rope Tensile strength of wire Diameter of rope mm Strand construction Group  19  12/6/1 1216 ỵ 6F/ 9/9/1 10=5 ỵ 5F/1 (Fig 21-10) Group 37 14/7 and 7/7/1; 14=7ỵ 7F/7/1; 1618ỵ 8F6/1 15/15/6/ 1; 18=12=6=1;  16/8 and 8/1/1 (Fig 21-11) 1568–1716 MPa (160–175 kgf/mm2) Approx weight N/m kgf/m kN tf 1716–1863 MPa (175–190 kgf/mm2) kN tf General Engineering Purposes 10 12 14 16 18 2.4 4.3 5.3 7.5 9.2 12.3 0.24 0.44 0.54 0.76 0.94 1.25 33.3 64.7 84.3 106.9 131.4 189.3 3.4 6.6 8.6 10.9 13.4 19.3 36.3 70.6 92.2 116.7 144.2 206.9 3.7 7.2 9.4 11.9 14.7 21.1 20 22 24 25 29 32 35 38 41 44 48 51 54 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 25 29 32 35 38 41 44 48 51 54 57 64 70 14.4 18.0 20.9 23.6 29.9 36.8 44.6 53.3 62.5 72.4 83.2 94.5 106.8 4.4 5.9 7.3 9.0 12.3 15.5 17.7 20.6 32.2 29.3 36.2 43.9 52.2 61.3 71.0 81.6 92.8 104.7 117.5 145.0 175.3 1.47 1.84 2.13 2.41 3.05 3.75 4.55 5.43 6.37 7.38 8.48 9.64 10.89 0.45 0.60 0.74 0.92 1.32 1.58 1.81 2.10 2.37 2.99 3.69 4.48 5.32 6.25 7.24 8.32 9.46 10.68 11.98 14.79 17.98 221.6 254.0 294.2 333.4 423.6 522.7 623.5 752.2 886.5 1026.8 1175.8 1345.6 1514.1 60.8 79.4 101.0 124.5 179.5 209.9 241.2 278.5 318.7 398.2 493.3 598 712.0 836.5 971.8 1116.0 1266.0 1434.1 1604.4 1982.2 2401.6 22.6 25.9 30.0 34.0 43.2 53.3 64.6 76.7 90.4 104.7 119.9 137.2 154.4 6.2 8.1 10.3 12.7 18.3 21.4 24.6 28.4 32.5 40.6 50.3 61.0 72.6 85.3 99.1 113.8 129.1 146.3 163.6 202.2 244.9 241.2 278.5 323.6 368.7 462.9 570.7 692.3 826.7 971.8 1125.8 1295.5 1474.9 1664.2 66.7 87.3 110.8 136.3 196.1 230.5 263.8 304.0 349.1 438.4 543.3 658.0 782.6 916.9 1065.9 1225.8 1394.5 1574.0 1763.2 2172.2 2630.1 24.6 28.4 33.0 37.6 47.2 58.2 70.6 84.3 99.1 114.8 132.1 150.4 269.7 6.8 8.9 11.3 13.9 20.0 23.5 26.9 31.0 35.5 44.7 55.4 67.1 79.8 93.5 108.7 125.0 142.2 160.5 179.8 221.5 288.0 FIGURE 21-10 Round strand group  19 FIGURE 21-11 Round strand group  37 21.51 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.52 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE TABLE 21-36 Steel wire ropes (from Indian standards) (Cont.) Nominal breaking strength of rope Tensile strength of wire Diameter of rope mm Strand construction 1568–1716 MPa (160–175 kgf/mm2) Approx weight N/m kgf/in 1716–1863 MPa (175–190 kgf/mm2) kN tf kN tf  24 Fiber Core (Fig 21-12) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 25 29 32 35 38 41 44 48 51 54 2.1 3.1 5.3 6.6 7.8 11.7 13.8 16.1 18.2 20.4 26.3 31.8 38.8 46.7 54.0 63.1 73.0 82.0 93.4 0.21 0.32 0.54 0.67 0.80 1.19 1.41 1.64 1.86 2.08 2.68 3.24 3.96 4.76 5.51 7.43 7.44 8.36 9.52 29.4 53.9 74.5 92.2 112.8 164.8 196.1 228.5 258.9 289.3 368.7 448.2 548.2 662.9 762.0 891.4 1025.0 1166.0 1315.1 3.0 5.5 7.6 9.4 11.5 16.8 20.0 23.3 26.4 29.5 37.6 45.7 55.9 67.6 77.7 90.9 104.6 118.9 134.1 32.4 59.8 81.4 102.0 123.6 181.4 214.8 249.1 278.5 313.8 403.1 493.3 603.1 722.7 836.5 976.7 1125.8 1274.9 1443.5 3.3 6.1 8.3 10.4 12.6 18.5 21.9 25.4 28.4 32.0 41.1 50.3 61.5 73.7 85.3 99.6 114.8 130.0 147.3 Group 11 F  9/12/Á;  10/12/Á;  12/12/Á; (Fig 21-14) 14 16 18 20 22 24 25 29 32 35 38 41 44 48 51 8.3 10.2 13.7 16.3 20.1 23.2 26.4 33.2 41.2 49.6 59.0 69.1 81.0 92.7 105.0 0.85 1.04 1.40 1.66 2.05 2.37 2.69 3.39 4.20 5.05 6.02 7.05 8.26 9.45 10.71 112.8 143.2 208.9 246.1 284.4 323.6 363.8 462.9 572.7 692.5 816.9 966.9 1116.0 1275.2 1454.3 11.5 14.6 21.3 25.1 29.0 33.0 37.1 47.2 58.4 69.6 83.3 98.6 113.8 130.1 148.3 121.6 155.9 224.6 263.8 308.9 349.1 393.2 498.2 622.7 737.5 886.5 1036.6 1216.0 1374.9 1574.0 12.4 15.9 22.9 26.9 31.5 35.6 40.1 50.8 53.5 75.2 90.4 105.7 124.0 140.2 160.5 FIGURE 21-12 Round strand group  24 fiber core FIGURE 21-14 Compound flattened strand, group II F Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.53 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS TABLE 21-36 Steel wire ropes (from Indian standards) (Cont.) Nominal breaking strength of rope Tensile strength of wire Diameter of rope mm N/m kgf/in 17  7, 18  (Fig 21-15) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 25 29 32 35 39 2.5 4.1 5.6 7.8 9.6 12.9 15.2 18.9 21.9 24.8 31.4 38.8 46.8 55.9 34  (Fig 21-13) 15 18 20 22 24 25 29 32 35 38 44 51 10.2 13.4 16.0 19.8 22.8 26.0 32.9 40.6 49.0 58.3 79.5 103.9 Strand construction 1568–1716 MPa (160–175 kgf/mm2) Approx weight kN tf 1716–1863 MPa (175–190 kgf/mm2) kN tf 0.25 0.42 0.57 0.80 0.98 1.32 1.55 1.93 2.23 2.53 3.20 3.96 4.77 5.70 35.3 68.6 87.3 113.8 142.2 201.0 237.3 268.7 313.8 359.9 443.3 548.2 672.7 802.2 3.6 7.0 8.9 11.6 14.5 20.5 24.2 27.4 32.0 36.6 45.2 55.9 68.6 81.8 1.04 1.37 1.63 2.02 2.32 2.65 3.35 4.14 5.00 5.95 8.21 10.59 134.4 193.2 225.6 263.8 299.1 344.2 433.5 538.4 647.2 771.8 1025.8 1334.7 13.7 19.7 23.0 26.9 30.5 35.1 44.2 54.9 66.0 78.7 104.6 136.1 FIGURE 21-16(a) Metal core FIGURE 21-13 Multistrand nonrotating ropes 34  FIGURE 21-16(b) Metal core FIGURE 21-15 Multistrand nonrotating ropes 17  and 18  Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.54 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE TABLE 21-36 Steel wire ropes (from Indian standards) (Cont.) Nominal breaking strength of rope Tensile strength of wire Diameter of rope mm N/m Group  19  19 (12/6/1);  19 filler wire,  19 (9/9/1) Seale 10 12 14 16 18 20 21 25 1.5 2.5 3.9 5.4 7.4 9.3 12.2 14.2 18.1 22.1 Group  19  19 filler wire;  19 (9/9/1) Seale 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 2.0 3.4 4.9 6.9 8.3 10.9 13.2 16.7 19.6 0.20 0.35 0.50 0.70 0.85 1.10 1.35 1.70 2.00 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 4.4 5.9 8.3 10.3 13.7 16.2 19.6 24.5 0.45 0.60 0.85 1.05 1.40 1.65 2.00 2.50 Strand construction  25 flattened strand Approx weight kgf/m 1079–1226 MPa (110–125 kgf/mm2) kN 1226–1372 MPa (125–140 kgf/mm2) tf kN tf 1.5 2.3 4.0 5.5 7.7 9.6 12.7 15.0 18.8 23.3 16.7 26.5 44.1 58.8 86.3 107.9 139.5 166.7 207.9 255.0 1.7 2.7 4.5 6.0 8.8 11.4 14.2 17.0 21.2 26.0 21.3 37.6 49.0 68.6 88.3 112.8 137.3 181.4 01.0 2.2 3.8 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.1 14.0 18.5 20.6 24.5 42.2 53.9 79.4 98.1 132.4 152.0 205.9 235.4 2.5 4.3 5.5 8.1 10.0 13.5 15.5 21.0 24.0 42.2 56.9 79.4 102.9 137.3 161.8 203.0 243.2 4.3 5.8 8.1 10.5 14.0 16.5 20.7 24.8 49.0 64.7 90.2 117.7 151.0 184.4 230.5 272.6 5.0 6.6 9.2 12.0 15.4 18.8 23.5 27.8 Lifts and Hoists 0.15 14.7 0.25 22.6 0.40 39.2 0.55 53.9 0.75 75.5 0.95 94.1 1.25 124.5 1.45 147.1 1.85 184.4 2.25 225.6 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS TABLE 21-36 Steel wire ropes (from Indian Standard) (Cont.) Nominal breaking strength of rope Tensile strength of wire 6Â7 Diameter Approx weight of rope, mm N/m kgf/m 1373.0–1520.0 MPa (140–155 kgf/mm2) 1520.0–1667.0 MPa (155–170 kgf/mm2) 1667.0–1814.2 MPa (170–185 kgf/mm2) kN kN kN tf kN tf 19 20 22 24 25 26 27 28 31 35 Strand construction 1225.8–1373.0 MPa (125–140 kgf/mm2) Winding purposes in mines 166.7 17.0 183.5 18.9 192.2 19.6 211.8 21.6 224.6 22.9 250.1 25.5 254.0 25.9 283.4 28.9 283.3 29.5 325.6 33.2 310.0 31.6 341.3 34.8 332.4 33.9 366.7 37.4 368.7 37.6 410.0 41.8 453.1 46.2 512.8 52.3 553.1 56.4 618.9 63.1 199.1 230.4 268.7 309.1 349.1 399.1 391.9 443.3 548.2 662.9 20.3 23.5 27.4 31.5 35.6 39.9 40.7 45.2 55.9 67.6 213.8 250.1 289.3 333.4 378.6 402.1 430.5 478.6 598.2 717.8 21.8 25.5 29.5 34.0 38.6 41.0 40.9 43.8 71.2 73.2 12.8 15.0 17.7 29.3 23.0 24.6 26.3 29.2 35.9 43.4 1.31 1.53 1.80 2.07 2.35 2.51 2.68 2.98 3.66 4.43 tf tf Nominal breaking strength of rope Tensile strength of wire 1373–1520 MPa (140–155 kgf/mm2) 1520–1667 MPa (155–170 kgf/mm2) 1667–1814 MPa (170–185 kgf/mm2) Diameter Approx weight of rope, mm N/m kgf/m kN tf kN tf kN tf kN tf 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Strand construction  19 1226–1373 MPa (125–140 kgf/mm2) 154.9 179.5 193.2 206.2 222.6 237.3 268.7 291.3 318.7 348.1 372.6 400.1 428.5 447.1 471.7 493.3 518.8 548.2 580.5 611.2 629.6 650.2 15.8 18.3 19.7 21.1 22.7 24.2 27.4 29.7 32.5 35.5 38.0 40.8 43.7 45.6 48.1 50.3 52.9 55.9 59.2 62.4 64.2 66.3 171.6 199.1 213.2 229.5 246.1 263.8 300.1 326.5 352.1 383.4 413.8 443.3 473.7 498.2 522.7 548.2 572.7 608.0 641.3 678.6 696.3 714.9 17.5 20.3 21.8 23.4 25.1 26.9 30.6 33.3 35.9 39.1 42.2 45.2 48.3 50.8 53.3 55.9 58.4 62.0 65.4 69.2 71.0 72.8 189.3 221.6 237.3 254.0 273.6 294.2 334.4 365.8 394.2 423.6 456.0 483.5 522.7 545.2 572.7 608.1 632.5 672.7 707.1 752.2 772.8 792.4 19.3 22.6 24.2 25.9 27.9 30.0 34.1 37.3 40.2 43.2 46.5 49.3 53.3 55.6 58.4 61.5 64.5 68.6 72.1 76.7 78.8 80.8 206.9 243.2 260.8 278.5 301.1 323.6 368.7 399.1 436.4 462.9 502.1 536.4 572.7 603.1 632.5 663.9 692.3 732.5 773.7 826.7 849.3 868.9 21.2 24.8 26.6 28.4 30.7 33.0 37.7 40.7 44.5 47.2 51.2 54.7 58.4 61,5 64.5 67.7 73.6 74.7 78.9 84.3 86.6 88.6 13.2 14.6 16.4 18.0 19.5 20.9 23.6 26.6 28.3 31.3 33.8 35.6 38.2 39.7 41.6 43.1 44.6 47.3 50.2 53.3 55.9 59.2 1.35 1.49 1.67 1.84 1.99 2.13 2.41 2.71 2.89 3.19 3.45 3.63 3.90 4.05 4.24 4.39 4.55 4.82 5.12 5.43 5.70 6.04 21.55 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.56 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE TABLE 21-36 Steel wire ropes (from Indian Standard) (Cont.) Nominal breaking strength of rope Tensile strength of wire Diameter Approx weight of rope, mm N/m kgf/m Strand construction 1226–1373 MPa (125–140 kgf/mm2) kN 1373–1520 MPa (140–155 kgf/mm2) 1520–1667 MPa (155–170 kgf/mm2) 1667–1814 MPa (170–185 kgf/mm2) tf kN tf kN tf kN tf 41 42 44 46 48 51 54 62.5 65.4 72.4 78.1 83.2 94.5 106.8 6.37 6.67 7.38 7.96 8.48 9.64 10.89 726.7 781.6 836.5 893.3 950.3 1100.3 1230.7 74.1 79.7 85.3 91.1 96.9 112.2 125.5 803.2 863.9 926.7 995.4 1057.2 1217.0 1365.1 81.9 88.1 94.5 101.5 107.8 124.1 139.2 886.5 955.2 1025.8 1101.3 1175.8 1345.6 1514.1 90.4 97.4 104.6 112.3 119.9 157.2 155.4 771.8 1048.3 1125.8 1210.1 1225.5 1475.0 1664.2 99.2 106.9 114.8 123.4 192.1 150.4 169.7 19 21 22 24 25 29 22 25 31 41 44 48 51 54 57 64 70 12.9 15.5 17.7 20.6 23.2 29.3 36.2 43.9 52.2 61.3 71.0 81.6 92.8 104.8 117.6 145.0 175.3 1.32 1.58 1.81 2.10 2.37 2.99 3.69 4.48 5.32 6.25 7.24 8.32 9.45 10.68 11.98 14.79 17.88 145.1 170.6 195.8 222.5 260.0 318.7 343.7 478.6 572.7 665.1 676.9 896.3 1006.2 1156.2 1285.6 1624.0 1932.9 14.8 17.4 19.9 23.4 26.4 32.5 35.0 48.8 58.4 67.8 69.0 91.4 102.6 117.9 131.1 165.6 197.3 162.8 190.2 218.7 254.0 289.3 359.0 393.2 548.2 642.3 757.1 857.1 1006.2 1135.6 1295.5 1444.5 1793.6 2172.2 16.6 19.4 22.3 25.9 29.5 36.6 48.1 55.9 65.5 70.2 87.4 102.6 115.8 132.1 147.3 182.9 221.5 179.5 209.8 241.2 278.6 318.4 398.1 493.3 598.2 712.0 836.5 871.8 1116.0 1226.0 1434.7 1604.4 1912.9 2401.6 18.3 21.4 24.6 28.4 32.5 40.6 50.3 61.0 72.6 85.3 99.1 113.8 129.8 146.3 163.6 202.2 244.9 196.1 230.5 263.8 304.0 349.1 438.4 543.3 658.0 782.6 916.9 1066.0 1225.8 1394.0 1574.0 1763.2 2172.2 2630.0 20.0 23.5 26.9 31.0 35.6 44.7 55.4 67.1 79.8 93.5 108.7 125.0 142.2 160.5 179.8 221.5 268.2 6Â7 19 Triangular core 21 22 15.0 17.6 20.1 1.53 1.79 2.05 181.4 205.9 244.2 18.5 21.0 24.9 199.1 228.5 268.7 20.3 23.3 27.4 216.7 249.1 294.2 22.1 25.4 30.0 235.4 272.6 313.7 24.0 27.8 32.6 Group IF  7=Á 24 25 28 31 36 23.24 26.28 33.24 41.19 49.62 2.37 2.68 3.39 4.20 5.06 278.5 313.8 403.1 498.2 598.2 28.4 32.0 41.1 50.8 61.0 306.9 347.1 443.3 553.1 662.9 31.3 35.4 45.2 56.4 67.6 333.4 378.5 483.5 608.0 727.6 34.0 38.6 49.3 62.9 74.2 363.8 413.8 528.6 658.0 792.4 37.1 42.2 53.1 67.1 80.8 Group IIF  8/Á;  8/12 Or less/Á;  9/12 Or less/Á;  10/12 19 21 22 24 25 29 32 15.00 17.55 20.10 23.24 26.28 33.24 41.18 1.53 1.79 2.05 2.37 2.68 3.39 4.20 179.5 209.9 234.4 273.6 304.0 393.2 473.6 18.3 21.4 23.9 27.9 31.0 40.1 48.3 194.2 228.5 258.9 299.1 333.4 428.5 522.7 19.8 23.3 26.4 30.5 34.0 43.7 53.3 208.9 246.1 284.4 323.6 363.8 492.9 572.7 21.3 25.1 29.0 33.0 37.1 47.2 58.4 224.6 263.8 308.9 349.1 393.2 498.2 622.7 22.9 26.9 31.5 35.6 40.1 50.8 63.5  37 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.57 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS TABLE 21-36 Steel wire ropes (from Indian Standard) (Cont.) Nominal breaking strength of rope Tensile strength of wire 1226–1373 MPa (125–140 kgf/mm2) 1373–1520 MPa (140–155 kgf/mm2) 1520–1667 MPa (155–170 kgf/mm2) 1667–1814 MPa (170–185 kgf/mm2) Diameter Approx weight of rope, mm N/m kgf/m kN tf kN tf kN tf kN tf Or less/Á;  12/12 Or less/Á 35 38 41 44 48 51 49.62 5.06 59.03 6.02 69.14 7.05 81.00 8.26 92.67 9.45 105.03 10.71 572.7 677.6 825.2 916.2 1075.8 1216.0 58.4 69.1 84.3 93.6 109.7 124.0 627.6 766.9 896.3 1016.0 1175.8 1334.7 64.0 78.2 91.4 103.6 119.9 136.1 682.5 816.9 966.9 1116.0 1275.8 1454.3 69.6 83.3 98.6 113.8 138.1 140.3 737.5 886.5 1036.6 1216.0 1375.0 1574.0 75.2 90.4 105.7 124.0 140.2 160.5 Group IIIF  15/12/A  18/12/A 19 21 22 24 25 29 32 35 38 41 44 48 51 54 57 64 70 15.00 17.55 20.10 23.05 26.28 33.24 41.19 49.62 59.04 69.14 81.00 92.67 105.03 118.17 133.57 164.26 198.58 156.9 184.4 208.9 234.4 273.6 354.0 443.3 517.8 627.6 747.3 857.1 986.5 1125.7 1255.2 1448.5 1793.6 2152.5 16.0 18.8 21.3 23.9 27.9 36.1 45.2 52.8 64.0 76.2 87.4 100.6 114.8 128.0 147.3 189.9 219.5 174.6 205.0 234.4 263.8 304.0 388.3 488.4 577.6 682.5 816.9 946.3 1085.6 1235.4 1385.7 1584.2 1954.8 2341.8 17.8 20.9 23.9 26.9 31.0 39.6 49.8 58.9 69.6 83.3 96.5 110.7 126.0 141.3 161.6 199.1 238.8 193.2 226.5 258.9 294.2 333.4 423.6 533.5 537.4 757.1 886.5 1036.6 1185.6 1348.5 1514.1 1724.0 2112.6 2550.7 19.7 23.1 26.4 30.0 34.0 43.2 54.4 65.0 77.2 90.4 105.7 120.9 137.2 154.4 175.8 215.4 260.1 210.8 247.1 284.4 323.6 363.8 458.0 577.6 656.3 821.8 986.1 1125.8 1285.6 1452.8 1643.7 1863.3 2278.2 2740.0 21.5 25.2 29.0 33.0 37.1 46.7 58.9 71.0 83.8 97.5 114.8 131.1 148.3 167.6 190.0 231.7 279.4 Strand construction 1.53 1.79 2.05 2.35 2.68 3.39 4.20 5.06 6.02 7.05 8.26 9.45 10.71 12.05 13.62 16.75 20.25 Minimum break load Approx weight Strand construction  ð6  1) Round For tensile designation Diameter rope, mm N/100 m kgf/100 m 10 11 12 217.7 275.6 340.3 411.9 490.3 Haulage purposes in mines 22.2 33.3 3400 28.1 42.3 4300 38.7 52.2 3320 42.0 63.1 6430 50.0 75.1 7660 1569.3 MPa 160 kgk/mm2 1765.2 MPa 180 kgf/mm2 37.6 47.5 58.6 71.0 84.4 3830 4840 5980 7240 8610 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.58 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE TABLE 21-36 Steel wire ropes (from Indian Standard) (Cont.) Minimum breaking load of rope For tensile designation Approx weight 1569 MPa (160 kgf/mm2) 1765 MPa (180 kgf/mm2) Diameter of rope, mm N/100 m kgf/100 m kN kgf kN kgf  (6  1) Round 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 35 574.7 666.9 870.8 1098.3 1225.8 1363.1 1500.4 1647.5 1961.3 2128.0 2304.6 2481.1 2667.4 2863.5 3275.9 4167.8 58.6 68.0 88.8 112.0 125.0 139.0 153.0 168.0 200.0 217.0 235.0 253.0 272.0 292.0 334.0 425.0 88.1 102 133 169 188 209 229 252 300 326 352 380 409 438 501 638 8980 10400 13600 17200 19200 21300 23400 25700 30600 33200 35900 38700 41700 44700 51100 65100 99 115 150 190 212 234 259 283 337 367 396 428 460 493 564 719 10100 11700 15300 19400 21600 23900 26400 28900 34400 37400 40400 43600 46900 50300 57500 73300  19 (9/9/1) Round 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 28 29 32 35 36 38 599.2 695.3 908.1 1147.4 1284.7 1422.0 1569.1 1716.2 2039.8 2216.3 2422.2 2785.5 2981.2 3628.4 4344.3 4599.3 5413.2 61.1 70.9 92.6 117 131 145 160 175 208 226 247 284 304 370 443 469 552 87.8 102 133 169 187 208 229 251 299 325 351 407 436 532 636 673 750 8950 10400 13600 17200 19100 21200 23400 25600 30.500 33100 35800 41500 44500 54200 64900 68600 76500 99 115 150 189 211 233 258 282 336 365 395 459 491 598 716 757 843 10100 11700 15300 19300 21500 23800 26300 28800 34300 37200 40300 46700 50100 61000 73000 77200 86000 Strand construction Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS 21.59 FLEXIBLE MACHINE ELEMENTS TABLE 21-36 Steel wire ropes (from Indian Standard) (Cont.) Minimum breaking load of rope For tensile designation Approx weight 1569 MPa (160 kgf/mm2) 1765 MPa (180 kgf/mm2) Diameter of rope, mm N/100 m kgf/100 m kN kgf kN kgf  (7/Á) Triangular 13 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 28 29 31 35 675.7 783.5 1019.9 1294.5 1441.6 1598.5 1765.2 1931.9 2304.5 2500.1 2696.8 3128.3 3363.7 3844.2 4893.5 68.9 79.9 104 132 147 163 180 197 235 255 275 319 343 392 499 95.9 111 145 183 205 227 250 275 327 354 383 445 478 545 695 9780 11300 14800 18700 20900 23100 25500 28007 33306 36100 39100 45400 48700 55600 70900 106 124 161 204 228 252 278 305 363 393 426 493 530 605 771 10800 12600 16400 20800 23200 25700 28300 31100 37000 40100 43400 50300 54000 61700 78600  22 (9/12/Á) Triangular 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 28 29 32 35 38 685.5 794.3 1039.5 1314.1 1461.2 1618,1 1784.8 1961.3 2334.0 2530.1 2736.0 3137.3 3412.7 4148.2 4962.1 5854.5 69.9 81 106 134 149 165 182 200 238 258 279 324 348 423 506 597 93.1 108 141 178 199 221 243 267 317 343 372 431 463 564 675 795 9490 11000 14400 18200 20300 22500 24800 27200 32300 35000 37900 44000 47200 57500 68800 81100 104 120 157 198 222 245 270 296 353 384 414 481 515 629 750 885 10610 12200 16000 20200 22600 25000 27500 30200 36000 39100 42200 49000 52500 64000 76500 90200 Strand construction Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ... 3150 325 1 3404 36 58 4013 4115 4394 45 72 1636 1661 1 687 1763 181 4 1941 20 17 20 68 20 93 21 95 23 22 2474 1694 1770 1 82 1 19 48 20 24 21 01 22 02 2 329 27 03 28 80 3 084 25 07 25 83 27 10 28 88 3091 3 28 7 329 4 3693... 1 .84 1.91 1.99 2. 06 2. 13 2. 21 2. 28 2. 28 2. 35 2. 35 2. 35 2. 35 2. 35 2. 28 2. 28 2. 20 2. 13 2. 06 1.99 0.14 0 .27 0.46 0. 68 0 .88 1.04 1.15 1.39 1.50 1.69 1.77 1.91 2. 06 2. 13 2. 28 2. 35 2. 43 2. 50 2. 57 2. 65... 21 28. 0 23 04.6 24 81 .1 26 67.4 28 63.5 327 5.9 4167 .8 58. 6 68. 0 88 .8 1 12. 0 125 .0 139.0 153.0 1 68. 0 20 0.0 21 7.0 23 5.0 25 3.0 27 2.0 29 2.0 334.0 425 .0 88 .1 1 02 133 169 188 20 9 22 9 25 2 300 326 3 52 380