METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE FIGURE 11-9 Press-fit pressures between steel hub and shaft (1 psi ¼ 6894.757 Pa; in ¼ 25.4 mm) (Baumeister, T., Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1978.) 11.13 FIGURE 11-10 Variation in tensile stress in cast-iron hub in press-fit allowance (1 psi ¼ 6894.757 Pa; in ¼ 25.4 mm) (Baumeister, T., Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1978.) FIGURE 11-11 Press-fit pressure between cast-iron hub and shaft (1 psi ¼ 6894.757 Pa; in ¼ 25.4 mm) (Baumeister, T., Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1978.) Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 11.14 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website g5 g4 f8 f7 f6 e9 e8 e7 e6 d10 d9 d8 c11 c9 c8 b9 a9 System of basic shaft À270 À300 À140 À170 À70 À88 À70 À100 À70 À145 À30 À48 À30 À60 À30 À78 À20 À28 À20 À32 À20 À38 À20 À50 À10 À18 À10 À22 À10 À28 À04 À08 À04 À09 — À270 À295 À140 À165 À60 À74 À60 À85 À60 À120 À20 À34 À20 À45 À20 À60 À14 À20 À14 À24 À14 À28 À14 À39 À06 À12 À06 À16 À06 À20 À02 À05 À02 À06 Limits esb eic es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei À280 À316 À150 À186 À80 À102 À80 À116 À80 À170 À40 À62 À40 À76 À40 À98 À25 À34 À25 À40 À25 À47 À25 À61 À13 À22 À13 À28 À13 À35 À05 À09 À05 À11 10 À290 À333 À150 À193 À95 À122 À95 À138 À95 À205 À50 À77 À50 À93 À50 À120 À32 À43 À32 À50 À32 À59 À32 À75 À16 À27 À16 À34 À16 À43 À06 À11 À06 À14 10 18 24 30 À300 À352 À160 À212 À110 À143 À110 À162 À110 À240 À65 À98 À65 À117 À65 À149 À40 À53 À40 À61 À40 À73 À40 À92 À20 À33 À20 À41 À20 À53 À07 À13 À07 À16 18 24 TABLE 11-10 Tolerancesa for shafts for sizes up to 500 mm 40 50 À310 À320 À372 À382 À170 À180 À232 À242 À120 À130 À159 À169 À120 À130 À182 À192 À120 À130 À280 À290 À80 À119 À80 À142 À80 À180 À50 À66 À50 À75 À50 À89 À50 À112 À25 À41 À25 À50 À25 À64 À09 À16 À09 À20 30 40 65 80 À340 À360 À414 À434 À190 À200 À264 À274 À140 À150 À186 À196 À140 À150 À214 À224 À140 À150 À330 À340 À100 À146 À100 À174 À100 À220 À60 À79 À60 À90 À60 À106 À60 À134 À30 À49 À30 À60 À30 À76 À10 À18 À10 À23 50 65 100 120 À380 À410 À467 À497 À220 À240 À307 À327 À170 À180 À224 À234 À170 À180 À257 À267 À170 À180 À390 À400 À120 À174 À120 À207 À120 À260 À72 À94 À72 À107 À72 À126 À72 À159 À36 À58 À36 À71 À36 À90 À12 À22 À12 À27 80 100 À460 À560 À260 À360 À200 À263 À200 À300 À200 À450 120 140 À520 À620 À280 À380 À210 À273 À210 À310 À210 À460 À145 À208 À145 À245 À145 À305 À85 À110 À85 À125 À85 À148 À85 À185 À43 À68 À43 À83 À43 À106 À14 À26 À14 À32 140 160 À580 À680 À310 À410 À230 À293 À230 À330 À230 À480 160 180 Diameter steps, mm À660 À775 À340 À455 À240 À312 À240 À355 À240 À530 180 200 À740 À855 À380 À495 À260 À332 À260 À375 À260 À550 À170 À242 À170 À285 À170 À355 À100 À129 À100 À146 À100 À172 À100 À215 À50 À79 À50 À96 À50 À122 À15 À29 À15 À35 200 225 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500 À820 À920 À1050 À1200 À1350 À1500 À1650 À935 À1050 À1180 À1340 À1490 À1655 À1805 À420 À480 À540 À600 À680 À760 À840 À535 À610 À670 À740 À820 À915 À995 À280 À300 À330 À360 À400 À440 À480 À352 À381 À411 À449 À489 À537 À577 À280 À300 À330 À360 À400 À440 À480 À395 À430 À460 À500 À540 À595 À635 À280 À300 À330 À360 À400 À440 À480 À570 À620 À650 À720 À760 À840 À880 À190 À210 À230 À271 À299 À327 À190 À210 À230 À320 À350 À385 À190 À210 À230 À400 À440 À480 À110 À125 À135 À142 À161 À175 À110 À125 À135 À162 À182 À198 À110 À125 À135 À191 À214 À232 À110 À125 À135 À240 À265 À290 À56 À62 À68 À88 À98 À108 À56 À62 À68 À108 À119 À131 À56 À62 À68 À137 À151 À165 À17 À18 À20 À33 À36 À40 À17 À18 À20 À40 À43 À47 225 250 METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website n5 n4 m7 m6 k7 k6 j7 j6 j5 h11 h10 h9 h8 h7 h6 h5 g6 System of basic shaft es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei esb eic es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei Limits À04 À12 À00 À05 À00 À08 À00 À12 À00 À18 À00 À30 00 48 00 75 ỵ03 02 ỵ06 02 ỵ08 04 þ09 þ01 þ13 þ01 þ12 þ04 þ16 þ04 þ12 þ08 þ13 þ08 — À02 À08 À00 À04 À00 À06 À00 À10 À00 À14 À00 À25 À00 À40 À00 À60 þ02 À02 þ04 À02 þ06 þ04 þ06 þ00 þ10 þ01 þ08 þ02 þ02 — þ07 þ04 þ08 þ04 10 18 À05 À06 À14 À17 À00 À00 À06 À08 À00 À00 À09 À11 À00 À00 À15 À18 À00 À00 À22 À27 À00 À00 À36 À43 À00 À00 À58 À70 À00 À00 90 110 ỵ04 ỵ05 02 03 ỵ07 ỵ08 02 03 þ10 þ12 À05 À06 þ10 þ12 þ01 þ01 þ16 þ19 þ01 þ01 þ15 þ18 þ06 þ07 þ21 þ25 þ06 þ07 þ14 þ17 þ10 þ12 þ16 þ20 þ10 þ12 10 24 30 À07 À20 À00 À09 À00 À13 À00 À21 00 33 00 52 00 84 00 130 ỵ05 04 þ09 À04 þ13 À08 þ15 þ02 þ23 þ02 þ21 þ08 þ29 þ08 þ21 þ15 þ24 þ15 18 24 30 40 À09 À25 À00 À11 À00 À16 À00 À25 À00 À39 00 62 00 100 00 160 ỵ06 05 ỵ11 05 þ15 À10 þ18 þ02 þ27 þ02 þ25 þ09 þ34 þ09 þ24 þ17 þ28 þ17 40 50 TABLE 11-10 Tolerancesa for shafts for sizes up to 500 mm (Cont.) 50 65 À10 À29 À00 À13 À00 À19 À00 À30 À00 À46 00 74 00 120 00 190 ỵ06 07 ỵ12 07 þ18 À12 þ21 þ02 þ32 þ02 þ30 þ11 þ41 þ11 þ28 þ20 þ33 þ20 65 80 80 100 À12 À34 À00 À15 À00 À22 À00 À35 À00 À54 À00 À87 00 140 00 220 ỵ06 09 ỵ13 09 ỵ20 15 þ25 þ03 þ38 þ03 þ35 þ13 þ48 þ13 þ33 þ23 þ38 þ23 100 120 120 140 À14 À39 À00 À18 À00 À25 À00 À40 À00 À63 À00 À100 À00 À160 00 250 ỵ07 11 ỵ14 11 ỵ22 18 ỵ28 ỵ03 þ43 þ03 þ40 þ15 þ55 þ15 þ39 þ27 þ45 þ27 140 160 160 180 Diameter steps, mm 180 200 À15 À44 À00 À20 À00 À29 À00 À46 À00 À72 À00 115 00 185 00 290 ỵ07 13 ỵ16 13 ỵ25 21 ỵ33 ỵ04 ỵ50 ỵ04 ỵ46 ỵ17 ỵ63 ỵ17 ỵ45 þ31 þ51 þ31 200 225 225 250 250 280 À17 À49 À00 À23 À00 À32 À00 À52 À00 À81 À00 130 00 210 00 320 ỵ07 16 ỵ16 16 ỵ26 26 ỵ36 ỵ04 ỵ56 ỵ04 ỵ52 ỵ20 ỵ72 ỵ20 ỵ50 þ34 þ57 þ34 280 315 315 355 À18 À54 À00 À25 À00 À36 À00 À57 À00 À89 À00 À140 À00 230 00 360 ỵ07 18 ỵ18 18 ỵ29 28 ỵ40 þ04 þ61 þ04 þ57 þ21 þ78 þ21 þ55 þ37 þ62 þ37 355 400 400 450 À20 À60 À00 À27 À00 À40 À00 À63 À00 À97 À00 À155 À00 À250 À00 400 ỵ07 20 ỵ20 20 ỵ31 32 ỵ45 ỵ05 ỵ68 þ05 þ63 þ23 þ86 þ23 þ60 þ40 þ67 þ40 450 500 METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE 11.15 es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei 6 10 10 18 þ28 þ23 þ41 þ23 — — þ46 þ28 — — þ47 þ35 þ50 þ42 þ62 þ50 þ98 þ80 þ22 þ18 þ32 þ18 — — þ34 þ20 — — þ36 þ26 þ38 þ32 þ50 þ40 þ74 þ60 þ61 þ52 þ82 þ67 þ119 þ97 þ34 þ28 þ50 þ28 — — þ56 þ34 ỵ57 ỵ42 þ50 þ60 þ68 þ78 — — þ40 þ45 þ67 þ72 ỵ39 ỵ47 11.16 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website b a ỵ41 ỵ33 þ60 þ33 þ10 þ17 þ21 þ26 þ06 þ12 þ15 þ18 þ12 þ20 þ24 þ29 þ06 þ12 þ15 þ18 þ16 þ23 þ28 þ34 þ10 þ15 þ19 þ23 — — — — — Tolerances in micrometers (1 mm ¼ 10À3 mm) es ¼ upper deviation c ei ¼ lower deviation zc8 zb7 za6 z7 y6 x8 v5 u8 u5 t7 r6 p6 p5 System of basic shaft Limits 24 30 — — — — — — — — — — — ỵ31 ỵ22 ỵ35 ỵ22 ỵ41 ỵ28 ỵ62 ỵ41 ỵ50 þ57 þ41 þ48 þ74 þ81 þ41 þ48 þ56 þ64 þ47 þ55 þ87 þ97 þ54 þ64 þ76 þ88 þ63 þ75 þ94 þ109 þ73 þ88 18 24 40 50 — — — ỵ37 þ26 þ42 þ26 þ50 þ34 þ79 þ54 þ71 þ81 þ60 þ70 þ99 þ109 þ60 þ70 þ79 þ92 þ68 þ81 þ119 þ136 þ80 þ97 þ110 þ130 þ94 þ114 þ137 þ161 þ112 þ136 30 40 TABLE 11-10 Tolerancesa for shafts for sizes up to 500 mm (Cont.) 65 80 — — — ỵ45 þ32 þ51 þ32 þ62 þ43 þ105 þ75 þ100 þ115 þ87 þ102 þ133 þ148 þ87 þ102 þ115 þ133 þ102 þ120 þ168 þ192 þ122 þ146 þ163 þ193 þ144 þ174 þ202 þ240 þ172 þ210 50 65 100 120 — — — — — ỵ52 ỵ37 ỵ59 þ37 þ76 þ54 þ139 þ104 þ139 þ159 þ124 þ144 þ178 þ198 þ124 þ144 þ161 þ187 þ146 þ172 þ232 þ264 þ176 þ210 þ236 þ276 þ214 þ254 þ293 þ345 þ258 þ310 80 100 ỵ188 ỵ170 ỵ233 þ170 þ220 þ202 þ311 þ248 þ325 þ300 þ405 þ365 120 140 ỵ61 ỵ43 ỵ68 þ43 þ90 þ65 þ174 þ134 þ208 þ190 þ253 þ190 þ246 þ228 þ343 þ280 þ365 þ340 þ455 þ415 140 160 Diameter steps, mm ỵ228 ỵ210 þ273 þ210 þ270 þ252 þ373 þ310 þ405 þ380 þ505 þ465 160 180 ỵ256 ỵ236 þ308 þ236 þ304 þ284 þ422 þ350 þ454 þ425 þ566 þ520 180 200 ỵ70 ỵ50 þ79 þ50 þ109 þ80 þ226 þ180 þ278 þ258 þ330 þ258 þ330 þ310 þ457 þ385 þ499 þ470 þ621 þ575 200 225 ỵ304 ỵ284 ỵ356 ỵ284 þ360 þ340 þ497 þ425 þ549 þ520 þ686 þ640 225 250 280 315 — — — — — — — — ỵ79 ỵ56 ỵ88 ỵ56 ỵ130 ỵ98 þ292 þ240 þ338 þ373 þ315 þ350 þ396 þ431 þ315 þ350 þ408 þ448 þ385 þ425 þ556 þ606 þ475 þ525 þ612 þ682 þ580 þ650 þ762 þ842 þ710 þ790 250 280 355 400 400 450 450 500 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ỵ87 ỵ95 þ62 þ68 þ98 þ108 þ62 þ68 þ150 þ172 þ114 þ132 þ351 þ423 þ294 þ360 þ415 þ460 þ517 þ567 þ390 þ435 þ490 þ540 þ479 þ524 þ587 þ637 þ390 þ435 þ490 þ540 þ500 þ555 þ622 þ687 þ475 þ530 þ595 þ660 þ679 þ749 þ837 þ917 þ590 þ660 þ740 þ820 þ766 þ856 þ960 þ1040 þ730 þ820 þ920 þ1000 þ957 þ1057 þ1163 þ1313 þ900 þ1000 þ1100 þ1250 315 355 METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website J7 H11 H10 H9 H8 H7 H6 H5 G7 F8 F6 E5 D9 D8 C11 C8 B11 B9 A9 ESb EIc ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI System of basic hole Limits ỵ295 ỵ270 ỵ165 ỵ140 ỵ200 ỵ140 74 þ60 þ120 þ60 þ34 þ20 þ45 þ20 þ18 þ14 þ12 þ6 þ20 þ6 þ12 þ2 þ4 þ6 þ10 ỵ14 ỵ25 ỵ40 ỵ60 ỵ4 ỵ300 ỵ270 ỵ170 ỵ140 ỵ215 ỵ140 ỵ88 þ70 þ145 þ70 þ48 þ30 þ60 þ30 þ25 þ20 þ18 þ10 þ28 þ10 þ16 þ4 þ5 þ8 þ12 ỵ18 ỵ30 ỵ48 ỵ75 ỵ6 6 ỵ316 ỵ280 ỵ186 ỵ150 ỵ240 ỵ150 ỵ102 þ80 þ170 þ80 þ62 þ40 þ76 þ40 þ31 þ25 þ22 þ13 þ35 þ13 þ20 þ5 þ6 þ9 þ15 ỵ22 ỵ36 ỵ58 ỵ90 ỵ8 10 14 18 ỵ333 ỵ290 ỵ193 ỵ150 ỵ260 þ150 þ122 þ95 þ205 þ95 þ77 þ50 þ93 þ50 þ40 þ32 þ27 þ16 þ43 þ16 þ24 þ6 þ8 þ11 ỵ18 ỵ27 ỵ43 ỵ70 ỵ110 ỵ10 10 14 24 30 ỵ352 ỵ300 ỵ212 þ160 þ290 þ160 þ143 þ110 þ240 þ110 þ98 þ65 þ117 þ65 þ49 þ40 þ33 þ20 þ53 þ20 þ28 þ7 þ9 ỵ13 ỵ21 ỵ33 ỵ52 ỵ84 ỵ130 ỵ12 18 24 TABLE 11-11 Tolerancesa for holes for sizes up to 500 mm 40 50 þ372 þ382 þ310 þ320 þ232 þ242 þ170 þ180 þ330 þ340 þ170 þ180 þ159 þ169 þ120 þ130 þ280 þ290 þ120 þ130 þ119 þ80 þ142 þ80 þ61 þ50 þ41 þ25 þ64 þ25 þ34 þ9 þ11 þ16 þ25 þ39 þ62 þ100 þ160 þ14 À11 30 40 65 80 ỵ414 ỵ434 ỵ340 ỵ360 ỵ264 ỵ274 ỵ190 ỵ200 þ380 þ390 þ190 þ200 þ186 þ196 þ140 þ150 þ330 þ340 þ140 þ150 þ146 þ100 þ174 þ100 þ73 þ60 þ49 þ30 þ76 þ30 þ40 þ10 þ13 þ19 þ30 þ46 þ74 þ120 þ190 þ18 À12 50 65 100 120 ỵ467 ỵ497 ỵ380 ỵ410 ỵ307 ỵ327 þ220 þ240 þ440 þ460 þ220 þ240 þ224 þ234 þ170 þ180 þ390 þ400 þ170 þ180 þ174 þ120 þ207 þ120 þ87 þ72 þ58 þ36 þ90 þ36 þ47 þ12 þ15 þ22 þ35 þ54 þ87 þ140 þ220 þ22 À13 80 100 þ560 þ460 þ360 þ260 þ510 þ260 þ263 þ200 þ450 þ200 120 140 þ620 þ520 þ380 þ280 þ530 þ280 þ273 þ210 þ460 þ210 þ208 þ145 þ245 þ145 þ103 þ85 þ68 þ43 þ106 þ43 þ54 þ14 þ18 þ25 þ40 þ63 þ100 þ160 þ250 þ26 À14 140 160 þ680 þ580 þ410 þ310 þ560 þ310 þ293 þ230 þ480 þ230 160 180 Diameter steps, mm ỵ775 ỵ660 ỵ455 ỵ340 ỵ630 ỵ340 ỵ312 ỵ240 ỵ530 þ240 180 200 þ855 þ740 þ495 þ380 þ670 þ380 þ332 þ260 þ550 þ260 þ242 þ170 þ285 þ170 þ120 þ100 þ79 þ50 þ122 þ50 þ61 þ15 þ20 þ29 þ46 ỵ72 ỵ115 ỵ185 ỵ290 ỵ30 16 200 225 ỵ925 ỵ820 ỵ535 ỵ420 ỵ710 ỵ420 ỵ352 þ280 þ570 þ280 225 250 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500 ỵ1050 +1180 +1340 +1490 +1655 +1805 ỵ920 +1050 +1200 +1350 +1500 +1650 ỵ610 +670 +740 +820 +915 +995 ỵ480 +540 +600 +680 +760 +840 ỵ800 +860 +960 +1040 +1160 +1240 ỵ480 +540 +600 +680 +760 +840 ỵ381 +411 +449 +489 +537 +577 ỵ300 +330 +360 +400 +440 +480 ỵ620 +650 +720 +760 +840 +880 ỵ300 +330 +360 +400 +440 +480 ỵ271 ỵ299 ỵ327 ỵ190 ỵ210 þ230 þ320 þ350 þ385 þ190 þ210 þ230 þ133 þ150 þ162 þ110 þ125 þ135 þ88 þ98 þ108 þ56 þ62 þ68 þ137 þ151 þ165 þ56 þ62 þ68 þ69 þ75 þ83 þ17 þ18 þ20 þ23 þ25 þ27 0 þ32 þ36 þ40 0 ỵ52 ỵ57 ỵ63 0 ỵ81 þ89 þ97 0 þ130 þ140 þ155 0 ỵ210 ỵ230 ỵ250 0 ỵ320 ỵ360 ỵ400 0 ỵ36 ỵ39 ỵ43 16 18 20 250 280 METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE 11.17 11.18 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI 10 ỵ2 ỵ5 10 15 À4 À19 À9 À24 À20 À29 À17 À32 — — À22 À37 — — À28 À43 — — À42 À64 46 61 67 89 97 133 ỵ2 þ3 À9 À12 À4 À16 À8 À20 À16 À24 À15 À27 — — À19 À31 — — À24 À36 — — À35 À53 À38 À50 À50 À68 À80 À110 — À6 À10 À2 À12 À4 À14 À6 À16 À14 À20 À14 À24 — — À18 À28 — — À20 À30 — — À26 À40 À32 À42 À40 À54 À60 À85 b a Tolerances in mm; mm ¼ 10À3 mm ES ¼ upper deviation c EI ¼ lower deviation ZC9 ZB8 ZA7 Z8 Y7 X7 V6 U7 T6 S7 S6 P7 N7 M7 K7 K6 System of basic hole Limits 14 18 ỵ2 ỵ6 12 À18 À5 À23 À11 À29 À25 À36 À21 À39 — — À26 À44 — À36 — À47 À33 À38 À51 À56 —À — — — À50 À60 À77 À87 — — — — — — — — — — 10 14 24 30 ỵ2 11 ỵ6 15 À21 À7 À28 À14 À35 À31 À44 À27 À48 — À37 — À50 À33 À40 À54 À61 À43 À51 À56 À64 À46 À56 À67 À77 À55 À67 À76 À88 À73 À88 À106 À121 — — — — — — — — — — — — 18 24 40 50 þ3 À13 þ7 À18 À25 À8 À33 À17 À42 À38 À54 À34 À59 À43 À49 À59 À65 À51 À61 À76 À86 À63 À76 À79 À92 À71 À88 À96 À113 À85 À105 À110 À130 À112 À136 À151 À175 — — — — — — — — — — — — 30 40 TABLE 11-11 Tolerancesa for holes for sizes up to 500 mm (Cont.) 65 80 ỵ4 15 ỵ9 21 À30 À9 À39 À21 À51 À47 À53 À66 À72 À42 À48 À72 À78 À60 À69 À79 À88 À76 À91 À106 À121 À96 À114 À115 À133 À111 À135 À141 À165 À133 À163 À163 À193 À172 À210 À218 À256 — — — — — — — — — — — — 50 65 100 120 ỵ4 18 ỵ10 25 35 À10 À45 À24 À59 À64 À72 À86 À94 À58 À66 À93 À101 À84 À97 À106 À119 À111 À131 À146 À166 À139 À165 À161 À187 À165 À197 À200 À232 À201 À241 À236 À276 À258 À310 À312 À364 — — — — — — — — — — — — 80 100 À85 À110 À77 À117 À115 À140 À155 À195 À195 À220 À233 À273 À285 À325 À365 À428 — — — — 120 140 ỵ4 21 ỵ12 28 40 À12 À52 À28 À68 À93 À118 À85 À125 À127 À152 À175 À215 À221 À246 À265 À305 À325 À365 À415 À478 — — — — — — 140 160 Diameter steps, mm À101 À126 À93 À133 À139 À164 À195 À235 À245 À270 À295 À335 À365 À405 À465 À528 — — — — — — 160 180 À113 À142 À105 À151 À157 À186 À219 À265 À275 À304 À333 À379 À408 À454 À520 592 180 200 ỵ5 24 ỵ13 33 46 14 60 33 79 121 À150 À113 À159 À171 À200 À241 À287 À301 À330 À368 À414 À453 À499 À575 À647 — — — — — — 200 225 À131 À160 À123 À169 À187 À216 À267 À313 À331 À360 À408 À454 À503 À549 À640 À712 — — — — — — 225 250 À149 À181 À138 À190 À209 À241 À295 À347 À376 À408 À455 À507 À560 À612 À710 À791 — — — — — — 250 280 ỵ5 27 ỵ16 36 52 14 66 36 À88 À161 À193 À150 À202 À231 À263 À330 À382 À416 À448 À505 À557 À630 À682 À790 À871 — — — — — — 280 315 À179 À215 À169 À226 À257 À293 À369 À426 À464 À500 À569 À626 À709 À766 À900 989 315 355 ỵ7 29 ỵ17 40 57 16 73 41 98 197 À233 À187 À244 À283 À319 À414 À471 À519 À555 À639 À696 À799 À856 À1000 À1089 — — — — — 355 400 450 500 ỵ8 32 ỵ18 45 À63 À17 À80 À45 À108 À219 À239 À259 À279 À209 À229 À272 À292 À317 À347 À357 À387 À467 À517 À530 À580 À582 À647 À622 À687 À717 À797 À780 À860 À897 À977 À960 À1040 À1100 À1250 À1197 À1347 — — — — — — — — — — — — 400 450 METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE 11.19 METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE TABLE 11-12 Tolerancesa for shafts for sizes 500 to 3150 mm System of basic shaft Limits d10 e8 f9 g6 g7 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10 h11 js9 k6 m6 n6 p6 r7 s7 t7 u7 esb ei c es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei es ei Diameter steps, mm 500 560 560 630 630 710 710 800 800 900 900 1000 1000 1120 1120 1250 1250 1400 1400 1600 1600 1800 1800 2000 À260 À540 À145 À255 À76 À251 À22 À66 À22 À92 À44 À70 À110 À175 À280 À440 À290 À610 À160 À285 À80 À280 À24 À74 À24 À103 À50 À80 À125 À200 À320 À500 À320 À680 À170 À310 À86 À316 À26 À82 À26 À115 À56 À90 À140 À230 À360 À560 À350 À770 À195 À360 À98 À358 À28 À94 À28 À133 À66 À105 À165 À260 À420 À660 À390 À890 À220 À415 À110 À420 À30 À108 À30 À155 À78 À125 À195 À310 À500 À780 À430 À1030 À240 À470 À120 À490 À32 À124 À32 À182 À92 À150 À230 À370 À600 À920 Ỉ87.5 Ỉ100 Ỉ115 Ỉ130 ặ155 ặ185 ỵ66 ỵ106 ỵ40 ỵ132 ỵ66 ỵ186 ỵ120 þ355 þ365 þ250 þ260 þ625 þ685 þ520 þ580 þ885 þ945 þ780 þ840 þ1255 þ1405 þ1150 þ1300 þ78 þ126 þ48 þ156 þ78 þ218 þ140 þ425 þ455 þ300 þ330 þ765 þ845 þ640 þ720 þ1085 þ1175 þ960 þ1050 þ1575 þ1725 þ1450 þ1600 þ92 þ150 þ58 þ184 þ92 þ262 þ170 þ520 þ550 þ370 þ400 þ970 þ1070 þ820 þ920 þ1350 þ1500 þ1200 þ1350 þ2000 þ2150 þ1850 þ2000 þ44 þ50 þ56 0 þ70 þ80 þ90 þ26 þ30 þ34 þ88 þ100 þ112 þ44 þ50 þ56 þ122 þ139 þ156 þ78 þ88 þ100 þ220 þ225 þ255 þ265 þ300 þ310 þ150 þ155 þ175 þ185 þ210 þ220 þ350 þ380 þ420 þ460 þ520 þ560 þ280 þ310 þ340 þ380 þ430 þ470 þ470 þ520 þ580 þ640 þ710 þ770 þ400 þ450 þ500 þ560 þ620 þ680 þ570 þ730 þ820 þ920 þ1031 þ1140 þ600 þ660 þ740 þ840 þ940 þ1050 2000 2250 2250 2500 À480 À1180 À260 À540 À130 À570 À34 À140 À34 À209 À110 À175 À280 À440 À700 À1100 2800 3150 À520 À1380 À290 À620 À145 À685 À38 À173 À38 À248 À135 À210 À330 540 860 1350 ặ220 ỵ110 ỵ178 þ68 þ220 þ110 þ305 þ195 þ615 þ635 þ440 þ460 þ1175 þ1275 þ1000 þ1100 þ1675 þ1825 þ1500 þ1650 þ2475 þ2675 þ2300 þ2500 2500 2800 Ỉ270 þ135 þ211 þ76 þ270 þ135 þ375 þ240 þ760 þ790 þ550 þ580 þ1460 þ1610 þ1250 þ1400 þ2110 þ2310 þ1900 þ2100 þ3110 þ3410 þ2900 þ3200 Tolerances in mm (1 mm ¼ 10À3 mm) es ¼ upper deviation c ei ¼ lower deviation Source: IS 2101, 1962 a b Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE 11.20 CHAPTER ELEVEN TABLE 11-13 Tolerancesa for holes for sizes 500 to 3150 mm System of basic hole Limits D10 E8 F9 G6 G7 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 JS9 K6 M6 N6 P6 R7 S7 T7 U7 ESa ESb ES EI ES EI ES EI ES El ES EI ES El ES EI ES El ES EI ES El ES EI ES El ES El ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI ES EI Diameter steps, mm 500 560 560 630 630 710 710 800 800 900 900 1000 1000 1120 1120 1250 1250 1400 1400 1600 1600 1800 1800 2000 2000 2240 2240 2500 2500 2800 2800 3150 ỵ540 ỵ260 ỵ255 ỵ145 ỵ251 ỵ76 ỵ66 þ22 þ92 þ22 þ40 þ70 þ110 þ175 ỵ280 ỵ440 ỵ610 ỵ290 ỵ285 ỵ160 ỵ280 þ80 þ74 þ24 þ103 þ24 þ50 þ80 þ125 ỵ200 ỵ320 ỵ500 ỵ680 ỵ320 ỵ310 þ170 þ316 þ86 þ82 þ26 þ115 þ26 þ56 þ90 ỵ140 ỵ230 ỵ360 ỵ560 ỵ770 þ350 þ360 þ195 þ358 þ98 þ94 þ28 þ133 þ28 þ66 ỵ105 ỵ165 ỵ260 ỵ420 ỵ660 ỵ890 ỵ390 ỵ415 ỵ220 ỵ420 ỵ110 ỵ108 ỵ30 ỵ155 þ30 þ78 þ125 þ195 þ310 þ500 ỵ780 ỵ1030 ỵ430 ỵ470 ỵ240 ỵ490 ỵ120 ỵ124 þ32 þ182 þ32 þ92 þ150 þ230 þ370 ỵ600 ỵ920 ỵ1180 ỵ480 ỵ540 ỵ260 ỵ570 þ130 þ144 þ34 þ209 þ34 þ110 þ175 þ280 ỵ440 ỵ700 ỵ1100 ỵ1380 ỵ520 ỵ620 þ290 þ685 þ145 þ173 þ38 þ248 þ38 þ135 þ210 ỵ330 ỵ540 ỵ860 ỵ1350 ặ87.5 Æ100 Æ115 Æ130 Æ155 Æ185 Æ220 Æ270 À66 À40 À106 À66 À132 À120 À186 À250 À260 À355 À365 À520 À580 À625 À685 À780 À840 À885 À945 À1150 À1300 À1255 À1405 À78 À48 À126 À78 À156 À140 À218 À300 À330 À425 À455 À640 À720 À765 À845 À960 À1050 À1085 À1175 À1450 À1600 À1575 À1725 0 À44 À50 À56 À26 À30 À34 À70 À80 À90 À44 À50 À56 À88 À100 À112 À78 À88 À100 À122 À138 À156 À150 À155 À175 À185 À210 À200 À220 À225 À255 À265 À300 À310 À280 À310 À340 À380 À430 À470 À350 À380 À420 À460 À520 À560 À400 À450 À500 À560 À620 À680 À470 À520 À580 À640 À710 À770 À600 À660 À740 À840 À940 À1050 À670 À730 À820 À920 À1030 À1140 À92 À58 À150 À92 À184 À170 À262 À370 À400 À520 À550 À820 À920 À970 À1070 À1200 À1350 À1350 À1500 À1850 À2000 À2000 À2150 À110 À68 À178 À110 À220 À195 À305 À440 À460 À615 À635 À1000 À1100 À1175 À1275 À1500 À1650 À1675 À1825 À2300 À2500 À2475 À2675 À135 À76 À211 À135 À270 À240 À375 À550 À580 À760 À790 À1250 À1400 À1460 À1610 À1900 À2100 À2110 À2310 À2900 À3200 À3110 À3410 Tolerances in Âmm (1 mm ¼ 10À3 mm) ES ¼ upper deviation c EI ¼ lower deviation Source: IS 2101, 1962 a b Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website H6 h6 Precision location Normal location Loose location Slack assembly À17 Ỉ10 À21 Ỉ10 À12 Ỉ8 À17 Ỉ8 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website Normal Heavy force H7 u6 Fir or shrink fit À25 Ỉ12 À20 Ỉ12 À29.5 Ỉ14.5 À26.5 Ỉ14.5 14.5 ặ14.5 19.5 ặ14.5 ỵ2.5 ặ14.5 3.5 ặ14.5 ỵ2 ặ12 ặ12 ỵ11 ặ11 ỵ27 ặ27 ỵ43 ặ43 ỵ110 ặ110 þ185 Ỉ35 þ325 Ỉ35 þ138 Ỉ43 þ6.5 Ỉ14.5 À12 Ỉ12 À16 Ỉ12 18 24 À37 Ỉ17 À31 Ỉ17 À18 Ỉ17 24 ặ17 ỵ2 ặ17 ặ17 ỵ8 ặ17 ỵ13 ặ13 þ33 Ỉ33 þ52 Ỉ52 þ130 Ỉ130 þ202.5 Ỉ42.5 þ342.5 Ỉ42.5 þ162 Ỉ52 þ20.5 þ24 Ỉ14.5 Ỉ17 þ34 þ41 Ỉ18 Ỉ21 þ59 þ73 Ỉ27 Ỉ33 þ85 þ107.5 Ỉ35 Ỉ42.5 18 10 ỵ5 ặ12 Tolerance in microns; micron ẳ 103 mm ¼ mm ¼ 10À6 m Normal H7 s6 MHeavy drive fit Normal H7 r6 À10 Ỉ10 À13 Ỉ10 — À8 ặ8 11 ặ8 Normal ỵ3 ặ10 ỵ2 ặ8 ỵ9 ặ9 ỵ22 ặ22 ỵ36 ặ36 ỵ90 ặ90 ỵ179 ặ29 ỵ159.5 þ164 Ỉ19.5 Ỉ24 þ8 Ỉ8 þ18 Ỉ18 þ30 Ỉ30 þ75 ặ75 ỵ309 ặ29 ỵ289.5 ỵ294 ặ19.5 ặ24 ỵ7 ặ7 ỵ14 ặ14 ỵ25 ặ25 ỵ60 ặ60 ỵ116 ặ36 ỵ100 ặ30 ỵ85 ặ25 ỵ17 ặ12 ỵ28 ặ15 ỵ47 ặ22 ỵ69 ặ29 ỵ14 ặ10 ỵ22 ặ12 ỵ38 ặ18 ỵ54 ặ24 Light press t Medium drive t H7 p6 10 ỵ11 ặ8 ỵ16 ặ9 ỵ28 ặ14 ỵ39.5 ặ19.5 ặ10 Normal À1 Ỉ8 H7 k6 H11 h11 H9 h9 — True H7 h6 Normal transition Interference H7 m6 Normal transition Push H8 b9 Position fits H8 h8 H8 a9 Normal H8 d9 Position fits Normal H8 e8 Normal Normal H7 f H9 c9 Normal H7 g6 Combination of shaft and hole Slack running Precision sliding Normal running Easy running Loose running Quality of fit À44 Ỉ17 30 24 40 50 50 65 80 80 100 100 120 ỵ192 ặ62 þ214 Ỉ74 þ224 Ỉ74 þ257 Ỉ74 þ267 Ỉ87 Clearance Fit (Fig 11-6) ỵ34.5 ỵ40.5 ặ24.5 ặ28.5 ỵ60 ỵ71 ặ30 ặ35 þ106 þ126 Ỉ46 Ỉ54 þ160 þ190.5 Ỉ60 Ỉ70.5 65 140 160 ỵ300 ặ100 ỵ310 ặ100 ỵ46.5 ặ32.5 ỵ83 ặ40 ỵ148 ặ63 ỵ226.5 ặ81.5 140 120 Diameter steps, mm 160 ỵ330 ặ100 180 180 225 200 ỵ355 ặ115 ỵ375 ặ115 ỵ52.5 ặ37.5 ỵ96 ặ46 ỵ172 ặ72 ỵ263.5 ặ93.5 200 225 ỵ395 ặ115 250 250 280 ỵ420 ặ130 ỵ460 ặ130 315 ỵ59 ặ42 ỵ108 ặ52 ỵ191 ặ81 ỵ295.5 ặ105.5 280 315 ỵ500 ặ140 ỵ64.5 ặ46.5 ỵ119 ặ57 ỵ214 ặ89 ỵ324.5 ặ114.5 355 355 ỵ540 ặ140 400 55.5 ặ20.5 81.5 ặ24.5 47.5 ặ24.5 À64.5 Ỉ28.5 À44.5 Ỉ28.5 À72.5 Ỉ28.5 À47.5 Ỉ28.5 À84.5 Ỉ32.5 À55.5 Ỉ32.5 À60.5 Ỉ32.5 À66.5 Ỉ37.5 À71.5 Ỉ37.5 À75.5 Ỉ37.5 À92.5 À100.5 À113.5 À121.5 À131.5 Ỉ32.5 Ỉ32.5 Ỉ37.5 Ỉ37.5 Ỉ37.5 57.5 ặ32.5 41.5 ặ37.5 ỵ4.5 ặ37.5 8.5 ặ37.5 ỵ21 Æ37.5 À96.5 À117.5 À137.5 À162.5 À182.5 À202.5 À227.5 À249.5 À275.5 Æ24.5 Æ28.5 Æ28.5 Æ32.5 Æ32.5 Æ32.5 Æ37.5 Æ37.5 Æ37.5 À53.5 Æ24.5 À37.5 Æ24.5 À35.5 Æ32.5 Interference Fits (Fig 11-8) À26.5 30.5 ặ24.5 ặ28.5 35.5 ặ24.5 ỵ4.5 ặ32.5 7.5 ặ32.5 ỵ3.5 ặ28.5 6.5 ặ28.5 ỵ3.5 ặ24.5 5.5 ặ24.5 ỵ18.5 ặ32.5 Transition Fits (Fig 11-7) ỵ12.5 ỵ15.5 ặ24.5 ặ28.5 ỵ29 ặ29 ỵ72 ặ72 ỵ115 ặ115 ỵ290 ặ290 ỵ260 ỵ290.5 ỵ310.5 ỵ341.5 ỵ361.5 þ391.5 þ433.5 þ473.5 þ513.5 Ỉ60 Ỉ70.5 Ỉ70.5 Ỉ81.5 Ỉ81.5 Ỉ81.5 ặ93.5 ặ93.5 ặ93.5 ỵ25 ặ25 ỵ63 ặ63 ỵ100 ặ100 ỵ250 ặ250 ỵ19 ặ19 ỵ46 ặ46 ỵ74 ặ74 ỵ190 ặ190 ỵ250 ặ60 ỵ22 ặ22 ỵ54 ặ54 ỵ87 ặ87 ỵ220 ặ220 65.5 ặ20.5 38.5 ặ20.5 21.5 ặ20.5 29.5 ặ20.5 ỵ2.5 ặ20.5 4.5 ặ20.5 ỵ9.5 ặ20.5 ỵ16 ặ16 ỵ39 ặ39 ỵ62 ặ62 ỵ160 ặ160 ỵ220.5 ỵ230.5 ặ50.5 ặ50.5 305 ặ42 148 ặ42 84 ặ42 46 ặ42 ỵ6 ặ42 10 ặ42 ỵ26 ặ42 ỵ32 ặ32 ỵ81 ặ81 ỵ130 ặ130 ỵ320 ặ320 ỵ585.5 ặ105.5 340 ặ42 160 ặ42 88 ặ42 ỵ645.5 ặ105.5 ỵ794.5 ặ114.5 379.5 Æ46.5 À179.5 Æ46.5 À97.5 Æ46.5 À424.5 Æ46.5 À197.5 Æ46.5 À103.5 ặ46.5 51.5 ặ46.5 ỵ6.5 ặ46.5 10.5 ặ46.5 ỵ28.5 ặ46.5 ỵ36 ặ36 ỵ89 ặ89 ỵ140 ặ140 ỵ360 ặ360 ỵ714.5 ặ114.5 Location and Assembly Fit ỵ360.5 ỵ370.5 ỵ400 ỵ420 ỵ450.5 ỵ480.5 ỵ541.5 þ601.5 þ661.5 þ753.5 þ833.5 þ913.5 þ1025.5 þ1155.5 þ1314.5 þ1454.5 Ỉ50.5 Æ50.5 Æ60 Æ60 Æ70.5 Æ70.5 Æ81.5 Æ81.5 Æ81.5 Æ93.5 Æ93.5 ặ93.5 ặ105.5 ặ105.5 ặ114.5 ặ114.5 ỵ182 ặ62 ỵ29.5 ặ20.5 ỵ50 ặ25 ỵ89 ặ39 ỵ130.5 ặ50.5 40 30 TABLE 11-14 Mean fit and variation about the mean fit for holes for sizes up to 400 mm METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE 11.21 0–0.12 0.12–0.24 0.24–0.40 0.40–0.72 0.72–1.20 1.20–2.00 2.00–3.20 3.20–4.80 4.80–7.20 7.20–10.00 10.00–12.60 12.60–16.00 0–3 3–6 6–10 10–18 18–30 30–50 50–80 80–120 120–180 180–250 250–315 315–400 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.019 0.022 0.025 0.029 0.032 0.036 mm IT6 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011 0.0013 0.0014 in Source: Preferred metric limits and fits—BSI 4500 in mm Basic sizes TABLE 11-15 International tolerance grades 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.018 0.021 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.040 0.052 0.057 mm IT7 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 0.0022 in 0.014 0.018 0.022 0.027 0.033 0.039 0.046 0.054 0.063 0.072 0.081 0.089 mm IT8 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0021 0.0025 0.0028 0.0032 0.0035 in 0.025 0.030 0.036 0.043 0.052 0.062 0.074 0.087 0.100 0.115 0.130 0.140 mm Grades IT9 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0017 0.0020 0.0024 0.0029 0.0034 0.0039 0.0045 0.0051 0.0055 in 0.040 0.048 0.058 0.070 0.084 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.185 0.210 0.230 mm IT10 0.0016 0.0019 0.0023 0.0028 0.0033 0.0039 0.0047 0.0055 0.0063 0.0073 0.0083 0.0091 in 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.110 0.130 0.160 0.190 0.220 0.250 0.290 0.320 0.360 mm IT11 0.0024 0.0030 0.0035 0.0043 0.0051 0.0063 0.0075 0.0087 0.0098 0.0114 0.0126 0.0142 in METAL FITS, TOLERANCES, AND SURFACE TEXTURE 11.22 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS Particular 12.5 Formula ECCENTRIC LOADS Moment acting at right angles to the plane of welded joint (Fig 12-6) Direct load per unit length of weld Pd ¼ P l ð12-17Þ Load due to bending per unit length of weld Pn ẳ Pey I 12-18ị The resultant load or force PR ẳ q P2 ỵ P2 n d 12-19ị Per J ð12-20Þ Moment acting in the plane of the weld (Fig 12-7) Load due to twisting moment per unit length of weld Pn ¼ The resultant load (Fig 12-7) PR ẳ q P2 ỵ P2 ỵ 2Pd Pn cos n d 12-21ị l2 where cos ẳ q 2 l1 ỵ l2 FIGURE 12-7 STRESSES Bending The bending stress b ẳ Mb wZw 12-22aị Mb (treating weld as a line) Zw 12-22bị or 0b ẳ Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 12.6 CHAPTER TWELVE Particular Formula Torsion The shear stress due to torsion Mt r wJw ð12-23aÞ 0 ¼ Mt r (treating weld as a line) Jw 12-23bị 0max M ẳ bỵ Zw max ¼ ¼ or Combined bending and torsion The resultant or maximum induced normal force per unit throat of weld The resultant induced torsional force per unit throat of weld The required leg size of the weld when weld is treated as a line The resultant normal stress induced in the weld sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Mb Mt r ỵ4 Jw Zw actual force 0 or max ¼ max or permissible force a a sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 Mb Mb Mt r ỵ þ4 max ¼ wZw wZw wJw w¼ The resultant shear stress induced in the weld max The required leg size of weld when the weld area is considered sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3 Mb Mt r þ4 Zw Jw ¼ sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Mb Mt r ỵ4 wJw wZw 12-24ị ð12-25Þ ð12-26Þ ð12-27Þ ð12-28Þ actual maximum stress induced in the weld permissible stress max or max ¼ a or a w¼ FATIGUE STRENGTH The fatigue strength related to fatigue life can be expressed by the empirical formula sfa ¼ sfb or Na ¼ Nb Nb Na sfb sfa k 12-29ị 1=k where k ẳ 0:13 for butt welds ¼ 0:18 for plates in bending, axial tension, or compression Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ð12-30Þ DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS Particular 12.7 Formula DESIGN STRESS OF WELDS The design stress d ẳ a na 12-31ị where The design stress for completely reversed load na ¼ actual safety factor or reliability factor ¼ to f fd ¼ ð12-32Þ na Kf THE STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF A TYPICAL WELD JOINT SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOADING (Fig 12-8)2;3;4 Throughout the analysis of a weld joint, the weld is treated as a line Area of cross section of weld A ¼ 2b ỵ dịw The distance of weld edge parallel to x axis from the center of weld, to left c1 ¼ The distance of weld edge parallel to x axis from the center of weld, to right c2 ¼ The distance from farthest weld corner, Q, to the center of gravity of weld The moment of inertia of weld about x axis The moment of inertia of weld about y axis b2 2b ỵ d bb ỵ dị 2b ỵ d s d c3 ẳ c2 ỵ 2 12-33ị 12-34ị 12-35ị 12-36ị Ix ẳ wd d ỵ 6bị 12 12-37ị Iy ẳ wb3 2d ỵ bị 3d ỵ 2bị 12-38ị The moment of inertia of weld about z axis Iz ẳ I x ỵ Iy The section modulus of weld, about x axis Zwx ¼ Ix wd ẳ d ỵ 6bị d=2ị Zwy ẳ Iy wb2 2d ỵ bị ẳ c2 3b ỵ dị 12-40ị Zwz ẳ Iz c3 12-41ị The section modulus of weld, about y axis The section modulus of weld, about z axis Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ð12-39Þ DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 12.8 CHAPTER TWELVE Particular Formula FIGURE 12-8 A typical weld joint subjected to Eccentric Loading K Lingaiah and B R Narayana Iyengar, Machine Data Handbook ( fps Units), Engineering College Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962; K Lingaiah and B R Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol I (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986; and K Lingaiah, Machine Design Handbook, Vol II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986 Pz component Throughout the analysis of this problem the weld is considered as a line The force per unit length of weld due to direct force Pz 0zd ¼ The force per unit length of weld an account of bending at the farthest weld corner, Q, due to eccentricity ex of load Pz Pz A0 ð12-42Þ 0zb1 ẳ Pz ex Zwy 12-43ị The force per unit length of weld an account of bending at the farthest weld corner, Q, due to eccentricity ey of load Pz 0zb2 ẳ Pz ey Zwx 12-44ị The total force per unit length of weld due to bending 0zb ¼ 0zb1 ỵ 0zb2 12-45ị 0z ẳ 0zd ỵ 0zb 12-46ị The combined force per unit length of weld due to load Pz Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS Particular 12.9 Formula Px component The force per unit length of weld due to direct shear force Px which acts in the horizontal direction (Fig 12-8) xd ¼ The twisting moment Mtx ẳ Px ey 12-48ị The shear force per unit length due to twisting moment Mtx tx ẳ Mtx c3 Jwz 12-49ị The vertical component of tx The horizontal component of tx Px A0 12-47ị txv ẳ Mtx c3 cos Jwz 12-50ị txh ẳ Mtx c3 sin Jwz 12-51ị where c3 ẳ distance from the center of gravity of the weld to the point being analyzed (i.e., Q) cos The resultant shear force per unit length of weld in the horizontal direction due to Px only ¼ c2 (Fig 12-8) c3 0 txrh ẳ xd ẳ txh 12-52ị Py component The direct shear force per unit length of weld parallel to y direction due to force Py (Fig 12-8) yd ẳ The twisting moment Mty ẳ Py ex 12-54ị The shear force per unit length of weld due to twisting moment Mty ty ẳ Mty c3 Jwz 12-55ị The vertical component of ty 0 tyv ¼ ty cos ð12-56Þ The horizontal component of ty 0 tyh ẳ ty sin 12-57ị 0 tyrv ẳ yd ỵ tyv 12-58ị The resultant shear force per unit length of weld in the vertical direction due to Py only Py A0 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ð12-53Þ DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 12.10 CHAPTER TWELVE Particular Formula COMBINED FORCE DUE TO Px , Py , AND Pz AT POINT Q (Fig 12-8) From Eqs (12-46), (12-50), (12-52), (12-57), and (12-58) The total shear force per unit length of weld in the x direction (Fig 12-8) from Eqs (12-52) and (12-57) The total shear force per unit length of weld in the y direction (Fig 12-8) from Eqs (12-50) and (12-58) 0 x ẳ tzrh ỵ tyh 12-59ị 0 y ẳ txv ỵ tyrv 12-60ị q 02 02 x þ y ð12-61Þ The resultant shear force per unit length of weld at point Q due to Px and Py forces (Fig 12-8) from Eqs (12-59) and (12-60) 0 ¼ The resultant actual force per unit length of weld (treating weld as a line) due to components Px , Py , and Pz at point Q from Eqs (12-46) and (12-61) 0actual ¼ The leg size of the weld w0 ¼ For the AWS standard location of elements of welding symbol, weld symbols and direction for making weld Refer to Figs 12-9 to 12-11 q 02 ỵ 02 z 0actual 0allowable FIGURE 12-9 The AWS Standard location of elements of a welding symbol FIGURE 12-10 Weld symbols FIGURE 12-11 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ð12-62Þ ð12-63Þ DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS Particular 12.11 Formula GENERAL For further data on welded joint design Refer to Tables 12-1 to 12-16 REFERENCES Norris, C H., Photoelastic Investigation of Stress Distribution in Transverse Fillet Welds, Welding Journal, Vol 24, p 557, 1945 Lingaiah, K., and B R Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Engineering College Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962 Lingaiah, K., and B R Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol I (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986 Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986 Welding Handbook, 3rd ed., American Welding Society, 1950 Bureau of Indian Standards Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1994 BIBLIOGRAPHY Design of Weldments, The James F Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, 1968 Design of Welded Structures, The James F Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, 1966 Maleev, V L and J B Hartman, Machine Design, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1954 Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding Design and Practice, The James F Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, 1950 Salakian, A G., and G E Claussen, Stress Distribution in Fillet Welds: A Review of the Literature, Welding Journal, Vol 16, pp 1–24, May 1937 Shigley, J E., Machine Design, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1956 Spotts, M F., Design of Machine Elements, 5th ed., Prentice-Hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1978 Vallance, A., and V L Doughtie, Design of Machine Members, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1951 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 12.12 CHAPTER TWELVE TABLE 12-1 Weld-stress formulas Source: Welding Handbook, 3rd edition, American Welding Society, 1950 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 12.13 TABLE 12-2 Design formulas used to obtain stress in weld Standard design formula, MPa (psi) Type of loading Treating the weld as a line, kN/m (lbf/in) Primary Welds (transmit entire load) Tension or compression ¼ P A 0 ¼ P Iw Vertical shear ¼ V A 0 ¼ V Iw Bending b ¼ Mb Z 0 ¼ Mb Zw Twisting ¼ Mb c J 0 ¼ Mc Jw Secondary Welds (hold section together; low stress) Horizontal shear ¼ VAy Ih 0 ¼ VAy I Torsional horizontal shear ¼ Mt c J 0 ¼ Mt ch J Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS TABLE 12-3 Properties of weld—treating weld as line Outline of welded joint b = width, d = depth Bending (about horizontal axis x–x) Twisting Zw ¼ d2 Jw ¼ d3 12 Zw ¼ d2 Jw ẳ d3b2 ỵ d ị Jw ẳ b3 ỵ 3bd Jw ẳ b ỵ dị4 6b2 d 12b ỵ dị Jw ẳ 2b ỵ dị3 b2 b ỵ dị2 12 2b ỵ d Jw ẳ b ỵ 2dị3 d b ỵ dị2 12 b ỵ 2d Jw ẳ b ỵ dị3 Jw ẳ b ỵ 2dị3 d b ỵ dị2 12 b ỵ 2d Jw ẳ d 4b ỵ dị b3 ỵ 6b ỵ dị Jw ẳ b3 ỵ 3bd ỵ d Jw ẳ 2b3 ỵ 6bd ỵ d Jw ¼ d Zw ¼ bd Zw ¼ 4bd ỵ d d 4bd ỵ dị ẳ 62b ỵ dị top bottom Zw ẳ bd ỵ Zw ẳ 2bd ỵ d d 2b ỵ dị ẳ 3b ỵ dị top bottom Zw ẳ bd þ Zw ¼ Zw ¼ d2 d2 2bd ỵ d d 2b ỵ dị ẳ 2b ỵ dị top bottom 4bd ỵ d 4bd ỵ d ẳ 6b ỵ 3d top bottom Zw ẳ bd ỵ d2 Zw ẳ 2bd þ d2 Zw ¼ d Zw ¼ d ỵ D2 Jw ẳ b3 12 Note: Multiply the values Jw by the size of the weld w to obtain polar moment of inertia Jo of the weld 12.14 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 12.15 TABLE 12-4 Types of welds and symbols Form of weld Sectional representation Appropriate symbol Fillet Sectional representation Form of weld Appropriate symbol Plug or slot Square butt Backing strip Single-V butt Double-V butt Spot Single-U butt Double-U butt Seam Single-bevel butt Mashed seam Double-bevel butt Stitch Single-J butt Mashed stitch Double-J butt Stud Projection Bead (edge or seal) Flash Sealing run Butt resistance or Pressure (upset) IS: 696-1960(b) Bureau of Indian Standards TABLE 12-5A Properties of common welding rods Melting point Tensile strength Rods 8F 8C MPa Copper-coated mild steel High-tensile low-alloy steel Cast iron Stainless steel Bronze Ever dur Aluminum White metal Low-temperature brazing rod 2750 2750 2200 2550 1600–1625 1870 1190 715 1170–1185 1510 1510 1204 1399 870–885 1019 643 379 632–640 358.5 52 427.5 62 275.5 40 551.5 80 379.0 55 344.5 50 110.5 16 358.5 52 Varies with parent metal kpsi Elongation in 50 mm (2 in), % 23 20 — 30 — 20 25 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS TABLE 12-5 Allowable loads on mild-steel fillet welds Allowable static load per linear cm of weld Bare welding rod Normal weld Shielding arc Parallel weld Normal weld Parallel weld Size of weld, mm N lbf N lbf N lbf N lbf 2Â3 5Â5 6Â6 8Â8 10  10 12  12 14  14 15  15 18  18 20  20 1667.1 2745.8 3285.2 4373.7 5491.7 6570.4 7659.0 8237.5 9855.6 10944.2 375 617 738.5 983 1235 1477 1722 1852 2216 2460 1323.9 2186.9 2628.2 3501.0 4079.5 5263.3 6129.1 6570.4 7884.5 8757.3 298 491 590 787 983 1182 1378 1477 1772 1968 2059.4 3432.3 4118.8 5491.7 6864.6 8237.5 9581.0 10296.9 12326.9 13680.2 462 772 926 1235 1543 1852 2154 2315 2772 3075 1667.1 2745.8 3285.2 4373.7 5491.7 6570.4 7659.0 8237.5 9855.6 10944.2 375 617 738.5 983 1235 1477 1722 1852 2216 2460 Note: For intermediate sizes interpolate the values Source: Welding Handbook, American Welding Society, 1950 TABLE 12-6 Design stresses for welds made with mild-steel electrodes Bare electrodes u ¼ 274.6–380.5 MPa (40–55 kpsi) Type of load Covered electrodes u ¼ 416.8–519.7 MPa (60–75 kpsi) Compression Shear Fillet Welds Shear Dynamic loads Static loads Dynamic loads MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi 89.70 13.0 103.40 15.0 55.10 8.0 34.30 5.0 34.30 5.0 20.60 3.0 110.30 16.0 124.10 19.5 68.90 10.0 55.10 8.0 55.10 8.0 83.40 12.0 MPa kpsi Butt Welds Tension Static loads 78.0 11.5 20.60 3.0 96.50 14.0 34.30 5.0 Source: Welding Handbook, American Welding Society, 1950 TABLE 12-7 Fatigue stress-concentration factors Kf Type of weld Stress-concentration factors, Kf Reinforced butt weld Toe of transverse fillet weld or normal fillet weld End of parallel weld or longitudinal weld T-butt joint with sharp corners 1.2 1.5 2.7 2.0 12.16 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 12.17 TABLE 12-8 Strength of shielded-arc flush steel welds Limit stress Deposited metal Type of stress Tension MPa kpsi Compression MPa kpsi Bending MPa kpsi Shear MPa kpsi Shear and tension MPa kpsi Recommended design stress Base metal elastic limit, e Elastic limit, e Endurance limit, f Static load Load varies from O to F Load varies from +F to –F 220.60 32 275.80 40 151.70 22 110.30 16 100.00 14.5 55.20 8.0 241.20 35.0 303.40 44.0 — — 124.20 10.0 110.30 16.0 55.23 8.0 241.20 35 303.40 44 179.30 26 124.20 18 110.30 16 62.10 9.0 137.90 20 165.40 24 — — 75.80 11 68.90 10 34.50 — — — — — — 75.80 11 68.90 10 34.50 For bare electrode welds, the allowable stress must be multiplied by 0.8 and for gas welds, they should be multiplied by 0.8 to 0.85 TABLE 12-9 Length and spacing of intermittent welds R, % of continuous weld 75 66 60 57 50 44 43 40 37 33 30 25 20 16 Length of intermittent welds and distance between centers, mm 75–100a 100–150 75–125 50–100 75–150 100–175 100–200 100–225 75–175 50–125 50–160 50–200 50–250 50–300 100–250 75–200 75–225 75–250 75–300 100–300 a 75–100 means a weld 75 mm long with a distance of 100 mm between the centers of two consecutive welds R in % ¼ calculated leg size (continuous) actual leg size used (intermittent) Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 12.18 CHAPTER TWELVE TABLE 12-10 Fatigue data on butt weld joints (average strength values) Endurance strength, f Base metal u Material and joint Carbon steel With bead, or welded With bead, tempered 923 K (6508C) Bead machined off Bead machined off, tempered 923 K (6508C) Alloy steel As welded Stress-relieved a MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi K ¼ 0a y 423 61.3 K ¼ À1 a K ¼ 0:5 a No of cycles  106 235 34.0 100.0 14.5 98.0 14 121.6 17.5 155.9 22.5 160.8 23 198.0 28.5 227.5 33 214.7 31 335.3 48.5 253.0 37 264.7 38 304.0 44 114.7 16.5 193.1 28 132.3 19 340.2 49.3 292.2 42.4 400.1 58 456.0 66 745.6 108 152.0 22.0 148.0 21.5 198.0 28.5 368.7 53.5 379.5 55 539.3 78 593.2 86 672.0 97.5 K ẳ ỵ1 steady; K ẳ complete reversal; K ẳ repeated; K ¼ fluctuating; K ¼ stress max stress Source: Design of Weldments, The James F Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, 1968 TABLE 12-11 Stresses as per the AISC Code for weld metal Load type Weld type Tension Compression Shear Bending Bending Butt Butt Butt or fillet Butt Butt TABLE 12-12 Properties of weld metal Allowable stress, a 0.60 y 0.60 y 0.40 y 0.90 y 0.60 y –0.66 y Tensile strength Yield strength AWS electrode numbera Elongation % MPa kpsi MPa kpsi E E E E E E 17–25 22 19 14–17 13–16 14 427 483 550 620 690 828 62 70 80 90 100 120 345 393 462 530 600 738 50 57 67 77 87 107 60xx 70xx 80xx 90xx 100xx 120xx a The American Welding Society (AWS) Specification Code numbering system for electrodes Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS 12.19 TABLE 12-13 Selection of fillet weld sizes by rule-of-thumb (all dimensions in mm) Designing for rigidity Plate thickness, h mm Designing for strength, full-strength weld (w ¼ 3=4h) 50% of full-strength weld (w ¼ 3=8h) 33% of full-strength weld (w ¼ 1=4h) 9.5 11 12.5 14 15.5 19 22 25 28.5 31.5 35 37.5 41 44 50 54 57 60 62.5 66.5 70 75 4.5 9.5 9.5 11 12.5 14 15.5 19 22 25 25 28.5 31.5 35 37.5 41 44 44 47.5 50 50 56 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6 9.5 9.5 11 12.5 12.5 14 15.5 19 19 22 22 25 25 25 25 28.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6 8 8 9.5 9.5 11 11 12.5 14 14 15.5 15.5 19 19 19 Source: Welding Handbook, 3rd edition, American Welding Society, 1950 TABLE 12-14 Equivalent length of fillet weld to replace rivets Rivet diameter, mm 12.5 15.5 19 22 25 a Length of fillet weldsa ‘‘Fusion Code’’ (structural) shielded arc welding, mm Rivet shear value at 100 MPa (10.2 kgf/mm2 ) MPa kgf/mm2 6-mm fillet 8-mm fillet 9.5-mm fillet 12.5-mm fillet 15.5-mm fillet 20.0 31.5 45.5 61.0 81.2 2.07 3.23 4.66 6.34 8.28 37.5 56 75 105 133 31.5 44.0 61.5 85.5 108.0 28.5 37.5 54 73 92 22 31.5 41 54 70 19 25 35 44 56 mm is added to calculated length of bead for starting and stopping the arc Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website ... ? ?19 0 À 210 À230 À2 71 À299 À327 ? ?19 0 À 210 À230 À320 À350 À385 ? ?19 0 À 210 À230 À400 À440 À480 ? ?11 0 ? ?12 5 ? ?13 5 ? ?14 2 ? ?16 1 ? ?17 5 ? ?11 0 ? ?12 5 ? ?13 5 ? ?16 2 ? ?18 2 ? ?19 8 ? ?11 0 ? ?12 5 ? ?13 5 ? ?19 1 À 214 À232 ? ?11 0 ? ?12 5 ? ?13 5... ? ?10 1 À84 À97 ? ?10 6 ? ?11 9 ? ?11 1 ? ?13 1 ? ?14 6 ? ?16 6 ? ?13 9 ? ?16 5 ? ?16 1 ? ?18 7 ? ?16 5 ? ?19 7 À200 À232 À2 01 À2 41 À236 À276 À258 À 310 À 312 À364 — — — — — — — — — — — — 80 10 0 À85 ? ?11 0 À77 ? ?11 7 ? ?11 5 ? ?14 0 ? ?15 5 ? ?19 5 ? ?19 5...  10 À4 — —  10 À4  10 À4  10 À4 Anyb other angle Flat surface Anyb other angle Cylinders, gaps, tongues  10 À5  10 À5  10 À5  10 À5  10 À5 10 À4 10 10 À4  10 À4 10 À4  10 À4  10 À4  10 À4  10 À4