1990—Malcolm Murray files U.S. patent for vernier-strobe method used to measure off-line to running machinery movement data. 1991—Dieter Busch files U.S. patent for laser–detector–prism system used to measure off-line to running machinery movement data. Paul Saunders files U.S. patent for electronic shaft alignment system utilizing optical encoder. There you have it. A brief run through the last 6000 years of human existence, illustrating the engineering triumphs during periods of unparalleled growth in science and technology interspersed with periods of dismal ignorance. In many cases, it is not clear who actually ‘‘invented’’ certain methods and devices. The vast majority of U.S. patents for aligning and leveling machinery filed from 1860 to 1946 fell into the following categories: 24 28 10 22 17 27 30 29 31 11 23 15 20 21 25 14 18 13 12 FIGURE 22.17 Callahan’s shaft alignment device, 1953. 17 Driving shaft 49 3 47 48 51 34 59 56 57 56 18 Driven shaft 52 52 43 3 46 58 FIGURE 22.18 Bently’s shaft alignment device, 1974. Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_C022 Final Proof page 750 26.9.2006 8:51pm 750 Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition . Use of spirit=dumpy levels to set the positions of shafts in line with each other . Centering devices for work pieces on lathes . Use of a tight wire for alignment of engine cylinder bores The technology of shaft alignment as we recognize it today, really did not emerge until the 1940s and 1950s followed by a flurry of patent activity that persists to the present day. Between 1860 and 1950, only 11 U.S. patents were filed relating to measuring off-line shaft centerline positions, the majority of which exclusively dealt with aligning and leveling line shafts typically used in the paper industry. Over 60 years had passed since John Logan patented the dial indicator before Joseph Christian actually filed a patent using this device for alignment of rotating machinery shafts. However, this does not necessarily mean that shaft alignment was not performed on rotating machinery during the early part of the Industrial Revolution. As we have seen throughout history, several methods and devices had been in existence for long periods of time before legal patent documents were filed claiming their originality. Regrettably, the true inventors of these mechanisms and procedures will probably never be known. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott, D. (1986) Engineers & Inventors, Peter Bedrick Books Inc., New York. Amelio, G.F. et al. (1970) Experimental verification of the charge-coupled device concept. Bell Syst. Tech. J., 49, 593–600. Brotherton, M. (1964) Masers and Lasers, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. Boyle, W.S. and Smith, G.E. (1970) Charge-coupled semiconductor devices. Bell Syst. Tech. J., 49, 587–593. 66 Centuries of Measurement, Sheffield Corporation, Dayton, OH, 1987. Encyclopedia Britannica, various volumes. Garrison, E.G.A Historyof Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods, CRC Press Inc.,Boca Raton,FL. Grun, B. (1991) The Timetables of History, Simon & Schuster Inc., New York. Hecht, J. (1992) The Laser Guidebook, McGraw Hill, New York. Mancuso, J. (1986) Couplings and Joints, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. Mills, J.F. (1983) Encyclopedia of Antique Scientific Instruments, Facts on File Inc., New York. 29 3 26 19 25 11 3 13a 49 45 34f 44 35 48 3 40 38 42 34e 32 34d 31 B 18 8 15 12a 21 20 27 28 2 23a 23b 23c 23d 24 10 12 2 50 47 46 43 39 41 37 34b 34a 36 34c 33 30 17 A 9 22 16 14 FIGURE 22.19 Murray’s shaft alignment device, 1983. Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_C022 Final Proof page 751 26.9.2006 8:51pm The History of Machinery Alignment 751 Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_C022 Final Proof page 752 26.9.2006 8:51pm Appendix A Machinery Data Card Scale: Top view East up Side view Scale: Shaft alignment information Reverse indicator Face–peripheral Shaft to coupling spool Double radial Face–face Laser LVDT Prox probe Other “Desired” dial indicator readings (No bracket sag) Indicate where any soft foot corrections were made, the shape and thickness of the shims or custom wedges, and indicate how the corrections are oriented under each of the machinery feet. Top view of machinery T B 0 T B 0 Desired off—Line vertical shaft positions Desired off—Line lateral shaft positions Maintenance history Date W ork performed Date of installation Mfg. Model No. Serial No. Shaft-to-shaft spacing Coupling information Elastomeric Flex discGear Diaphragm Metal ribbon Other Chain in. ± Bolt torque ft-lb Wrench size in. Driver shaft diameter in. Interference fit mils Shaft taper in. ft Lubrication info Oil Grease Continuous feed oil Viscosity or type Recommended Mfg. Secondary Mfg. Amount of lube oz/pints Driven shaft diameter in. Interference fit mils Shaft taper in. ft in. ± in. ± in. (continued ) Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_A001 Final Proof page 753 29.9.2006 7:46pm 753 Mfg. Model No. Serial No. HP RPM Service factorTrip speed Speed Driver unit Information “Critical” speed(s) Steam turbine Gas turbineInduction motor Synchronous motor Diesel Other Bearing information Inboard (coupling) Brg. Outboard Brg. Total unit weight/rotor weight lb/ RPM RPM Mfg. Mdl./Brg. No. Clearance Mfg. Mdl./Brg. No. Clearance Antifriction SlidingType of bearings: Thrust Brg. Mfg. Mdl./Brg. No. Axial float Off-line to running machinery movement Outboard end Inboard end Lateral movement Vertical movement N S E W mils Up Down mils N S E W mils Up Down mils Foot bolt size Wrench size in. in. Mfg. Model No. Serial No. HP RPM Service factorTrip speed Speed Driven unit Information “Critical” speed(s) Compressor GeneratorPump Gear Fan Other Bearing information Inboard (coupling) Brg. Outboard Brg. Total unit weight/rotor weight lb/ RPM RPM Mfg. Mdl./Brg. No. Clearance Mfg. Mdl./Brg. No. Clearance Type of bearings: Thrust Brg. Mfg. Mdl./Brg. No. Axial float Off-line to running machinery movement Outboard end Inboard end Lateral movementVertical movement N S E W mils Up Down mils N S E W mils Up Down mils Foot bolt size Wrench size in. in. Machinery data card Equipment photo/sketch Equipment name Location Magnetic Antifriction Sliding Magnetic Appendix A (continued ) Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_A001 Final Proof page 754 29.9.2006 7:46pm 754 Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition Appendix B Sample Preliminary Alignment Record Sheet Indicate where any “soft foot” corrections were made, the shape and thickness of the shims or custom “wedges,” and indicate how the corrections are oriented under each of the machinery feet. Preliminary alignment checks Company: _______________________________ Equipment name: __________________________ Location: ________________________________ Equipment identification #: ___________________ Static piping stress checks Date: ______________ Dial indicators were located on the . . . OMotor OPump With piping attached and after loosening the pump foot bolts, the dial indicators read the following values . . . ________ mils vertical ________ mils lateral/horizontal Key Key Motor shaft Pump shaft Shaft and coupling hub runout checks Date: _______ Piping stress test by: _________________ Runout checks by: __________________ “Soft Foot” checks by: _________________ Notes: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ “Soft Foot” checks and corrections Loosen or remove all foot bolts. Clean underside of machinery feet and points of contact on baseplate. Rough align both units. With the foot bolts in place but not tightened down, measure four points around each bolt hole with a set of feeler gauges and record the readings. Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_A001 Final Proof page 755 29.9.2006 7:46pm 755 Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_A001 Final Proof page 756 29.9.2006 7:46pm Appendix C Sample Installation and Shaft Alignment Report record sheet Installation and shaft alignment report Company: _______________________________ Equipment name: __________________________ Location: ________________________________ Equipment identification #: ___________________ Static piping stress checks Date: ______________ Dial indicators were located on the . . . OMotor OPump With piping attached and after loosening the pump foot bolts, the dial indicators read the following values . . . ________ mils vertical ________ mils lateral/horizontal Key Key Motor shaft Pump shaft Shaft and coupling hub runout checks Date: _______ Piping stress test by: _________________ Runout checks by: __________________ “Soft Foot” checks by: _________________ Final alignment readings by: ___________ Shaft alignment information “Desired” / “Shoot-for” Dial indicator readings T B 0 T B 0 Indicate how the shaft positions were measured with the machinery off-line. T B 0 T B 0 Final readings OReverse indicator OFace–peripheral OShaft to Coupling spool OFace–face ODouble radial OLaser O Other __________ Amount of bracket sag ________ mils Indicate where any “soft foot” corrections were made, the shape and thickness of the shims or custom “wedges”, and indicate how the corrections are oriented under each of the machinery feet. “Soft Foot” checks and corrections Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_A001 Final Proof page 757 29.9.2006 7:46pm 757 Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_A001 Final Proof page 758 29.9.2006 7:46pm Appendix D Torque Values (SAE Grade 2 Bolts) Recommended Torque Values for SAE Grade 2 Nuts and Bolts Unified National Coarse (UNC) Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry) Torque (Lubricated) (75% of Dry Torque) Clamp Load (lbf 1=225%) 0.164 32 19 in lb 14 in lb 546 0.19 24 28 in lb 21 in lb 734 0.25 20 67 in lb 50 in lb 1,313 0.3125 18 120 in lb 90 in lb 2,175 0.375 16 21 ft-lb 16 ft-lb 3,188 0.4375 14 32 ft-lb 24 ft-lb 4,388 0.5 13 52 ft-lb 39 ft-lb 5,850 0.5625 12 69 ft-lb 52 ft-lb 7,500 0.625 11 100 ft-lb 75 ft-lb 9,300 0.75 10 190 ft-lb 142 ft-lb 13,800 0.875 9 293 ft-lb 220 ft-lb 11,400 1 8 427 ft-lb 320 ft-lb 15,000 1.125 7 8,678 ft-lb 650 ft-lb 18,900 1.25 7 1,155 ft-lb 865 ft-lb 24,000 1.375 6 1,467 ft-lb 1,100 ft-lb 28,575 1.5 6 1,667 ft-lb 1,250 ft-lb 34,800 (55 kpsi proof strength–69 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.250 ft to 0.500 in.) (52 kpsi proof strength–64 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.500 ft to 0.750 in.) (28 kpsi proof strength–55 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.750 ft to 1.500 in.) Recommended Torque Values for SAE Grade 2 Nuts and Bolts Unified National Fine (UNF) Bolt Size (in.) Threads per Inch Torque (Dry) Torque (Lubricated) (75% of Dry Torque) Clamp Load (lbf 1=225%) 0.164 36 23 in lb 17 in lb 622 0.19 32 35 in lb 26 in lb 852 0.25 28 75 in lb 56 in lb 1,500 0.3125 24 156 in lb 108 in lb 2,400 0.375 24 23 ft-lb 18 ft-lb 3,600 0.4375 20 37 ft-lb 28 ft-lb 4,913 0.5 20 55 ft-lb 41 ft-lb 6,600 0.5625 18 80 ft-lb 60 ft-lb 8,400 0.625 18 110 ft-lb 83 ft-lb 10,575 (continued ) Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK4322_A001 Final Proof page 759 29.9.2006 7:46pm 759 [...]... 2 833 051 29 232 02 2929922 31 630 37 31 76 4 03 31 87 439 31 92 631 32 4 439 2 32 79 086 35 25158 35 510 57 35 78 281 36 04121 36 31604 36 64029 37 230 13 3 73 3 70 6 37 835 22 37 895 07 38 16000 38 498 57 4 033 042 39 01604 40 538 45 406 071 9 4102052 4115925 4161068 4161 436 4215482 42165 87 4 231 161 4 234 924 4244111 4249294 42 836 88 436 75 94 44 135 14 4428126 4 439 925 44 479 62 4451992 44 634 38 4502 233 451 632 8 4518855 4586264 46 239 79 Held by Month Day Year... (continued) US Patent # 4698491 470 45 83 471 29 53 474 6021 470 9485 476 4010 479 05 07 4928401 4964224 49841 73 4991965 5026998 5056 2 37 5 077 905 5185 9 37 52 632 61 5 430 539 5 435 0 73 5450245 5508609 5684 578 56915 23 571 5609 5 73 4 108 5896 672 5980094 59 877 62 6 034 7 63 60409 03 604 679 9 604 9 37 8 60982 97 6 37 45 07 641 1 37 5 6 434 841 6 434 849 6615904 6 73 9 9 23 67 635 97 678 276 6 678 4986 6915582 Held by Month Day Year Description Lysen, Heinrich Gordon... Related U.S Patents US Patent # 39 608 2 836 27 431 054 458055 4 874 27 52 130 6 54 175 4 575 8 57 651024 679 591 685288 685290 685455 8 070 85 868 074 958 73 6 12215 07 1 231 479 1295 936 133 938 4 135 16 63 1 477 2 57 150 531 3 1516288 1559 230 1591485 1616084 179 9 73 9 19 079 59 239 539 3 24025 67 245 172 0 24611 43 249 97 53 2516854 2624944 2 634 939 2 638 676 26566 07 26925 27 27 035 05 Held by Month Day Year Description Williams John Logan Henderson... 29 11 7 4 1 970 1 971 1968 1 972 27 15 4 17 11 5 10 26 11 23 14 26 17 17 1 29 18 11 24 10 11 19 73 1 970 1 972 1 972 1 974 19 73 1 974 1 975 1 977 1 976 1 976 1 978 1 979 1 979 1 978 1 979 1 979 1 978 1 979 1981 1981 8 21 3 24 30 31 7 14 21 19 83 1981 1982 1982 1982 1984 19 83 1985 1985 31 1984 Shaft align bracket bracket Dual field optical system Masers and maser communications system Dynamic torque meter (no sag) Alignment. .. (75 % of Dry Torque) Clamp Load (lbf 1=225%) 40 36 32 28 24 24 20 20 18 25 in.-lb 43 in.-lb 68 in.-lb 1 63 in.-lb 27 ft-lb 49 ft-lb 77 ft-lb 119 ft-lb 171 ft-lb 18 in.-lb 32 in.-lb 51 in.-lb 122 in.-lb 20 ft-lb 37 ft-lb 58 ft-lb 89 ft-lb 128 ft-lb 910 1 ,32 1 1 ,79 2 3, 2 63 5,1 13 7, 875 10,650 14,400 18 ,30 0 (continued ) 7 63 Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK 432 2_A001 Final Proof page 76 4... 1,0 83 ft-lb 1,508 ft-lb 2, 033 ft-lb 2,6 67 ft-lb 2 ,30 25 3, 3600 4,5825 5, 970 0 6,1125 7, 7025 9,6600 11, 835 0 14,2 275 (120 kpsi proof strength–150 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.250 ft to 1.500 in.) Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK 432 2_A001 Final Proof page 76 5 29.9.2006 7: 46pm Appendix G Shaft Alignment and Related U.S Patents US Patent # 39 608 2 836 27 431 054 458055 4 874 27 52 130 6... target=gauge Shaft positioning device=method Shaft alignment calculator Shaft align apparatus and method Shaft align brackets Shaft alignment bracket Alignment methods Shaft alignment calculator (continued ) Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK 432 2_A001 Final Proof page 76 7 29.9.2006 7: 46pm 76 7 Appendix G Appendix G (continued) US Patent # 4698491 470 45 83 471 29 53 474 6021 470 9485 476 4010 479 05 07. .. ft-lb 890 ft-lb 1,241 ft-lb 1, 672 ft-lb 2,194 ft-lb 2 23 ft-lb 35 5 ft-lb 529 ft-lb 541 ft-lb 668 ft-lb 930 ft-lb 1,254 ft-lb 1,645 ft-lb 23, 77 5 32 , 475 42 ,30 0 32 , 275 47, 475 59,550 72 , 975 87, 750 (85 kpsi proof strength–120 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0.250 ft to 0 .75 0 in.) (78 kpsi proof strength–115 kpsi tensile strength for sizes 0 .75 0 ft to 1.000 in.) (74 kpsi proof strength–105.5 kpsi tensile... / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK 432 2_A001 Final Proof page 76 0 29.9.2006 7: 46pm 76 0 Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition Appendix D (continued) Bolt Size (in.) 0 .75 0. 875 1 1 1.125 1.25 1 . 37 5 1.5 Threads per Inch Torque (Dry) Torque (Lubricated) (75 % of Dry Torque) Clamp Load (lbf 1=225%) 16 14 12 14 12 12 12 12 192 ft-lb 184 ft-lb 274 ft-lb 280 ft-lb 39 7 ft-lb 5 53 ft-lb 74 6 ft-lb 979 ... 8 7 7 6 6 52 in.-lb 73 in.-lb 96 in.-lb 204 in.-lb 31 ft-lb 50 ft-lb 76 ft-lb 109 ft-lb 150 ft-lb 266 ft-lb 430 ft-lb 644 ft-lb 79 4 ft-lb 1,120 ft-lb 1, 470 ft-lb 1,950 ft-lb 40 in.-lb 55 in.-lb 76 in.-lb 156 in.-lb 23 ft-lb 37 ft-lb 57 ft-lb 82 ft-lb 112 ft-lb 200 ft-lb 32 2 ft-lb 4 83 ft-lb 596 ft-lb 840 ft-lb 1,100 ft-lb 1,462 ft-lb 890 1,114 2,025 3, 338 4,950 6 ,78 8 9, 075 11,625 14,400 21 ,30 0 29, 475 . York. 29 3 26 19 25 11 3 13a 49 45 34 f 44 35 48 3 40 38 42 34 e 32 34 d 31 B 18 8 15 12a 21 20 27 28 2 23a 23b 23c 23d 24 10 12 2 50 47 46 43 39 41 37 34 b 34 a 36 34 c 33 30 17 A 9 22 16 14 FIGURE 22.19 Murray’s shaft alignment device, 19 83. Piotrowski / Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition DK 432 2_C022 Final Proof page 75 1. categories: 24 28 10 22 17 27 30 29 31 11 23 15 20 21 25 14 18 13 12 FIGURE 22. 17 Callahan’s shaft alignment device, 19 53. 17 Driving shaft 49 3 47 48 51 34 59 56 57 56 18 Driven shaft 52 52 43 3 46 58 FIGURE. (19 83) Encyclopedia of Antique Scientific Instruments, Facts on File Inc., New York. 29 3 26 19 25 11 3 13a 49 45 34 f 44 35 48 3 40 38 42 34 e 32 34 d 31 B 18 8 15 12a 21 20 27 28 2 23a 23b 23c 23d 24 10 12 2 50 47 46 43 39 41 37 34 b 34 a 36 34 c 33 30 17 A 9 22 16 14 FIGURE