Passive sentences Câu bị động : Câu bị động là câu trong đó chủ ngữ là người hay vật nhận hoặc chịu tác động của hành động.. Lấy tân ngữ của câu chủ động active làm chủ ngữ của câu bị độ
Trang 1I. DEFINITION(Định nghĩa)
1. Active sentences (Câu chủ động) : Câu chủ động là câu trong đó chủ ngữ là người hay vật thực hiện hành động
Ex : They built the house in this village in 1486
2. Passive sentences (Câu bị động) : Câu bị động là câu trong đó chủ ngữ là người hay vật nhận hoặc chịu tác động
của hành động
Ex : The house was built in this village in 1486
II. PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION (Cách đổi sang câu bị động)
Muốn chuyển một câu từ thể chủ động sang thể bị động, ta thực hiện những bước sau
1. Lấy tân ngữ của câu chủ động (active) làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động (passive)
2. Đổi động từ chủ động (VA) thành động từ bị động (VP)
V P = be + past participle (p.p)
Present Simple
S +V (s / es)
People speak English here S + am / is / are + p.pEnglish is spoken here
Present Continuous
S + am / is / are + V-ing
They are painting the house S + am / is / are + being + p.pThe house is being painted
Present Perfect
S + have / has + p.p
He hasn’t worn jackets for ages
S + have / has + been + p.p
Jackets haven’t been worn for ages Past Simple
S + V 2 / V ed
My mother wrote this letter
S + was / were + p.p
This letter was written by my mother
Past Continuous
S + was / were + V-ing
She was doing the homework at that time yesterday
S + was / were + being + p.p
Her homework was being done at that time yesterday
Past Perfect
S + had + p.p
They had destroyed all the documents when they arrived
S + had been + p.p
All the documents had been destroyed when they arrived
Future Simple
S + will / shall + V (b.f)
I will tell you when the time comes S + will / shall + be + p.pYou will be told when the time comes
Future Continuous
S + will / shall + be + V-ing
We will be holding tasks at this time next year S + will / shall + be + being + p.pTalks will be being held at this time next year Future Perfect
S + will / shall + have + p.p
You will have finished this report before Tuesday
S + will / shall + have been + p.p
This report will have been finished by Tuesday
3. Chủ ngữ của câu chủ động thành tân ngữ của câu bị động và đứng trước nó là giới từ by.
Ex : The President presented the medals The medals was presented by the President
• Chủ ngữ I, you, we, they, he, she , it, one, someone, people, someone, somebody, nobody, no one
thường được bỏ đi trong cây bị động
Ex : Somebody left this purse in a classroom This purse was left in a classroom
• Nếu trong câu chủ động có chủ ngữ là nobody hay no one thì động từ trong câu bị động chia ở dạng phủ định
Ex : Nobody saw him leaving the room He wasn’t seen leaving the room.
Vị trí của các trạng từ trong câu bị động :
- Trạng từ chỉ cách thức (Adverb of manner) thường đứng giữa be và past participle Các trạng từ khác thường đứng
sau trợ động từ đầu tiên
Ex : This problem has been carefully studied by the scientists
She had never been promoted if she wouldn’t have changed her job.
- Trạng từ hoặc cụm từ chỉ thời gian đứng sau by + object.
Ex : The report was typed by the secretary this morning.
- Trạng từ hoặc cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng trước by + object.
Ex : He was found in the forest by the police.
Trang 2III. SPECIAL CASES : (Các trường hợp đặc biệt)
1. Questions : (Câu hỏi)
E.g : Should we help Jane with the sewing ? Should Jane be helped with the sewing ?
What time can the boy hand in their papers ? What time can the boys’ papers be handed in ?
Who taught you to speak English ? Who were you taught to speak English
By whom were you taught to speak English ?
2. Verb with two objects : (Động từ với hai tân ngữ)
- Khi động từ chủ động có 2 tân ngữ chỉ người (indirect object – I.O) và chỉ vật (direct object – D.O) thì cả 2 tân ngữ đó đều có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động
(a) V + indirect object (I.O) + direct object (D.O)
E.g : He gave (I.O) the police (D.O) information
(b) V + direct object (D.O) + preposition + indirect object (I.O)
E.g : He gave the (D.O) information to (I.O) the police.
- Lúc này, dạng bị động được thành lập bằng 2 cách
• Tân ngữ gián tiếp trở thành chủ ngữ của câu bị động
E.g : The police were given information
• Tân ngữ trực tiếp trở thành chủ từ của câu bị động
E.g : The information were given to the police
- Thông thường tân ngữ gián tiếp thường được chọn làm chủ từ của câu bị động hơn là tân ngữ trực tiếp
E.g : The council have awarded Andrew the grand prize for his essay
Andrew has been awarded the grand prize for his essay by the council (more common)
The grand prize has been awarded to Andrew for his essay by the council (less common)
- Một số động từ thường dùng với dạng này : award, give, sell, send, show, lend, pay, promise, write, teach,…
3. Verb of perception : (Động từ chỉ giác quan)
- Các động từ chỉ giác quan thường được dùng trong
cấu trúc này là : feel, see, watch, hear,…
E.g : We saw them go out of the house
They were seen to go out of the house
I heard him run upstairs He was heard to run upstairs
- Dạng bị động này còn được dùng với động từ help và make (đi với bare-infinitive)
E.g : They made him tell the truth He was told to tell the truth.
You should help the old carry their heavy bags The old should be helped to carry the heavy bags
- Let được dùng không có TO Tuy nhiên let ít được dùng ở dạng bị động, allow được dùng ở dạng bị động để thay thế
E.g : They let is go We were let go (We were allowed to go)
4. To-infinitive & infinitive passive : (Động từ nguyên mẫu có TO và không TO)
- Các động từ chỉ mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu, sự cho phép, lời khuyên, lời mời,…
được dùng theo cấu trúc sau : ask, tell, request, advice, order, allow, invite
E.g : He asked me to send a stamp I was asked to send a stamp
They advised us to go early We were advised to go early
5. Reporting verb with THAT clause : (Động từ tường thuật với mệnh dề THAT)
- Mệnh đề that được dùng làm tân ngữ cho các động từ :
allege, announce, hope, believe, claim, consider, expect, know, report, rumor, say, think,…
- Chỉ dùng perfect infinitive trong các trường hợp sau
MAIN CLAUSE THAT CLAUSE
E.g : We know that he is an honest man They say that the castle was built in the 19th century
It is known that he is an honest man It is said that the castle was built in the 19th century
He is known to be an honest man The castle is said to have been built in the 19th century
6. Imperative form : (Mệnh lệnh cách)
E.g : Turn off all the lights before leaving the workshop
Let the lights be turned off before you leave the workshop
All the lights must be turned off before you leave the workshop
Note : Trong trường hợp câu mệnh lệnh có 2 vế thì cần phải xem xét kĩ chủ ngữ của từng vế, khi đối sang câu bị động
phải đổi kèm với chủ từ vế sau để tránh lỗi về phân từ (dangling participial phrases)
Active : Subject + verb + bare infinitive / V-ing
Passive : Subject + be + V3 / Ved + to – infinitive / V-ing
S + be + V3 / Ved + to-infinitive
Active : S1 + V1 + (that) S2 + V2
Passive : * It + be + (that) V3 / Ved + S2 + V2
* S2 + be + V3 / Ved + to + bare-infinitive
have + V3 / Ved
Trang 37. Causative form : (Thể sai khiến)
- Thể sai khiến được dùng để nói rằng chúng ta nhờ hoặc sắp xếp cho ai làm một việc gì đó cho chúng ta
E.g : I will get a mechanic to repair my car
I will get my car repaired by a mechanic
The manager had his secretary type the document The manager had his document typed by the secretary
Note : Người ta thường sử dụng cấu trúc bị động của thể nhờ vả hơn là thể chủ động.
- Ngoài ra, cấu trúc have / get sth done còn được dùng để nói về những điều không tốt đẹp xảy ra cho người hay vật
nào đó
E.g : The shops had its beautiful windows broken in a strong storm
Mr Mai has just had her wallet stolen on the bus
EXERCISES
A CAUSATIVE FORM
I. Rewrite these sentences, using Causative Active Form :
1. I asked Jack to polish my shoes
2. Jack will ask the Mason to build his house
3. They are going to tell us to play football
4. She has told the maid to wash her clothes
5. Tom has told the dentist to pull his decaying tooth
6. She told the police to catch the thief
7. We shall ask John to give you this book
8. He had a mechanic repair his car engine
9. Mary often asks the postman to mail her letter
10. I will ask the painter to paint my house soon
11. Mr Green has told the electrician to repair his electric fan
12. Alice is going to tell the manicurist to manicure her nails next Sunday
13. The actress will ask the photographer to take some photos
14. Mr Pikes asked his students to cut their hair every months
15. We must tell the painter to paint our room soon
II. Rewrite these sentences, using Causative Passive Form : 1. The mother has had her daughter make a dress
2. Did you have anyone paint the chair ?
3. The boss has had the servant wash his car
4. We have a carpenter make a desk
5. Mrs Green had had May feed the cat
6. Stepmother had Cinderella separate the rice from the husk
7. Please have someone carry my luggage to the airport
8. Mr Kim is going to have a tailor make a new shirt
9. She is going to have the shoe-repairman mend her shoes
10. Mrs Smith is going to have an eye-specialist examine her eyes
Active : Subject + have sb do sth / get sb to do sth
Passive : Subject + have / get + sth done by sb
Trang 4
III. Use the correct verb form :
1. He has his shoes ……… every day (shine)
2. He gets his hair ……… once a month (cut)
3. We shall have those books ……… to you (bring)
4. Maria had her landlord ……… the broken windows before winter (fix)
5. I’ll get a specialist ……… my health (check up)
6. They are going to have their wedding card ……… there (print)
7. She got the post office ……… a telephone in his flat (install)
8. Before we leave, let’s have Sally ……… a map so we wouldn’t get lost (draw)
9. She can’t always get her mother ……… aloud to her (read)
10. She can make any dogs ……… her (obey)
11. I called the company to have my telephone ……… (change)
12. They are going to have a new school ……… (build)
13. She had a street artist ……… her portrait (paint)
14. She got the dentist ……… her decaying tooth (pull out)
15. To please my son, I had his old bicycle ……… (repair)
16. Minh is getting his document ……… (type)
B THE PASSIVE VOICE
I. Use the correct passive form of these verbs :
1. An island ……… by water (cover)
2. I ……… to the party last night but I didn’t come (invite)
3. Many accidents ……… by reckless driving (cause)
4. A new dormitory ……… in the university campus now (build)
5. Thank goodness ! My jewelry ……… in the robbery last night (steal / not)
6. If I didn’t do my job properly, I ……… (sack)
7. The electric light bulb ……… by Thomas Edison (invent)
8. Mickey Mouse cartoons ……… in sixty languages (translate)
9. If it is foggy, that sport event ……… (cancel)
10. The examinees ……… the result of the examination next week (tell)
11. This machine ……… for quite a long time (not use)
12. The clever dog saved Lan and her family from ……… in the typhoon (catch)
13. I am looking forward to ……… fairly (treat)
14. Nylon ……… by an American chemist, Julian Hill in the 1930s (invent)
15. How old is this tower ? It ……… to be over 600 years ago (believe)
16. Teacher’s day ……… largely since 1982 (celebrate)
17. We are having our house ……… at the moment (paint)
18. Some trees ……… on the sidewalk at the moment (plant)
19. My car has disappeared It ……… by my brother (take)
20. So as not ……… by paparazzi, Angelina Jolie wore a veil (recognize)
II. Rewrite these sentences :
1. They say that she is the best singer in this town
She
2. They believe he will be the winner
It
3. People think that Tom stole food in the supermarket 3 days ago
Tom
4. Someone reported that the situation was under control
The situation
5. It is said that she works 16 hours a day
She
6. Someone thinks that the company is planning a new advertising campaign
The company
7. Everyone expects that the soap opera will end next year
It
Trang 58. It is alleged that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
The man
9. Someone believed that the President had suffered a heart attack
The president
10. They think that the prisoners escaped by climbing over the wall
The prisoners
11. It is reported that the buildings have been badly damaged by fire
The buildings
12. It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods
Many people
13. We all expected that Marta will pass the exam
It
14. We knew that you are in town on the night of the crime
You
15. People believe that he was killed by terrorists
He III. Change these sentences to the passive voice :
1. Our neighbor ought to paint the garage
2. I have to return these books to the library
3. Someone will pay you in ten days
4. They chose him as the best actor of the year
5. The cat has broken many bowls and dishes
6. Clement Clarke Moore wrote the poem “A Visit form Saint Nicholas” in 1823
7. Someone has already paid the electrician for his work
7. The teacher always advises us to study harder on the second term
8. People celebrate Tet round the last of January and the beginning of February
9. They taught him French and gave him a dictionary
10. Nguyen Hue School will hold an English-speaking Contest next month
11. A man requested the stranger to leave the meeting
12. They have eaten all the dinner since they finished the conversation
20. Why didn’t they mend the roof before it fell in?
21. People said that the policeman soon died of cancer
22. People think that we are using too much electricity
23. Every year, Viet Nam exports millions of tons of rice
Trang 6
24. Vietnamese people celebrate their Lunar New Year Festival around January and February
25. Our teacher always advises us to study harder on the second term
26. The Library of Congress in the USA employs over 5000 employees
27. My mother is making “Special Chinese Fried Rice” in the kitchen now
28. Mr Tam is painting his pictures with his patience
29. They are planning to see a new film called “Ghost of Georgia”
30. They are broadcasting the World Cup soccer games all over the world
31. Mary is cutting the cupcake with a sharp knife
32. Bad weather has delayed flight 202 from Miami
33. They have celebrated the Teacher’s Day largely since 1982
34. Science and Technology have completely changed human’s life
35. People have built this building of bricks, stones and cement
36. Nga has typed the report about polluted environment for 2 hours
37. Brothers Lazlo and George Biro invented the ballpoint pen
38. The boy broke the window and took away some money
39. Someone cut down the tree in the garden yesterday
40. The artist painted a huge pictures to raise fund for the poor children
41. Mai wrote some articles about the damage of 11th storm
42. Someone was making coffee while I walked into the kitchen
43. My father was fixing the electrical sockets at this time yesterday
44. SJC Company was holding the meeting while it began to rain
45. Mrs Green was mending the ladder at ten yesterday
46. The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plant
47. Mr Han is going to visit Hanoi on his work next week
48. This company will organize an art exhibition next month
Trang 7
49. Nguyen Hue School will hold the English-speaking contest on next Friday.
50. Tom will return those books back to the library tomorrow
51. The postman will deliver newspaper to him next week
52. They can’t make tea in cold water They have to make tea in hold water
53. A sudden increase in water pressure may break the dam
54. You must clean the floor before you paint it
55. The girl has to decide to study law or pharmacy
56. People can’t learn a foreign language in this week
57. They make artificial flower of silk
58. Nick will bring the pizzas to our house
59. You can’t make tea in cold water
60. They are digging some holes in the garden
61. Did you receive your visa yesterday
62. Where will the company send you next year
63. He has spelt the word wrongly
64. She was doing the homework at 4 yesterday
65. They were preparing the meals when I arrived home
66. The zookeeper feeds the animals at the zoo every day
67. Should they help Timothy with cooking dinner ?
68. The managers have copied the file since you left the company
69. They are going to steal your money if you are not careful
70. The thief broke the window and took away some pictures
71. For centuries, poets, writers and musicians have mentioned ao dai in poems, novels and songs
72. They are going to plant some flowers and plants in our school yard next week
73. Students in secondary school shouldn’t drive motorbikes at school
74. They had opened a new museum in this land before we came to live in Vietnam in 1999
Trang 8
75. People said that Michael Jackson died of using too much cocaine
76. Their boos made them work very hard until midnight
77. This is the first time they have written to us about this
78. How many lessons are you going to learn next month?
79. Someone had invented electric lights before I was born
80. People know that Japan produces a wide range of cars
81. Before they took exams they had revised their lessons
82. When he came home his father was reading a newspaper
83. My father will take me to Ho Chi Minh City next week
84. When I was 18 years old, my parents allowed me to go out in the evening
85. You were wearing your new hat when I met you yesterday
86. He is preparing everything for the presidential election
87. Last Friday, when I came to Jane’s house, she had finished all exercises
88. Countries are finding a way to solve the problem
89. He put the letter in the drawer, and then he locked it up
90. By the end of this year, we will have learnt 2,000 English words
91. Don’t ask for another book until you finish this one
92. Her father was planting different kinds of flowers in the garden
93. The Prime Minister is making a speech at the moment
94. How many days did she spend finishing the work?
95. The doctor pulled out one of my teeth yesterday morning
96. His wife usually brings him sandwiches at lunch time
97. The light went out while I was making a cup of tea
98. The students of chemistry made many experiments last week
99. For the past years, I have done all my washing by hand
Trang 9
100.A pair of robins has built a nest in the porch since last week.