English Grammar Course - part 5 docx

Classifications of English verbs 1Verbs 5/1 according toclassified Functions of items Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs Primary Modal Marginal Marginal • include: do, have, be • change meani

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E_English Grammar

Chapter 4 The verb & its complementation

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1 Different classifications of English verbs

2 Grammatical categories of the verb

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Classifications of English verbs 1

Verb

1/1

according toclassified

Possibility of admitting progressive aspect

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Verbs

2/1

according toclassified Functions of items

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

See more in 3.3 - 3.22

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Verbs

3/1

Regular

Irregular

E.g.: book, booked, booked

E.g.: teach, taught, taught

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Verbs

4/1

Primary

Modal

Marginalmodal auxiliary

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Verbs

5/1

Primary

Modal

Marginal

• include: do, have, be

• change meaning when becoming a

full verb

E.g.: I am a student vs I am reading

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Verbs

6/1

Primary

Modal

Marginalmodal auxiliary

• include:

Can – could May – Might Shall-should Will-would Must

Ought to

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Verbs

7/1

Primary

Modal

Marginal

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Verbs

8/1

according toclassified Complementation

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

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Verbs

9/1

E.g.: I feel tired.

He’s in the cab.

Extensive verbs

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Verbs

10/1

Extensive verbs

Intransitive

TransitiveIntensive verbs

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Verbs

11/1

• have the pattern: SV

• make complete sense themselves

E.g.: He’s singing.

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Verbs

12/1

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Verbs

13/1

• require one direct Object (Od)

• have the pattern: SVOd E.g.: I kissed her.

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Verbs

14/1

• require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)

• have the pattern: SVOiOd

E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.

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Verbs

15/1

• require Object and Object Complement

(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))

• have the pattern: SVOCo or SVOA(obli)

E.g.: He made me really crazy.

He sent his son to the kindergarten.

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Stative verbs Dynamic verbs

See more in 3.35

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E.g.: I like you

He said he hated cooking.

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Dynamic verbsVerbs of body sensation

Activity verbsTransitional event verbsMomentary verbsProcess verbs

= verbs that show the action or the

change of status

E.g.: She learns English.

He hit me

She is English ( ‘is’ isn’t

dynamic verb because it denotes a

permanent status)

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Activities verbsTransitional event verbsMomentary verbs

• ache, hurt, itch, feel, etc

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Activities verbsTransitional event verbsMomentary verbsProcess verbs

• ask, eat, help, learn, say, throw, write etc

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• arrive, land, leave, lose, die etc

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Activities verbsTransitional event verbsMomentary verbsProcess verbs

• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc

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• change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc

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Verbs

26/1

according toclassified Structure

One-word verbs Multi-word verbs

Classifications of English verbs

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Verbs

27/1

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Verbs

28/1

Multi-word verbsPhrasal verbs

Prepositional verbsPhrasal-prepositional verbs

See more in 12.2 - 12.6

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Verbs

29/1

• turn on (the light), bring up (the child), hand in

(the paper), give up, take of, etc

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Verbs

30/1

• look at (the girl), take after (somebody), look after (somebody), etc

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Verbs

31/1

• come up with, make up for, stand in for, put up with, etc

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Let's check

 Do exercise 156 (handout)

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Grammatical categories of verbs

2

Grammatical categories of verbs

Tense Aspect Mood Voice

progressive

Perfective-Simple

1/2

See more in 3.26 - 3.46

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2

Tense

Tense = the correspondence between the form of the verb and

our concept of time

• language specific (while TIME: universal, non-linguistic)

• includes PAST and PRESENT

• no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form corresponding to future time.

2/2

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2

Aspect • the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded

with respect to time

• progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress

• perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed

E.g.: I am writing with a special pen (progressive aspect)

I have written with a special pen (perfective aspect)

• Tense & aspect are intermingled

3/2

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2

AspectTense &

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2

conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility

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request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)

• Form: the base

• Aim: to be formal E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all his

chicken.

It is necessary that every student pay the tuition fee.

7/2

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• Found in clause in certain set expressions

• Form: the base E.g.: May god bless you.

Long live the King.

God save the Queen.

Come what may, we’ll go ahead.

8/2

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9/2

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2

Voice

Voice = a grammatical category that makes it possible to view

the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without change in the facts reported

• include: passive and active voice

E.g.: He ate all the apples (active) The dog was bitten by our neighbor (passive)

10/2

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Intensive complementation 3

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Intensive verb complementation

2/3

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Noun phrase E.g.: She isn’t a good student.

It appears the only solution.

4/3

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5/3

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E.g.: The problem is not who will go

• “nominal relative clause”

E.g.: Quality is what counts most

6/3

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E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head

• “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)

E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot (without S)

The idea is for us to meet at 8 (with S)

• “-ing clause”

E.g.: Seeing is believing.non-finite clause

7/3

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Intensive verb complementation (SVC - SVA)

Adverbial

Prepositional phrase

Finite clause

She is in the garden

The program is at night

Home is where your family is

8/3

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Mono-transitive complementation

4

Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase

With passive

one-word verbsphrasal verbs

Without passive

Prepositional verbs

Phrasal prepositional verbs

2/4

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4

With passive

Without passive

Prepositional verbs

E.g.: Tom caught the ball.

The ball was caught by Tom.

3/4

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4

With passive

Without passive

Prepositional verbs

E.g.: They passed over the question.

4/4

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4

With passive

Without passive

Prepositional verbs

E.g.: She has a nice house.

A house is had by her.

5/4

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4

With passive

Without passive

Prepositional verbs

E.g.: The management paid for his air fares

6/4

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4

With passive

Without passive

Prepositional verbs

E.g.: He looked down on them.

7/4

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4

Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

8/4

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4

Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause

E.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.

Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.

I wondered who did make the bed for me.

Can you confirm which flight we are taking?

I realized what a fool I had been.

I know how busy you are.

9/4

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11/4

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• introduce what one might generally describe

as factual or propositional information E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was misled.

12/4

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• imply intentions to bring about some change

in the future, whether or not these are verbally

formulated as commands, suggestions, etc E.g.: The are demanding that she leave.

13/4

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E.g.: I regret that we didn’t come.

14/4

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E.g.: I wish that he were here.

15/4

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16/4

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Indicative verbs Super-ordinate verbs

E.g.: She admitted that she was wrong.

17/4

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E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.

18/4

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Indicative verbs Super-ordinate verbs

E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.

19/4

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To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle clause

E.g.: I don’t like the house to be left empty.

I saw them cry.

21/4

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To-infinitive clause

Ing-participle clause

E.g.: He learned how to sail a boat as a small child.

You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.

I could not decide (on) which bicycle to buy.

25/4

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Di-transitive complementation 5

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Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep

Di-transitive prepositional verbs

E.g.: He gave the girl a doll.

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E.g.: He persuaded me to give up smoking.

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E.g.: He convinced me that he was right.

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• verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions  two passive forms of the sentence

• these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take

account of, give way to, etc.

E.g.: They make best use of the garage.

The garage is made best use of.

Best use is made of the garage.

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• Od introduced by a preposition

• one passive form with Oi only

• these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to,

rob of, refer to, etc.

E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement.

I am reminded of the agreement.

• Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc.

E.g.: He explained it to me.

It was explained to me.

I was explained about it.

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Complex-transitive complementation

6

1/6

Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)

Adjectival Object Complement (Co)

Nominal CoAdverbialsTo-infinitiveBare-infinitiveIng-clause

See more in 12.20 - 12.27

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E.g.: He drives me crazy.

2/6

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E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.

3/6

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• Adverbials are obligatory.

E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.

4/6

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E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.

5/6

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E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.

6/6

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E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.

7/6

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E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion

ed-clause

8/6

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 Exercises 211-218, 225-230, 233-244 Workbook

 Further reading: The use of modal auxiliaries (3.47-3.55)

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