English Grammar Course - part 9 potx

Clausal Coordination 1.3Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a

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E_English Grammar Course

Chapter VIII Coordination, Ellipsis, & Apposition

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Coordination 1.1

Coordination = the combination of two or more equal units,

namely, phrases or clauses

E.g.: My friend and I went there together.

We went there and returned immediately.

I told him this, but he didn't believe me

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See more in 9.7 - 9.8

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Coordination = can be referred to by some grammarians as syndetic

(with the presence of coordinators) and asyndetic (with the absence of coordinators)

E.g.: Slowly and stealthily, he crept towards his victim (syndetic) Slowly, stealthily, he crept towards his victim (asyndetic)

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Coordination

Phrasal Clausal

= coordination of phrase of equal status

= coordination of clause of equal status

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Phrasal Coordination 1.2

Coordination

Phrasal Clausal

• including:

+ coordinated NPs (in different syntactic functions)

E.g.: Peter and Tom were here.

She is afraid of snakes and cockroaches

Old and young men were invited

He has secretaries from Ireland and auditors from

France here.

These and those chairs are wooden

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See more in 9.31 - 9.43

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Coordination

Phrasal Clausal

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Coordination

Phrasal Clausal

• including:

+ coordinated Adjective phrases

E.g.: She is young and beautiful.

His clear and forceful delivery impressed the

audience

These jewels were very cheap and gaudy.

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Coordination

Phrasal Clausal

• including:

+ coordinated Prepositional phrases

E.g.: The attacks in June and in July failed

He climbed up the wall and over the wall.

John complained to Mary and to Peter.

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Coordination

Phrasal Clausal

• including:

+ coordination of identical items

E.g.: He felt more and more bored.

They talked on and on and on.

There are teachers and teachers.

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Coordination

Phrasal Clausal

• Order in phrasal coordination:

+ a tendency for the shorter word to come first

E.g.: big and ugly

cup and saucer

+ in virtually irreversible order

E.g.: bread and butter

law and order knife, folk, and spoon

by hook or by crook

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Coordination

Phrasal Clausal

• can be segregatory (possibly paraphrased into 2 or

more coordinated clauses)

E.g.: John and Mary have a cold (John has a cold and Mary has a cold.)

• can be combinatory (impossibly paraphrased into

coordinated clauses)

E.g.: John and Mary make a good couple

(no analogous paraphrase)

He painted his car black and white

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Clausal Coordination 1.3

Coordination

Phrasal Clausal

• including:

+ coordinated independent clauses

E.g.: She didn't want their help, but she had to accept it

+ coordinated subordinate clauses

E.g.: I want to know for whom it was ordered and by

whom (it was ordered)

She desired to know where he had gone but not

why he had gone

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Syntactic features of Coordinators

Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses

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E.g.: John plays the guitar, and his sister plays the piano

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E.g.: They are living in England, or they are spending a vacation there.

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Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: precede conjunctions Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses

E.g.: He was unhappy about it, and yet he did as he was told.

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E.g.: They love him and believe in him.

I may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day.

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E.g.: I wonder whether you should speak to him personally or whether

it is better to write to him

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E.g.: The battery may be disconnected, or the connection may be

loose, or the bulb may be faulty.

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Semantic implications of “AND”

Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence

Contrast 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

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E.g.: He heard an explosion and he (therefore) phoned the police

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E.g.: I washed the dishes and (then) I dried them

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E.g.: Robert is secretive and (in contrast) David is candid

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E.g.: They disliked John - and that's not surprising

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E.g.: Give me some money and (then) I'll help escape

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E.g.: A trade agreement should be no problem, and

(similarly) a cultural exchange could be arranged

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E.g.: He has long hair and (also) he often wears jeans

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E.g.: She tried hard and (yet) she failed

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Semantic implications of “OR”

Restatement or correction of previously - mentioned idea

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E.g.: You can boil an egg, or you can make some

cheese sandwiches, or you can do both

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E.g.: He began his educational career, or, in other

words, he started to attend the local kindergarten

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Semantic implications of “BUT”

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E.g.: John didn't waste his time in the week before the

exam, but studied hard every evening

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Correlatives both…and

either…or

neither…nor

others

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either…or

neither…nor

others

• with anticipated addition

E.g.: He both has long hair and wears jeans.

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either…or

neither…nor

others

• with anticipated alternation

E.g.: He either has long hair or wears jeans.

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either…or

neither…nor

others

• with anticipated additional negation

E.g.: He neither has long hair nor wears jeans.

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either…or

neither…nor

others

• “nor/neither” - correlated with actual or

implied negative in the previous clause E.g.: He did not want to ask them for help;

(but) nor could he do without their help

• “not only but (also)”

E.g.: They not only broke into his office and stole his book, but they (also) tore up his

manuscripts

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E.g.: He publishes as well as prints his books.

She was pitied rather than disliked

• these coordinators can have a prepositional

or subordinating role

E.g.: As well as printing his books, he

publishes them

Rather than cause trouble, I’m going to

forget the whole affair

John, as much as (= with) his brother,

was responsible for the loss

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See more in 9.44

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Non-restrictive relative clauses

E.g.: John didn’t go to the show, which is a pity.

= John didn’t go to the show, and that is a pity

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Ellipsis 2.1

which are precisely recoverable from the linguistic or situational context

E.g.: Have you spoken to him?

(I have) Not yet (spoken to him).

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Ellipsis 2.1

clauses, question-answer sentences, and other context where adjacent clauses are related in form & meaning

E.g.: I thought they were on the seat, but they’re not (on the seat) She looks older than her mother (does).

When’s he coming back? – (He’s coming back) Next Friday.

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Ellipsis 2.1

Ellipsis

• occurs in 3 positions: initial, medial, and final

E.g.: He squeezed her hand out but (he) met with no excuse.

He and his mate both jumped out, he (jumped out) to go to the women, his

mate (jumped out) to stop other traffic on the bridge

Perhaps, as the review gathers steam, this can now change It needs to (change).

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Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis of subject Ellipsis of auxiliary only Ellipsis of predicate/predication

Ellipsis of Od/Cs only

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Ellipsis of A

Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep

• identical subjects of coordinated clauses are ellipted

E.g.: Peter ate a cheese sandwich and (Peter/he) drank a glass of beer

• sometimes, ellipsis of both S and auxiliary occurs

E.g.: Mary has washed the dishes, (she has) dried them, and (she has)

put them in the cupboard.

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Ellipsis of A

Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep

E.g.: John should clean the shed and Peter (should) move the lawn.

John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been)

doing her homework

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