essential English Grammar in Use int phần 4 pptx

These verbs have the structure verb + object + to : * Can you remind me to phone Ann tomorrow? * Who taught you to drive? * I didn't move the piano by myself. I got somebody to help me. * Jim said the switch was dangerous and warned me not to touch it. In the next example, the verb is passive (was warned): * I was warned not to touch the switch. Note that you cannot use suggest with the structure verb + object + to * Jane suggested that I should buy a car. (not 'Jane suggested me to buy') For suggest, see Units 34 and 52. C. advise recommend encourage allow permit forbid There are two possible structures after these verbs. Compare: verb + ~ing (without an object) * I wouldn't recommend staying in that hotel. * She doesn't allow smoking in the house. verb + object + to * I wouldn't recommend anybody to stay in that hotel. * She doesn't allow us to smoke in the house. Compare these examples with (be) allowed (passive): * Smoking isn't allowed in the house. * We aren't allowed to smoke in the house. D. Make and let These verbs have the structure verb + object + infinitive (without to): * The customs officer made Sally open her case. (not 'to open') * Hot weather makes me feel tired. (= causes me to feel tired) * Her parents wouldn't let her go out alone. (= wouldn't allow her to go out) * Let me carry your bag for you. We say 'make somebody do ' (not 'to do'), but the passive is '(be) made to do ' (infinitive with to): * Sally was made to open her case (by the customs officer). @p109 EXERCISES 54.1 Complete the questions, Use do you want me to ? or would you like me to ? with one of these verbs (+ any other necessary words): come lend repeat show shut wait 1. Do you want to go alone or _do you want me to come with you?_ 2. Have you got enough money or do you want ? 3. Shall I leave the window open or would you ? 4. Do you know how to use the machine or would ? 5. Did you hear what I said or do ? 6. Can I go now or do ? 54.2 Complete the sentences for each situation. 1. Look the door. OK. She told him to lock the door. 2. Why don't you come and stay with us for a few day? Yes, I'd love to. They invited him 3. Can I use your phone? No! She wouldn't let 4. Be careful. Don't worry. I will. She warned 5. Can you give me a hand? Yes, of course. He asked 54.3 Complete these sentences so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence. 1. My father said I could use his car. My father allowed _me to use his car._ 2. I was surprised that it rained. I didn't expect 3. Don't stop him doing what he wants. Let 4. He looks older when he wears glasses. Glasses make 5. I think you should know the truth. I want 6. Don't let me forget to phone my sister. Remind 7. At first I didn't want to apply for the job but Sarah persuaded me. Sarah persuaded 8. My lawyer said I shouldn't say anything to the police. My lawyer advised 9. I was told that I shouldn't believe everything he says. I was warned 10. If you've got a car, you are able to travel round more easily. Having a car enables 54.4 Put the verb in the right form: ~ing or infinitive (with or without to). 1. She doesn't allow smoking in the house. (smoke) 2. I've never been to Iceland but I'd like there. (go) 3. I'm in a difficult position. What do you advise me ? (do) 4. She said the letter was personal and wouldn't let me it. (read) 5. We were kept at the police station for two hours and then we were allowed - (go) 6. Where would you recommend me for my holidays? (go) 7. I wouldn't recommend in that restaurant. The food is awful. (eat) 8. The film was very sad. It made me (cry) 9. Carol's parents always encouraged her hard at school. (study) @p110 UNIT 55 Verb + ~ing or to (1) (remember/regret etc.) A. When one verb follows another verb, the structure is usually verb + ~ing or verb + to Compare: verb + ~ing * They denied stealing the money. * I enjoy going out. Often we use ~ing for an action that happens before the first verb or at the same time: stealing <- denied verb + to * They decided to steal the money. * I want to go out. Often we use to for an action that follows the first verb: decided -> to steal want -> to go This difference is often helpful (see Section B) but does not explain all uses of ~ing and to B. Some verbs can be followed by ~ing or to with a difference of meaning: remember I remember doing something = I did it and now I remember this. You remember doing something after you have done it: * I'm absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it. (= I locked it, and now I remember this) * He could remember driving along the road just before the accident happened, but he couldn't remember the accident itself. I remembered to do something = I remembered that I had to do it, and so I did it. You remember to do something before you do it: * I remembered to lock the door when I left but I forgot to shut the windows. (= I remembered that I had to lock the door and so I locked it) * Please remember to post the letter. (= don't forget to post it) regret I regret doing something = I did it and now I'm sorry about it: * I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn't have said it. I regret to say/to tell you/to inform you = I'm sorry that I have to say (etc.): * (from a formal letter) We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job. go on Go on doing something = continue doing the same thing: * The minister went on talking for two hours. * We must change our ways. We can't go on living like this. Go on to do something = do or say something new: * After discussing the economy, the minister then went on to talk about foreign policy. C. begin start intend continue bother These verbs can be followed by ~ing or to with little or no difference in meaning. So you can say: * It has started raining. or It has started to rain. * John intends buying a house. or John intends to buy * Don't bother locking the door. or Don't bother to lock But normally we do not use ~ing after ~ing: * It's starting to rain. (not 'it's starting raining') @p111 EXERCISES 55.1 Put the verb into the correct form, ~ing or to . Sometimes either form is possible. 1. They denied _stealing_ the money. (steal) 2. I don't enjoy very much. (drive) 3. I don't want out tonight. I'm too tired. (go) 4. I can't afford out tonight. I haven't got enough money. (go) 5. Has it stopped yet? (rain) 6. Can you remind me some coffee when we go out? (buy) 7. Why do you keep me questions? Can't you leave me alone? (ask) 8. Please stop me questions! (ask) 9. I refuse any more questions. (answer) 10. One of the boys admitted the window. (break) 11. The boy's father promised for the window to be repaired. (pay) 12. Ann was having dinner when the phone rang. She didn't answer the phone; she just carried on (eat) 13. 'How did the thief get into the house?' 'I forgot the window.' (shut) 14. I've enjoyed you. (meet) I hope you again soon. (see) 15. The baby began in the middle of the night. (cry) 16. Julia has been ill but now she's beginning better. (get) 55.2 Here is some information about Tom when be was a child. 1. He was in hospital when he was four. 2. He went to Paris when he was eight. 3. Once he fell into a river. 4. He cried on his first day at school. 5. He said he wanted to be a doctor. 6. Once he was bitten by a dog. He can still remember 1, 2 and 4. But be can't remember 3, S and 6. Write sentences beginning He can remember or He can't remember 1. He can remember being in hospital when he was four. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 55.3 Complete these sentences with a suitable verb in the correct form, ~ing or to 1. a. Please remember to lock the door when you go out. b. A: You lent me some money a few months ago. B: Did I? Are you sure? I don't remember you any money. c. A: Did you remember your sister? B: Oh no, I completely forgot. I'll phone her tomorrow. d. When you see Mandy, remember her my regards, won't you? e. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember it by the window and now it has gone. 2. a. I believe that what I said was fair. I don't regret it. b. (after a driving test) I regret that you have failed the test. 3. a. Keith joined the company 15 years ago. He was quickly promoted and became assistant manager after two years. A few years later he went on manager of the company. b. I can't go on here any more. I want a different job. c. When I came into the room, Liz was reading a newspaper. She looked up and said hello to me, and then went on her newspaper. @p112 UNIT 56. Verb + ~ing or to (2) (try/need/help) A. Try to and try ~ing Try to do = attempt to do, make an effort to do: * I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open but I couldn't. * Please try to be quiet when you come home. Everyone will be asleep. Try also means 'do something as an experiment or test'. For example: * These cakes are delicious. You must try one. (= you must have one to see if you like it) * We couldn't find anywhere to stay. We tried every hotel in the town but they were all full. (= we went to every hotel to see if they had a room) If try (with this meaning) is followed by a verb, we say try ~ing: * A: The photocopier doesn't seem to be working. B: Try pressing the green button. (= press the green button - perhaps this will help to solve the problem) Compare: * I tried to move the table but it was too heavy. (so I couldn't move it) * I didn't like the way the furniture was arranged, so I tried moving the table to the other side of the room. But it still didn't look right, so I moved it back again. B. Need to and need ~ing I need to do something = it is necessary for me to do it: * I need to take more exercise. * He needs to work harder if he wants to make progress. * I don't need to come to the meeting, do I? Something needs doing = something needs to be done: * The batteries in the radio need changing. (= they need to be changed) * Do you think my jacket needs cleaning? (= needs to be cleaned) * It's a difficult problem. It needs thinking about very carefully. (= it needs to be thought about) C. Help and can't help You can say 'help to do' or 'help do' (infinitive with or without to): * Everybody helped to clean up after the party. or Everybody helped clean up * Can you help me to move this table? or Can you help me move There is also an expression 'can't/couldn't help doing something'. 'I can't help doing something' = I can't stop myself from doing it: * I don't like him but he has a lot of problems. I can't help feeling sorry for him. * She tried to be serious but she couldn't help laughing. (= she couldn't stop herself from laughing) * I'm sorry I'm so nervous. I can't help it. (= I can't help being nervous) @p113 EXERCISES 56.1 Make helpful suggestions. Each time write a sentence using try + one of the following suggestions: phone him at work move the aerial change the batteries turn it the other way take an aspirin 1. The radio isn't working. I wonder what's wrong with it. _Have you tried changing the batteries?_ 2. I can't open the door. The key won't turn. Try 3. The TV picture isn't very good. What can I do about it? Have you 4. I can't contact Fred. He's not at home. What shall I do? Why don't you 5. I've got a terrible headache. I wish it would go. Have you 56.2 For each picture write a sentence with need(s) + one of the following verbs: clean cut empty redecorate tighten 1. Her jacket is dirty. It needs cleaning. 2. The grass is very long. It 3. The room isn't very nice 4. The screws arc loose 5. The bin is full 56.3 Put the verb into the correct form, ~ing or to . 1. a. I was very tired. I tried to keep (keep) my eyes open but I couldn't. b. I rang the doorbell but there was no answer. Then I tried (knock) on the door, but there was still no answer. c. We tried (put) the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire brigade. d. Sue needed to borrow some money. She tried (ask) Gerry but he was short of money too. e. I tried (reach) the shelf but I wasn't tall enough. f. Please leave me alone. I'm trying (concentrate). 2. a. I need a change. I need (go) away for a while. b. She isn't able to look after herself. She needs (look) after. c. The windows are dirty. They need (clean). d. Why are you leaving now? You don't need (go) yet, do you? e. You don't need (iron) that shirt. It doesn't need (iron). 3. a. They were talking very loudly. I couldn't help (overhear) them. b. Can you help me (get) the dinner ready? c. He looks so funny. Whenever I see him, I can't help (smile). d. The fine weather helped (make) it a very enjoyable holiday. @p114 UNIT 57. Verb + ~ing or to (3) (like/would like etc.) A. like love hate can't bear enjoy dislike mind can't stand These verbs and expressions all mean 'like' or 'not like'. They are often followed by ~ing: * Ann hates flying. * Why do you dislike living here? * I don't like people shouting at me. (= I don't like being shouted at.) After love, hate and can't bear, you can also use to So you can say: * I love meeting people. or I love to meet people. * She can't bear being alone. or She can't bear to be alone. But after enjoy/dislike/mind/can't stand, we use only ~ing (not 'to '): * I enjoy being alone. (not 'I enjoy to be') * Tom doesn't mind working at night. (not 'mind to work') B. Like You can say 'I like doing something' or 'I like to do something'. Often it doesn't matter which you use, so you can say: * I like getting up early. or I like to get up early. In British English, there is sometimes a difference between 'I like doing' and 'I like to do'. 'I like doing something' means 'I enjoy it': * Do you like cooking? (= do you enjoy it?) * I like living here. (= I enjoy it) 'I like to do something' means 'I think it is good or right +() do it': * I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible. (This doesn't mean that I enjoy it; it means that I think it is a good thing to do.) * Mary likes people to be on time. C. Would like/would love/would hate/would prefer are usually followed by to (infinitive): * I would like to be rich. * Would you like to come to dinner on Friday? * I'd love (= would love) to be able to travel round the world. * Would you prefer to have dinner now or later? Compare I like and I would like: * I like playing/to play tennis. (= I enjoy it in general) * I would like to play tennis today. (= I want to play today) Note that would mind is followed by ~ing (not to ) * Would you mind closing the door, please? D. You can also say 'I would like to have done something' (= I regret now that I didn't or couldn't do something): * It's a pity we didn't see Val when we were in London. I would like to have seen her again. * We'd like to have gone on holiday but we didn't have enough money. You can use the same structure after would love/would hate/would prefer: * Poor old Tom! I would hate to have been in his position. * I'd love to have gone to the party but it was impossible. @p115 EXERCISES 57.1 Complete the sentences with likes or doesn't like + one of the following (in the correct form): be kept waiting do nothing drive fly solve mysteries take photographs take risks work in the open air 1. George is a detective. He enjoys his work. He _likes solving mysteries._ 2. Ann very rarely travels by plane. She _doesn't like flying._ 3. Rose always carries her camera with her. She 4. Christine doesn't use her car very often. She 5. Dave is a gardener. He likes his job. He 6. Jennifer is a very cautious person. She 7. Ted is extremely lazy. He 8. Helen is very impatient. She 57.2 Write sentences about yourself. Say whether you like or don't like these activities. Choose one of these verbs for each sentence: (don't) like love hate enjoy don't mind 1. (flying) _I don't like flying._ 2. (playing cards) 3. (doing the ironing) 4. (going to museums) 5. (lying on the beach all day) 57.3 How would you feel about doing these jobs? In your sentences use one of these: I'd like/I wouldn't like I'd love I'd hate I wouldn't mind 1. (a teacher) _I wouldn't like to be a teacher._ 2. (a dentist) 3. (a hairdresser) 4. (an airline pilot) 5. (a tourist guide) 57.4 Put in a suitable verb in the correct form, ~ing or to Sometimes either form is possible. 1. It's nice to be with other people but sometimes I enjoy _being_ alone. 2. I'm not quite ready yet. Do you mind a little longer? 3. When I was a child, I hated to bed early. 4. I don't enjoy letters. I can never think what to write. [...]... thinking of doing it, I'd like to do it: * I'm trying to sell my car but nobody is interested in buying it (not 'to buy') We use interested to especially with hear/see/know/read/learn I was interested to hear it = 'I heard it and it was interesting for me': * I was interested to hear that Diane has got a new job * Ask George for his opinion I would be interested to know what he thinks (=it would be interesting... I'm trying to sell my car but nobody is interested _in buying_ it 2 Julia is interested - her own business 3 I was interested - your letter in the newspaper last week 4 Bill wants to stay single He's not interested - married 5 You must tell me what you think I'm always interested - your opinion 6 There's a party tonight but I'm not interested 65.3 Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets... selfish Jane accused @p1 24 UNIT 62 Expressions + ~ing A When these expressions are followed by a verb, the verb ends in ~ing: It's no use /It's no good : * There's nothing you can do about the situation, so it's no use worrying about it * It's no good trying to persuade me You won't succeed There's no point in : * There's no point in having a car if you never use it * There was no point in waiting any longer,... used to doing (be/get used to) and I used to do They are different in structure and meaning I am used to (doing) something = something isn't strange or new for me: * I am used to the weather in this country * I am used to driving on the left because I've lived in Britain for a long time I used to do something = I did something regularly in the past but no longer do it (see Unit 18) You can use this... bed early.(main clause) 'Playing tennis' and 'feeling tired' are ~ing clauses If the ~ing clause is first (as in the second example), we write a comma (,) between the clauses B When two things happen at the same time, you can use ~ing for one of the verbs The main clause usually comes first: * I've just seen Carol She's in the bar having a drink (= she is in the bar and she is having a drink) * A man... seeing._ 2 It would cost too much to repair this watch It's not worth 3 If you have time, you should go to the museum It's worth 4 It's quite an interesting suggestion 5 There's an interesting article in the paper today 6 We can throw these old clothes away They 62.3 Make sentences beginning There's no point 1 Why have a car if you never use it? There's no point in having a car if you never use. .. falling (= it was possible that we would fall not 'we were afraid to fall') * I don't like dogs I'm always afraid of being bitten (not 'afraid to be bitten') So, you are afraid to do something because you are afraid of something happening as a result: * I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten B Interested in (do)ing and interested to (do) I'm interested in doing something... not telling the truth Here are some more verbs with this structure: succeed (in) Have you succeeded in finding a job yet? insist (on) They insisted on paying for the meal think (of) I'm thinking of buying a house dream (of) I wouldn't dream of asking them for money approve(of) She doesn't approve of gambling decide (against) We have decided against moving to London feel (like) Do you feel like going out... be/get used you cannot use the infinitive.(to do/to drive etc.) We say: * She is used to driving on the left (not 'she is used to drive') When we say 'I am used to ', 'to' is a preposition, not a part of the infinitive (see Unit 59C) So we say: * Frank is used to living alone (not 'Frank is used to live') * Jane had to get used to driving on the left (not 'get used to drive') C Do not confuse I am used... Are you interested in working for us? I'm not very good at learning languages She must be fed up with studying What are the advantages of having a car? This knife is only for cutting bread How about playing tennis tomorrow? I bought a new bicycle instead of going away on holiday Carol went to work in spite of feeling ill You can also say 'interested in somebody (do)ing .', fed up with you (do)ing ' etc.: . followed by ~ing or to with little or no difference in meaning. So you can say: * It has started raining. or It has started to rain. * John intends buying a house. or John intends to buy. succeeded in finding a job yet? insist (on) They insisted on paying for the meal. think (of) I'm thinking of buying a house. dream (of) I wouldn't dream of asking them for. school'. by ~ing (to say bow something happens): * The burglars got into the house by breaking a window and climbing in. * You can improve your English by reading more. * She made