Giáo trình đồ gá - Chương 2 ppsx

& !' ( a kU J % ( kt N ? -b E- L% ( N 3; E- L% ,-K < : ; - < IR F = F ? M( F G P( #= P F - F L% F (= P L% F F F *3; , A < 6% f _ ) 6% F ,$% N% - *)X q ; j -E 3F ] e q - ‚P = P ( & H 3Q ? = P( e Œg 3Q , < ? E # B = P ( 36 ? - F * S% e ] R ! F #E L% F F F #E E6 * B G F F L% F F G & # - = M( * 3; ; B [ = I0 3Q ? * ] q F B ) =P R ( R F ] " F G $ ? M( - P( O $ S%( E E - F G M( E @ 34 - 0E @ ; N% )K ( )# F G F - ! G& ) = ! # ? ? G * E ? - (, F ) - J R (* %1 ] - 34 - E- R L= L% J M( & - ] - Mi K ? E - i - ( R (= f * ( L ( / ( - F ] - ÷ / F ? F - ‚P = P B F f // ÷ B ] ( ‚ „ * µ x = j s & !' ( ^] E ( * " # % " N V ] … * R F ) G F ; %4 ] R - ] - q* ] - ( ] E ( %= - )K i 8< P ( %1 ] ) … " )K ] v q* ( ) = ^] ( * &@ )# $ ( 34 - 34 %1 * - ‡P 6% n F " )K $ ; q= F FE ( 3; G % M( = q q F ( FE * )K … =P P R F ,$% N% EZ F q 8E ; O L %4 %1 * R F * )V qx = ^| 34 P %1 %4 ] - & ,$% N% EZ J ] +& $ %1 V J EG L !f / & %q ) G = - * EG = %q ~ ) q a " q ? E < … = P8 %1 ? H q B ] e … J = 6% qa " 7W | ( )K E - = b %1 ] ] S% = )b EG m≤ P „ * s÷.* gh ? B - 3Q e (3 )# # ‚P „ /.÷j g & ~ !' ( m† & %E D - 3Q L q B ? )K ' | e (3 ? P „ * /÷.* h * ‚P „ //÷j ] %1 3Q & 34 ) N -= ‡` - q ` - q R F ` - q )# $ = FE 6% $ S%; a " " q < … 8) = b= ^| - Ee B ! ] ? K ? B w* &@ )# % E (= e G q E- L% * ( 3Q L ] = - ` - %1 (3 + * /÷.* h * & % E ‚P „ //÷j % )*+ % - ! ! b , 3b b - b ` - q ‡P q 6% q q J ) 6% _ ? )K - Q - q _ I2, q … 8< P ( _ 3b ` - q 34 E %1 Ee = t i F G F b ` - q M• F ] , )K a " = … 7*& & q B b= -% ] * %1 u & !' ( 8& E ; &@ )# %7 q a " _ M( " ‡P q P ) * = P E #E 6% = b= ~ fM ? ( ] M %1 E ( q K ? )K , - Mi J " _ a b q a3b F F F -* B ! ( ] q %7 %7 G */ E 34 - E -* * FP = d ( ]=P #') - Mi F q ) * J ] q F G & % -= =P )K … ) = " 6% ( )# a " ~ 34 q _ ( )# >9 ] = 3b= %, F F = m J ( )# - J #9 q # 8 qW =P 3" q | ?W =o G ? @ %1 F = P( # * R F ] F ? ! # _ W =t f M W /=P A@ F # < < )K EG E E ( o= ^ E o %= ~ o H & !' ( R F F ] %1 ) t J tT ˆ m 6% ) $ - - 34 J ] %1 & %1 R F F F ] F a ( Ew M( $ R= Ew f / & ] (, ? - ,===b* R F + ( ] # F e P /* P * P * i +& $ ; ? F FE ( R & * )V V ,$% N% ( ] ~ Ew 8< ^ S %q Ew o* Yf L G R ] %1 * )K 6% R %= %1 | ‡P ( * R F F < )K - 34 ) (9 pP #) 8E ; O t pP -% ] k %7 = " /÷/ ‚P = B pP (, (, P ms.l* P m l* u.P D = P ( 36 ] F ) = $ L% R 6% o ) ] 8 $ b= ~ - 34 * -% J EG tT † m # L% Ew G _ - Mi ) am k I < - Mi ~ &> - Mi … F # H F - 8E ; O J ( * f J | = Ž %1 m Ž " ] … - _ E- L%* 6% ) t T † * -% m /= ? 34 ) F t T ≤ * ÷.* /= m (* _ - 34 ? 34 ) N V ) = J & !' ( o E- L%* ? ( ( 3J # & ( 36 ( ] … = p~ ) ˆ j ( ? - + e )# # Œ sl*Œ l*u} P *P ms p~ )† j ( ? - + e P p } * L L * * g÷ tH e ! H7 ) h7 Pf H %q | e & %1 %1 J ( ( & S%, " %1 M , M% & = F $ B G & | * < - ( G 36 M( %1 34 #* ) * ] & ( … ( ] ] - … %1 | %1 E … %1 | d E ; ( ] J ) ±δ p )% & E ; ( ! ±δ p )% & E ; ( ! ! L %1 | 34 ) |a b* F Fa b* pE V ' [ L ! | F Fa b ∆ pE V ' [ L ! | F Fa b F Fa b ; ‚ƒ„ L s* # %1 ∆ EG F ? - ) b* < R F %1 %E ( | R (a ) p J ≤.* T F L #= ! U t pEG [ H7 ) m7 ] ( ! 0E ( H Œ $% N% %7 H7 ) k7 3; R ( ] # S% * ữ.* /à * j ( S% %= … # E V ' %= ] ) * w < F G L 34 R ( &> E ( (E ( ~ N 2, B %1 e [ %1 = ( J J 6% ‚P /.÷// ( ! EG & & %9 *& % ; 3J & & % $ ( % S% % )K ( ( J N o4 ) , J - MB H & & ) p < :; !' ( = G EG | N F D L ( ] U( - Fa b ~G R ( ] J P7 $ 8E V ' ! ε c ( H ) = 2e ( | ε c( H 4) = %1 b ε c( H ) = ε c( H 2) = U( - $ B - Mi δ + 2e ε c( H ) = ε c( H 2) = R aE B G δ + 2e + ε c ( H ) = 2e + δ + δ + ∆ G ε c ( H ) = δ1 + δ + ∆ ε c(H ) = ε c(H 2) = U( - $ B - Mi ε c ( H 3) = G δ1 δ + + 2e 2 ε c( H 4) = < ? ML% ( L &> 89 a ∆ o " 4, 6% E ‰ ∆ I0 ( ] F 3e ‰ ∆ L a ∆ E F ! 3e ∆ δ + 2e + b= ‰ ∆ H E ; ( L a " ! | J =/b* E V ' H e L δ1 δ + 2 f E ; ! ( | ( [ | d b ≥ aδ ‰δ b ? - F F &> ≥ aδ ‰δ b ? 9) „) p δ -* -% " # N & !' ( -* - M% ( S% " 4, < G )K " %1 )% # & 4, E ; O =/3* M , 8* - E ; M , ? =/3b= :P ≈• m „ ε* 3Q 3( EG # " &> J = I0 ; 3J S%; ( a " V " ( ] )X ) @ ( A )% E ; & E ( + ? 3A &% V ! | E V ' 3( EG ! | #= t ? 3A &% " ε =/ D =P ? M( R ( ] E - 4, 3( EG U5 "ε F F - 3Q W =` - qW =P ( &> N & %9 ε „ δ ‰δ p∆ F ( ( ] … #W =P ( = pε „ "+ ( ( • l: • lP 89 r22l − (b + c) = rctrm − b = (r2 l − ε) − b 2b = d l ε −c o J ε ˆ c } $ )F & %7 | M „∆ J %1 F G % # 3" F F FM F " Q ? M( F $ 3Q #∆ „∆ M J ‰δ ‰δ ‰δ U S% , J L & J F G % 3" α &> < E V ' 3( EG ! & sin α ≈ !' ( ∆ l + δ l1 + δ1c + δ1m + ∆ + δ 21 + δ c + δ m L 89 δ *δ p )% & < EG δ *δ p )% & < EG δ *δ p U5 • f ? M( ∆1 J :; $ < ( J j÷ )p 3; • E ; ? E ; ! ] R pM ÷ g %1 l 3; 2 )K ! ] ( " =sb - # ! # ] ( # J ( E [ = ) pj # 7 E 8E ; O # E ] $ " ( " †/ g ] )K E V ' # R g÷ )p )p sT s= ~- L% # ( ( / e a " ãã ( ữj b ; b & %9 b tH b a N b :a b a - Q F = ~G 3a a ∆ l + δ1l + δ1c + δ1m L + δ1l + δ1c + δ1m + ∆ + δ l + δ c + δ m ~G ) a | e S% , "l A= ? | ] ; %,6 ( ÷/ )p ; E V ' )K %1 < [ )K e =j # ] %1 E ( %1 = I0 E H ÷/ a # E ; [* v " 8 T / ÷ T b= V M H E ( J * %, $ )X ) / & !' ( " =j " # ( N x a.* i < < # ) Ew B Ew b= -% %1 < 34 ) F %q +& $ * B B ) ; & * (, ( R a " 8E ; O b M( ] %q F F F = - a " %7 = b= ~ J < = 3b = =P ( 7 V a " " =P - 34 # 6% f 7a| - (, )K 6%* =gb $ R )K 8E ; O * R % a " 2, ( ( %1 E ( [ & # =u= # %1 =s ( ) ( | ; )K 3f / & | 3- ) - EG - * _ N " E ; O " * )K , " - ( =ub= t | - /9E f # ( ) ( pM P ( " =g = # ~ ? # W 3=P 7 %q ! * K) ] Y j & !' ( - 8< D 8l R L% & b} 6%= = ^ - M P L% )v R ( )# M( F+ J H F - J E % 3; )# S% # H a3 < J _ # H 7 Q M( F )v J b ( B - ) * ; B b= i & ! & F G J )# " F G L% & ) -% )# L% )v = /D ! S% ] S%( " =P )# # H # H Ee # H Q a $ B ? 6% _ ; 3; * ,* a E *E e* B ! R ( ! N - = < L% )v $ # H J # H * -% )# P / = * M5 * % 6% W = tf M # H* R * ; )# ( ] ) b N L% )v F G )# F G )# S%( " L% E E0 5=P = 3b } R W = Id E !( E G e M J )K (, ) = P 6% $ L% )v J ( *E R R (E G )# # H=: )v e *) * )v - )v = !f : s )v ( )# - )v G ] - )v | J * G - )v H S%( " M( * R $ J R (= I0 ; * < E ; 3; G < $% ( ! )v ? H J %1 ] $ F G ( ( EG N% ) J /j & J & %q !' ( ] % $ - ) I0 )v J 3s %,$ - E E *E e *) J ; Q ( e , )K J a " Y = F & ]t k2 7 < ? | = o E- L%* _ S% R = ub= 8< P ( 8m F = b: W 3b : t E , - )v = I < < EG b2 ) )v J %,$ -3 ! = b= : ? J k2 3s - )v ] J ? (, E N , - )v F J ? - 36 - H | H H e ! ; , ] F *& % J J E 0% | J ,* | - )v 7 S% sT jW3 , 3; )v #E N ( | L G ; a " ] )v H &G < E ,3 = )# G - )v )v < G ( )# ( E sT j ] ~- L% zs* sT j= P L # H =o J H $ ; < 6% J M( u ÷ s= : )v ) ? )K | R )# ! J , G ! , N J ‚ „ * / ÷ * µ = j ; J -= )K u ÷ s= ‚ J %] )v 3F f = ~ | )v N + L -E EG 3s ( B = ? $ ,3 * < _ N M ,3 , M( & /s & !' ( N E %,- )v $ - ; , 6% ) , -a " 8< : d; ] ( a " ] N% | < , < ? G i E [ - ? # J )v , E 0* 8< : d7 | $ ] N%* S%( N %* )v 3$ | ( 36 ] < 8< P ( d8 $ ; )K * ( ] = b= k2 J -= |E EG B = b= )v ( 3s ! ] t Ew 2, , )K f | )v J ] | $ = (, ) =: Q )v ( ? H J A /g & ? ) !' ( ] A O S% , ( A V H # ) J - )v = : S%( " )v a " = H V J ( b= fg % 3s ] ` - )v ( |3 6% E G )v _ M( )v S% ,$% N%* F & ] ,E | < F G - )v b g % 3s L% )v P G e G )v k g % 3s )v M ,* - )v F $ & % F F G - J F 8E ; O ( ] ? ( G M( S% , $ - )v |a " ( H M( * < F G2 ( G F G # J | ,$% N% - )v O * R (= 8 B - 6% # R F E 8< P ( dd ]P8 , ' - ( )v = o " M( ( E , 8; J 8 H ; )K S%( ? = ` - )v * ; )K M( & A $ = ? H ( J G L - )v = ` - )v F ? G = M( = b= (, ) = G "E E F G M , F G | - )v S% - )v L G = jb= # ? L% Ew * %, &@ )# F G2 V ' O E ( )v ` - )v _ M( L ,$% N% ` - )v - = %, G , < E [ %4 ` - )v 3; )v ( F | - )v %4 ] )K _ &@ )# %,$ - )v E v Ew E )v $ (, E b ` - )v F ( ; ,E J b - R ? < ? &@ )# < ' Ew J = F a " R ] , - = sb= 3b 8< ` - )v d: F = ? W 3b ` - )v F E ( ? = = - 8< ` - )v dS ( < j & !' ( - 8< ` - )v 3; 6= de = ,A /#A @ " ) P % J ] P f L% & ) ) N E R ( Q F M( , < ? )K L S% * EG & J &; M%L E L% )# ' ( " &; M%L G M( R ( ,* * * = ; ) R (= P > < # /#A L% & ) # H & 8< g % 3s dT H J R (* ) &; R ( $ , ( 36 ] ? ) ; G Y (, B , A 8 • N J S%, ; 6% < ) _ -* 3F F G 6% L% & ) | J *E _ = Q 6% Y _ L x j & !' ( " = g ^ b` , 3b , & ) # 3Q ] = g … %7 , ] F # ] e ; ? ]* G ) 3H - O ) $ & ) J N = P $ Y *) 8E - , F L% & ) = * i = o E- L%* = 3Q ‚P * ( 36 + // ÷ j ] amb e )# L% & ) F G F F = $ *) E ; G M( ? 3H FD %E = L% & & ) M F G " 3; L% L% & ) * < G 3Q " = ] ]= - M( * J !& 8E V = e ) S%( " 3F f E L% Q R ( 3Q ]= , d 36 O B ] !& ) H 3[ 3Q J ‚ ≤ * µ = M( ) , )K )( - *7 , d L% & ) " ( ) ,W m= & J ) ? E " O W =m F G - Mi , #W 3Q % - ) %7 Vb ~ " 3Q … = P! & ) W = ^ - $ … L% & ) = ] b` , )b ] & ( 36 % L $ N ] B 3F $ %,0 (, < ? &@ )# ,* (, J * (, * (, %7 J %,0 x &y j & $ !' ( (, ) # 36 ] K, V < A N ( L% )N% e * % e O ] L% N% )f e F V E ; ( " # % L% M( J L% e " F e E G e p F G Y %,0 Q ; ) ! N L% $ R ( )# 3J # H < v EG O ? < % R ( )# v% - Mi J 36 # N ? ,) • $ 36 ] ] N - ; * %q - E- 3$ ) ( * = L% & N S% 3; R (* 8 L% E ( %, E ; 3; O ] $ ] ' &%L L = = F I0 ; 3J + < )K + a f ( % (, E ( O &> %7 i " ? = L% ( ; "3 F G N% - ( ] B " 3; < " F O =~ v%= I0 ; P( ? = ] ,5 -8 " ( )# < M( &%L mK * " 7* 36 ) %Ž L% # e L% " L% $ * x # H E &> E- ( e ? )# &@ )# E G * %,0 -= 6% E " ? L% %N S% ,b= : ( ,*E E ] ( ] ^ ( %,$ - E $ ( 36 ] N , ' ? &@ )# $ 6% F G E ( < < < E )2, * (, A ? = < R ( & %9 j & b 3O !' ( B F & ] ; < L% Ew ] N L% )2, = $ Q &> H ? F F $ - L ( L% *,$% N% L% * J ; ] F F (, ( F = ] &@ )# N Ew K $ ] L% F $ F N S% ,= k ` N S% , ~ F ] S% , %1 # S% , 6% E R ( … - )K $ L% F _ %q ] & 3; ,$% N% 8* $ B ( V F G = ( ] F R ( &> H N S% ,= I0 ; F N S% , ; $ , L% F Q 6% E- L% E ( F a " % %q N S% , -= P = u % S% , L% = b= I0 ,$% N% &; M%L = - 8< P dm= L% # S% , … B = j & !' ( - 8< P :; - $ " F =t F G t = ( E- L% )K Ee * F % M( a H7 b= p6 D %E 3; E d i Ew ] - Mi i )K &( ) ( f N E 2, M( %E v & & J N S% , " = %A 36 )K E V '= E ( )# ] L ? ,$% N% F N S% , Ew M( ! a L% H b= 3H = I0 Ew ] E- L%9 Q F G < J N G ] N S% , J ! N S% , $ = M( 3F f v M$ )F V ] 3Q B * ( )# ; 3e k ~w E G V N S% , - B f F G *E a b %, E- L% ; ! ! N S% , L *)X J H7 b 8E V ' g6 ! F = F ; L * F % G … # S% , Q a b E- L% a 3% 8< P ( E- L% R F :7 a3b E ; O t L% a " = ub* )K ; ( S% , # S% , = j/ & k ~w !' ( ] 3Q %4 V a " = b*)K S% , # S% , Q L = k ~w ] 3Q ] a " = b * )# &@ %4 ? E- L% E ( < )2, * B & %9 = $ ( L% ‡P (, * % L% P $ a " S% , ] $ S% 3$ ( * f 3;, / - V d S% ,= t M( " G i O N S% ,= 3F 1, M% j S% , M% M( E [ F S% S% ,* F ^] = 1, 3( R (b= P 3F f 31, G 3V ! L% F s $ * f M g Ee $ * f G 3( j &> F (, s f ; d S% , G Y L% ( b ( )# N S% , a = M% O ( N S% ,* S% E ( E * ( A3- M% f / S% , M% M( f )K F& %,0 1, S% , ( )# < 1, 1, F L% F G , ? j B F F 3Q j = - 8< P :8 L% Ew N S% , < V = jj & !' ( ‡P L% L% %7 G = J " M$ )F * d %7 u " ] %7 E " &> S% , E E d %7 *& % (, H J ; [ ? fM ( %7 - %,0 - ( S% , V G &> ( )# F G , d %7 )K ‡P L% [ = t L% ,* E ( - ]= Ga " I2, L% F = Id $ *& % f S% , S% , V S% , " d G L α.= P L% ] 8< P :: L% S% , E $ # S% , u = /b 6% V % Eq Y &> d F = U S% , α * S% , E E J 3$ ( * ) J ( )# u = D % L J &> S% , S% , d e = $ # F " i=~ G 3$ $ = Id M• %7 = b i d S% , " ;* M• $ 3$ = ? * - ) %,0 _ S% , u = Id , S% , %,0 L% S% , u a " P 8< P :d p G O = js & - !' ( 8< P :S = L% S% , G & ' " - &; M%L * R ( #= IR ( E *E e *) * R ( G (, -% ^% B 6% E R ( $ # (,* (, P k M( 0B )# i\ J F R ( J " ! < ] R ( $ & - ? R ( B (, J M( $ (, ,* R ( ] H $ # = \ ( 8< :e= F V 3H (, #* E L% F - E- F $ S% ; O L% Ew H ] R ( $ $ < ? ] J R ( $ (, ( (, " ! $ V W ! [:„ !o G ] N% # = 8< :ef] (, V < (,= IR ( # * Y - R (W 3b (, $ < ,* (, ) J O * (, ) J | F R ( $ ] J , J g ! #) = I- R (W = ! (, ? H ) V $ H +& / b ‚ F G (, -% f R ( $ L% Ew I F (, ) * (, ( EG (, G =P $ * R ( G ; L% F $ H ? = V )v ? ; $ R ( ( ] ? ? AG , = : (, ) N% %7 < ] = (,= < = ; 36 6% V )v :„ g J B F J 36 jg & !' ( ! < %q J I < N (, N% %7 Ec & $ (, +& / ( ; 3Q % K ? \= ? H V )v J (, O V )v J = j 3b= - : N% [ # F F $ N% # $ (, B ( (, a " H e H7 = h6 ) R ( R (= P ( J = j =b= V %,$ P( ? 8E - R (a " V ,$% N% $ , ] J ! k V )v V 3H V (,= ! $ $ w < * R ( G *| ? F # F $ ? F F $ N # G = | W f ( R ( J ] G = < F < )K F R ( $ | # (, ] | ? $ (, F $ " F = s= - ju & !' ( 8< P ( :T * k IF ( F F R ( $ F R ( $ | # k mK V ' N% # N # ) k mK ] J V k mK | # S% F d G )K d G F G & %= F R ( = N% # % ] | = L% V Ee % (, G E- ? R (= $ (, B F F R (= pppppppppp ‡‡‡‡‡ pppppppppp 8H '( I JB !9 %1 )* $ =` G * ] * =` G > R F ( # %1 ] ] # 6%* F & L% Ew = G ] %1 W … W %1 ] = N - E Ew G ? {` ] Ew Ew W FE $ (, )K ^2 L%W R =` G G Ew N - E $ (, E W (, ,W (, = /= " , )K Ew 3Q R *Ew 3Q + %,$ \ & $ * Ew 3Q V * Ew 3Q 3( (% Ew < * Ew 3Q Ew %Ž E G = , $ : o> ( L% F : ` G G F 3; R ( = * R (E E e * R ( ,= s ... * ( 3Q L ] = - ` - %1 (3 + * /÷.* h * & % E ‚P „ //÷j % )*+ % - ! ! b , 3b b - b ` - q ‡P q 6% q q J ) 6% _ ? )K - Q - q _ I2, q … 8< P ( _ 3b ` - q 34 E %1 Ee = t i F G F b ` - q M• F ] , )K... )K J a " Y = F & ]t k2 7 < ? | = o E- L%* _ S% R = ub= 8< P ( 8m F = b: W 3b : t E , - )v = I < < EG b2 ) )v J %,$ -3 ! = b= : ? J k2 3s - )v ] J ? (, E N , - )v F J ? - 36 - H | H H e ! ; , ]... t &( 2, ) | Ew n „z „‘=n " 3Q ? ‘=n ≥ ~=` W= o 4,9 1, K.PH 2. f N - M$ )F ] ( - ] n G - E J 2, i = 3! , ! - ( ] $ j ? )K A 3- aj qb 3F &> ~=`= ≤ ‘ = ‰‘ = 3Q W ≥ K Ew Ew E i ( )# ( )# L, " -% L