Giáo trình đồ gá - Chương 3 pdf

;< = > ! O ; a H 3F ! E- k - E- ? R ( ? B 6; < -b 3; S%( " $ ; 6; - E- R ( (, # O * %,$ )K O &%L S% = L ,$% N%= -P ' - E- R ( E- ( E- L% G F ( H - E- R ( ( ] R (*M( %,$ )K %1 3F &; &%L = ~ ; # < - %,$ )K ? + ( & & %,$ H ( 6% E < *G R (*M2, ) R (*S%, F ( 3; EZ - > E- L% %4 - *H % R (= %q V R L 6% k I; G E ( H N 3; %,$ E k )# R ( " % E ( E- L% R ( ? %1 W ; ( H &> E- L% - E- R ( %,$ )K ( ,$% N% & % 2,9 3; E \ EZ 6% E - %4 &@ )# L $ E % -* &@ )# Q &' E- L% EZ %4 ? G L O R (= ( ,$% N% &@ )# EZ %4 * ] ( ( R (= ( k I; 3; H %= ; (, H &> H k I; 3; ; ( E- L% $% ? %,$ E- L% ( 6% ? _ $% R ( $ %1 (, (= %4 = s ;< = k I; > 3; E- L% R ( K ? J E ; O - H ( - &' &; M%L = ,,-8 !( B F ; , F 36 ] W M( 36 G )( * & F ] EG R (= D d< ^ & & $ R ( ] %,$ " 7 E H - E- S%, M( F %,0 ] )K F ( * ; %,0 H 36 ] ( EG N )( ] %1 # = b= V " Fa ] # -* … * ] ; 3; a " ] F N Ew ( F -* %1 ( )# J * - • & 34 N ( 36 *| * ] E ( < & J * " $ ? M2, ) %q # L% J J ( J + (,* $ ; "I %1 F G 7 B 6% @& M( ? F ) $ ( F 9 ~0 F 6; M( F ? " $% %1 K ? C % * ] E= ===b R F F ? )( * EG J V - = 'L $ M K R ( ] - = ' s ;< = }( > F F N * - 7W O N Ew ] i 3Q ‘pt H* V & ] U ( F ! ` P 6% 6% J ) J ( )# ? d 3Q d 3; K, M( F V & ? R ( ] # 89 %1 F F ] R F E F = B = Ew V ( H ^ ? M( * ? F " V ( , ( ( # " = ; ( F + S%( J * % * L% Ew 6% Ew ] - Mi J 6% R E6 ] 6% Ew G ] H ` Ew # 7 - = , f V ` 3; & H= %,$ \ H E G * ( N &( 3( EG Ew E J H= ‚k t ; = & Me - ,$% N% ; 3; ` pt ] )( * EG H* ; ; S%( " ] ‘ „ n a ~= ` b ^ p ^7 V %q ]* " R ( &% ( Ew ~p Ew ( = ‚ ‘ „ n a ~=^ bT np $ S%( " J ( S% G ] L Ew ,-% & N F -= 3F M$ )F ( Ew R ( H W M( % F *E A H* V G ] N ? ] $ * ) ] &%L Ew * $q H ] L% Ew !fM' F& 6% Ew ; 3; 3Q # H $ L* ; ( Ew ] H $ ? % J ] ? %1 + \= t %1 3; F %1 F F E ] ? -= F G ] ; 3- ) J ? 2, - ) 6% %7 ] F 7= G Ew F L% Ew ]= F K * E- s ;< = L% > [ W Y I0 Ew R ( J =I0 )0 L N N %1 F F V ? d E Ew ] ; * K ? I I0 ; 3J )K & 3Q E &@ )# * f ] ! i ( R F F 7= ( ,$% N% 3; $% ' 7* * Ew * 2, ( 3- ) w - &; M%L * * * %4 # + e* % ; < S%, |=== P ,$% N% $ % R ( $ ? O &%L &; M%L * O &; = ! +& ' 34 & ! L% ( ]* J " R (* B & B (* f + $ A) G O - ) * ; E %4 N S% # H E- L% ; O - EZ V R ( L% Ew L% & 6% E I 3s *) *E $ ) ( [ *E w &B L% & "! = )# E ? % ( )# 3F Ec F * _ $% E I2, - E ( [ ( A !f ! = ; ( F G ; * )N% e * E G e === ^| =P J H ] Y ] ( L% & J B Ew ; J *& F G J * H 6% ; ; *)X 3; S%; * f E J * E- L% * K F G& V M%L %7 3- ) G 2, ] $ Ew ; ' ( L% Ew B Ew Q 0E I $q ?* E ; G 3; ] ] E 6% E [ 3F - ) Ew f P * ] ] - Mi $ 7= ] 7 ! L% E (< B * < O M( F - S%( " )K F G )# ( # H * ; %,$ _ Q M( s ;< = F > a 6% ( _ b F G )# J E R ( * ,*3 *M5 * % 3s G ~ J | )v R N% E _ S% F E J e %,$ ~ i |3 $ )v &@ )# - )v ( R ( H $ )v *3 J ' %1 )v , *& % - - )v E )v ? )K J - ; ,3 )v )v , V ,$% 93 | J L% )v R (= %q $% , E [ (, ) * f 6* , - - E- ; < < )K S% , - )v 3F Ew F * E H ( )< * - = - )v % )K )v k g % 3s $ ! %q ? )K = )v 3; < === < - )v _ S% # H *3 ] *) J | )# L% E $ # )v J )v H F $ ! < k2 V * G L - )v %,$ # ? - )v O === ` - )v * ,$% N% G M( ? O &%L = k I ` ? &@ )# ,* * * == v%* ) • = % ! )# Q # H $ 3; *O O (, " )( &%L # L% e " < M( 36 ] 36 F ; J " " $ V F G G M( )# H %,0 ( * ; 3J < L% * (, ) F 6% E %Ž B e # M( % &@ )# E G e * ] L% V ,$% N% = %q " e R ,* (, L% # H ; (, E- L% e " ] E ( % ? E G e )N% e = k E I S% ,* # S% , K %q L% … B V ,$% N% , Q * * " B %,0 F - , *S% , $ # , ( = s/ ;< = P > L% 2 # S% , $ O * %,0 Q % " L% % S%( )K F G ( S% , - E- L% " I & F F ,$% N% & ( ] F " $ $ * M H (, & , K < ? % ( $ (, 6% 36 ] ? K e ε ) ≤ [ε ; ? F R ( $ (,= P (, L% F # &@ )# & 3; e 6% ! - G F # 3; N E- L% ; % = ; B (, 3Q M( | H -* & N - R ( ? E ( %4 - ( ! GA V ,$% N% R (= ]„ %,$ d ( ] ) 8* ; * 3Q R ( ,# ,- P ‡D & ε c.t l ≤ [ε ] − ε N %O , = − εE − ε − ε ) ) @ O ! = O p ? ? \ &%L i # % ( S%( " ( ( ( $ S% ] p ~w J * ( ] $ %,$ & %9 ( ] ( - [* ] 6% 7= &; M%L - R < ) G J O = M( ; &%L ( ] 5] $ K k ~w & ( R ( # J ] & 7= ; Me &%L ( ] 7* # ( 6% a " k ~w & # ( ,-% H = 6% < ( ] > J ) I $q ~ R ( H L% O !f ( ( ]= I0 E ( Q R ( $ ( ( S%( " ] \ ,-% &; M%L ' ? ( N $ S%, ( ] P ( ,-% O E G p ^B ~ &%L &%L ( ] " pD #A & %* < , )K ( L% & %9 ; * )K L% ( H %,$ H i\ *G $ 6% E G * * &B * N ( ,$% N% $ * E ( ? - E- \ ( S%( O % R ( J EZ $ 3; > + ( = ; %,$ 2 ; O G F G ( … * ( &B = Q? ' e * 6% E ? | E ( - E- < ( ]= 6% N ? P ! %,$ = ^% ( K F& /C B *] * %4 &%L :; ] # - E- R (* R ( # O ? $ N R (= = L% q ( 7 E [ N, %4 N > % ( " -%* ] H * EG - = ~- L% A = :; * >' > H ( % J * - R ( R ( ? M2, ) =P - H $ su ;< = N ? 3Q > > 2 • J E- L% R ( > H % ? &% a > N% [b= " M2, ) ko> ( 3; " -% ko> L% F L% Ew - F ko> ] ko> ( ( EG A J ( k }( F 6% E O - R ( V EG * %4 ? >9 ==== = J H e * ( EG J b R ( V ,$% N% @ ( > H %,$ E ; R ( ? M2, # #= ~ H D # % - E- R ( N ) (, E R N < Ew E- L% R ( G ? )K ,-% $ M( F F G ] - aE * E e * ) b= L ; ( ) ? * N% Ew )# # # ? * ,$% N% G _ $% EZ L " A# IR ( E F R ( i % = === < ( M( 3; W W W %,$ G 6% R ( F %,$ ! L% -= G L% # #* R (= EZ ' ~- )# R ( a ( EG J $ Ž _ 6% - = = B 6% ) * & - 3; & %9 = * 6% J k I( ) R ( ; 3; kU %q - L% )v ko> R ( (, E # K (, E - ( | ,$% N% Ew -= B ] * (, E ! %4 N ] * G )# Y E )# G # H* M( E ( % * Y E e* Y N% Ew * O === g ;< = > - ~- L% ( kP L% F j 34 R (E F ) - k L% Ew = 7 V ,$% N% kP < R ( < M( d< IR ( ~ e & %9 L% F i )v , F G - +/÷ ; | %q = ] - = - R (= kP L% )v kP L% J >9 )# # H R J - )v = = #& I] kt S% R ( , N ; % E - E- H J = k €%( " ; H o " 4, E3 * $ M% E ' ( - L L% R ( - R (= P B ! L% Ew G ? , N ] ; 3F % = ; ; 3; B Ew ] ! * ] - E = g ;< = > - ~- L% # R ( kP L% F F Ew kP L% F F R ( $ kP L% & ) kP L% kP L% e < ] R d< IR ( ` ,= T R ( & %9 7= (, - #= () ( L O = = " >9 IR ( %,0 < ? 3H S% , S%( " G = o " 4, N S% M%L = PN = ~- L% ; 3; ] - ; R ( J E J # G # G %,0 (,* R (E ( *E - * 2, - ,$% N% 3; 3Q (, E S% , V (, ? ; ; # 3; H , G (, B ! &H = g ;< = > - d< IR ( l - &; M%L R ( k IR ( %,0 F K O # %,0 k IR ( - L% F Ew ] R ( $ k IR ( P L% F F ] R ( $ 3O ] * Y ( %,0 R ( G ( $ # * G $ # L% Ew $ & * ? L% # (= < R (* 3O 7* 2 ( L% - ( 7* * G * (, ] # (, < (, ] $ (, G - = Y R ( L% Ew (, (, (, G 7* 3O # J - H ? J 7* # - # H # H H ? - H F * )# ) * f )# ( & %W * K S% , K k IR ( (, (, $ & K - ~- L% # G # = S% , f %,0 # - H F ( ) G (, %,0 J ) * G )# 3F V k IR ( - H S% , K - R ( F F = (, R (* R ( F F Ew = pppppppppp ‡‡‡‡‡ pppppppppp g ;< = > H = P ( ,$% N% 3; =` G " ( ‰D JB %,$ )K - E- R ( !9 $ - E- R ( %,$ )K (, $ (, # O = # O R ( ]= ‰}( F Ew ‰P L% )v ‰P L% ‰ I 2 ] Ew * L% Ew = *& ) = = R (= ‰D & ‰ O J - R (= &%L ( = Œ $% N% # ( ( ‰ IR ( ~ *~ ‰ IR ( R (= R ( 3; e *m = = ‰ IR ( ` ,= ‰ IR ( P % = ‰ IR ( ^ = = , $% " /= o > ( > ,$% N% 3; > H % R (= R (9 ‰~ ‰ ` ,* *~ e *m * *^ = g ... # &@ )# & 3; e 6% ! - G F # 3; N E- L% ; % = ; B (, 3Q M( | H -* & N - R ( ? E ( %4 - ( ! GA V ,$% N% R (= ]„ %,$ d ( ] ) 8* ; * 3Q R ( ,# ,- P ‡D &