genki 1 an integrated course in elementary japanese1 phần 2 potx

ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY Countries Ameri ka lgirisu Oosutoraria Kankoku Sueeden Chuugoku kagaku ajiaken kyuu keezai ko kusaikan kee kon pyuutaa jinruigaku seeji bijinesu bungaku rekishi kaishain kookoasee shufu daigakuinsee daigakusee bengoshi o kaasan otoosan oneesan oniisan irnooto otooto US-A. Britain Australia Korea Sweden China science Asian studies economics international. relations computer anthropoIogy pslitics business literature history job; work; occupation doctor office worker high school student housewife graduate student college student lawyer mother father older sister older brather younger sister younger brother "It is 12:30." "I am a student." "My major is the Japanese language." These sentences will all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu. @ 9 I= U 1.3 A/ TT0 (It) is half past twelve. Juuniji han desu. $2 ( *L\T-FO Gakusee desu. tc C3X. z*T-3-0 Nihongo desu. (I) am a studat. (My major) 6 the Japa~lese language. Note that none of these sentences has a "subject," like the "it," "I," and "my major" found in their English counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listener what or who they are referring to. What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit what we are talking about, we can say: t3 b= G3h Z*TT, is the Japalaese kanguage. wa nihongo desu. Where stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic," which is later in the sentence identified as nihowo. For example, +&XI SI h, 4.3 it t 3 h/ :*TTa (My) major ds the Japanese langwzge. Senrnon wa nihongo desu. Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desu to identify a person or a thing X as item Y. ti It- bk Lt2 X- - +AT?, I am Sue Kim. Watashi wa Suu Kimu desu. 93 LfiS"I3 *L*~\TTo Yarnashita san wa sensee desu. nA 96. $7') 3LlA 7%1)3FJ13'b-c Fo Mearii san wa arnerikajin desu. Mr. Yawhifa ik a teacher. Mary is an American. Wa is a member of the class of words called "particles." So is the word lzo, which we will turn to later in this lesson. Particles attach themselves to phrases and indicate how the phrases relate to the rest of the sentence. Note also that nouns like gakwee and sesee in the above examples stand alone, dike their English translations "student" and "teacher," which are preceded by "a." In Japanese, there is no item that corresponds to "a," nor is there any item that corresponds to the plural "-s" at the end of a noun- Without background situations, a sentence Iike gakusee desu is therefore ambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations; it rnay mean "We are/you adthey are students," as well as "I am/you are/she is a student." It is very easy to form questions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka at the end of a statement. 9 a =,PSf( *L~TT, Ryuugakusee desu. (1 am) an iatemtGmnl sturEenf- 9 @ 3 5: < -@LYF&~' Ryuugakusee desu ka. (Are you) aH i~tematio~al student? The above sentence, Ryzcugakusee desu ka, is a "yes/noW question. Question sentences may also contain a "question word" like nun2 (what). In this Iesson, we learn how to ask, and answer, questions using the following question words: nun.; (what time), namai (how old), nannensee (what year in school). Note. carefully that the order of words in a sentence may be quite different from what you find in your language. *h% &la Q'a'hTT-h~, Senmon wa nan desu ka. What is your mior? (+i?hS,&Ll) ;Z~\Z*TT, (Senmon wa) eego desu. (My major) is Eytglish. 'It is not customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in Japanese. 'The Japanese question word for "what" has kvo pronunciations: =an and naai. Naa is used immediate- ly before dmu or before a "counter" like ji (o'clock). The other form, mmi, is used before a particle. Nani is also used in the combination nanl;jin (person of what nationality). 2 fa'X/L*TTha, Ima nanji desu ka. What time is it now? 97'.j-3ctli Qx/%~~TT75~, Mearii san wa nansai desu ka. How old are you, Mary? QPthk*~ h~-p;tra. N annensee desu ka. What year are yo= in college? (bw { CTTO ([ma) kuji desu. It is nilae o'clock C:'rgj 4rp3 9\TT, Juukyuusai desu. I'm nineitem years old. bchk*~\T-$-, Ninensee desu. T&b tfA 2" 9 t3 3 &TT75*, Denwa bangoo wa I a6a7343~~, nan desu ka. lchi hachi roku no nana san yon san desu. W7uat ii your Eekpkose amber? It is 186-7343. No is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Toozai daigaku nu gakusee means "(a) student at Tozai University." The second noun gukmes provides the main idea" (being a student) and the first one T~ozai daigdku makes it more specific (not a high school, but a college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below, it acts like the possessive ("x's") in English, but that is not the only role no can play. See how it connects two nouns in the following examples. frl-fkSha TLblXLt"? Tukeshi's phone number Takeshi san no denwa bangoo f3\75${ a, *~L*L\ daigaku no sensee it l3h r"n $75." ( *L\ nihongo no gakusee l=i3L,Ql fsb~&z { nihon no daigaku a college profasor a student of fhe Japanese lamuage @college i~ Japan Observe that in the first two examples, the English and Japanese words are arranged in the same order, while in the last two, they are in the opposite order. Japanese seems to be more consistent in arranging ideas here; the main idea always comes at the end, with any further description placed before it. 3Here is what we mean by the "main idea." In the phrase Tukeshi san m dmwa Bangoo (Takeshi's phone number), the noun &wa bawgoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something is Takehi's phone number, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeski san is not the main idea, because Takeshi's phone number is not Tak&. noun, 03 noun, T t main idea further restriction A phrase of the form "noun1 m noun? acts more or less like one big noun. You can put it wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example: id Z~O - +/v-tt~\l~~, Takeshi san no okaasan wa kookoo no sensee desu. Takeski's mather is a high school teacher. Expression Notera 1 - 8Db Ano indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting some- thing someone is currently doing, or soundkg rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for example. [3tl/ZZb Both Rai and ee mean "yes" in response to yes-no questions. Compared to hai, ea is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal situations, ula is used. Hai is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's name, meaning "Here," as follows. (Ee cannot be replaced in this case.) T A f Teacher: 7: 5 2 3 ? Mr. Smith? Sumisu san? Student: M tl, Hwe. H ai E3TTlj\b Soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what was just said. "Is that so?" or "I see." Pronunciation of 1% b The particle t;t. is pronounced "wa," not "ha." It should be written with ki. All other instances of " wa" are written with b. bfc L @I T Z 3 & 37-8667TB, - Watashi no denwa bangoo wa san narra no hachi roku roku nana desu. My telephone wuwber ii 37-8667. There are a few exceptions, such as kow~~zkkim (good afternoon) and kmbomwta (good evening). They are usually written with 5, tv tZ 'It; - i2 and 7- h,if&g. Plumbers b Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer to the table at the end of this book for a general picture. tf 5 13 -ED and are both commonly used. I t~%,butpronouncedas ~IYI inbs3&& (oneminute)and t1~2 tl (one-year old). 2 tZ all the time- When you &e reading out each digit separately, as when you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with a lung vowel, as tZl.1. 3 "dX, all the time. The part that follows it may change shape, as in 3 A&&, instead of 3 A&&. 4 L h, is the most basic, but fourth-year student is k ;BaXi-Fth and four o'clock is d; U. In some combinations that we will later kam, it is read as L (as in 'L.fi%?, April). The part that folIows this number may hange shape 'too, as in k. &&A. 5 2 all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as c-' 3 . 6 ?3 < , but pronounced as 5 9 in 5 9 &A. 7 Q te is the most basic, but seven o'clock is L Ei C. 8 t3 G , but usually pronounced as 6% -7 in iA d:-;, &X. and $2 3 3 tl. 9 3 o 5 is the most basic, but nine o?clock is < C. 10 L@4, butpronouncedas Cgq in Cv~&."X/and U~935.1. Giving one's telephone number b The particle .pro is usually placed in between the local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the number 012-345-6789 is zero icki xi, saa yon go no, roku nana hachi kyuu. @hreLlb The word se~see is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. Watashk wa same desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word semee actually means an "honorable master." If YOU (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want to be really modest, you can use the word kyooshi instead. &hr b Sun is placed after a name as a generic title. It goes both with a given name and a family name. Children are referred to as chan (and boys in ,.:.I . :'. , pa&culaf as kurr), rather than as sax. Professors and doctors are usually referred to with the title sensee. Sm and other title words are never used in reference to oneself. Referring to the person yw are talking to b The word for "you," anaba, is not very commonly used in Japanese. Instead, we use the name and a title like sun and sensee to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like "Ms. Hart, are you Swedish?" should be: It & t r6 i fPb I\-t. SLEk x~3-~YL~T~~~, Haato san wa sueedenjin desu ka. It d k 7 L iT/" instead of I\- b 3&, &;fcf i3 ~3z-r"YVh/T?h~~ Haato sari, anata wa sueedenjin desu ka. Japanese names b When Japanese give their name, they say their family name first and given name last. Usually, they don't have middle names. When they introduce themselves, they often say only their family name. Here are some typical Japanese names. Family name St? Satoo TT-3 Suzuki fz $1 12 L Takahashi blk-5 Itoo Given name Men Women v5t w4 r Hiroshi Yuuko ~1% 4 4 lchiroo i?;tXI c Kenji m.5 3 Yuuki 2 341.4 Masahiro &("a Megumi BkSr Kyooko (Numbers) ii Q h -F~/+LL\ zero ree 3XI san k k/L/(1) yon shi (yo) ?-* C go G { roku QQ/L% nana shichi 1.3 G hachi t"rg j L~S; juuichi Uqji: juuni L*@j 3tL juusan L"r95LAJL'@.9 L juuyon juushi r*.p:* juugo r@eJ?d juuroku t"@3QP,./L'@? LG juunana juushichi t"*.s",& juuhachi Ct9-j 3@?/'C@? t juulcyuu juuku Izrt-P? nijuu 3kL"@J5 sanjuu LhU*? yonjuu L*L+@j gojuu &<C@3 rokujuu QQC*? nanajuu !dGrt$? hachijuu 3rs-iL"@3 kyuujuu vs { hyaku A. Read the following numbers. @ (a) 5 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) I (el 10 (f) 8 (9) 2 (R) 6 (i) 4 (j) 3 B. Read the following numbers. @ (a) 45 (13) 83 (c) I9 (d) 76 (el 52 (f) 100 (8138 (h)61 (i)24 (d97 C. What are the answers? (a) 5+3 tb) 9+I (el 3+4 (d) 6-6 (e) IO+9 (f) 8-7 (9) 40-25 t= U niji t&U shichiji ShC sanji tit% t" hachiji @ l;f (Time) @ 8 L>& r 1 I2 z" U ichiji yoji goji , il: ?dl2 (C t*=lt' a I rokuji kuji juuji t E I i :"> (TJ @ L'@;l~%t' C@?tcU L\% c l3tL juuichiji juuniji ichiji han A. Look at the following pictures and answer the questions. @ Example: Q : &\3 tdhL"T'P$ko ha nanji desu ka. A : ~~GL't&X,TTO Ichiji han desu. B. Answer the questions. @ Example: Q : Z 1 3hhTThao Tookyoo wa irna nanji desu ka. A : r"*h 3 hL'-lvT, Cozen sanji desu. 7 : 00 P.M. 7 Nnrr Vnrlr 3 : 00~~~. 1 : 00 P.M. 5. Bangkok WL- 6. Sydney 3. Nairobi 4:OO A.M. 9: 00 P.M. 1/ 8. Rio de Janeiro 3:OO P,M. @ Thral%hZj (Telephone Numbers) A. Read the following people's telephone numbers. @ Example: f: 283-9547 + E=Ga%$/v4, $43 ;1''1hQQ YarnasRita ni hachj san no kyuu go yon nana a,dj71\ 1. $79- 951-0326 Mearii 2. fzit3 L Takeshi fi 3. 2- Suu ?lIBY 4. a/\'- p Robaato B. Pair Work-Read the dialogue below with your partner. @ A : TX/b :* 3 63 Q hTTdxo Denwa bangoo wa nan desu ka. B : 283-9547T$, Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu. [...]... Japanese describes that number as 10 0 x 10 ,000, that is, hyakumun More complicated numbers can be considered the sums of smaller numbers, as in the following examples 23 4 567 = 23 x 10 ,000 4 X 1, 000 z-xv &3- 5X 6~ 7 10 0 10 I C93 3A s h/ br A,%!& =Up < 3 < C tg~ 3 8Q (nijuusanman) (yonsen) (gohyaku) (rokujuu) (nana) @$3I; (Numbers) I 10 0 ?Ye< 20 0 t:v.i- nihyaku t L 10 ,000 hyaku sen < c=*X, ichiman 20 ,000... (thousand), change shape after 3 and 8 Refer to the table at the end of the volume Big numbers ) In addition to the digit markers for tens (juu), hundreds (hyaku), and thousands (sen), which are found in Western languages as welI, Japanese uses the marker for tens of thousands (man).Thus 20 ,000, for example, is niman ( =2 x 10 ,000), rather than rtiiuusm ( =20 X 1, 000) While the next unit marker in Western languages... nisen 4x3 A niman 30,000 3 / t 3 / L sanbyaku 400 sanman < 1kV+ yonhyaku 500 L*Vr gohyaku 40,000 k k 2 & yon rnan < 50,000 Z*3 A goman G . Example: f: 28 3-9547 + E=Ga%$/v4, $43 ;1& apos;'1hQQ YarnasRita ni hachj san no kyuu go yon nana a,dj 71 1. $79- 9 51- 0 326 Mearii 2. fzit3 L Takeshi fi 3. 2- Suu ?lIBY. (el 10 (f) 8 (9) 2 (R) 6 (i) 4 (j) 3 B. Read the following numbers. @ (a) 45 (13 ) 83 (c) I9 (d) 76 (el 52 (f) 10 0 ( 813 8 (h) 61 (i )24 (d97 C. What are the answers?. "It is 12 :30." "I am a student." "My major is the Japanese language." These sentences will all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the