JANUARY 1990 LUBRICATION INSTRUCTION LI 2320-12/9A LO 9-2320-29/7-12 TRUCKS, 8 X 8 LOGISTICS VEHICLE SYSTEM (LVS) POWER UNIT, FRONT ,4 X4, MK48 (NSN 2320-01-177-5167) TRAILER, POWERED, CONTAINER HAULER, 4 X 4, MKi4 (NSN 2320-01-176-0469) TRAILER, POWERED, WRECKER/RECOVERY 4 X4, MKi5 (NSN 2320-01176-6928) TRAILER, POWERED, FIFTH WHEEL, SEMI-TRAILER ADAPTER 4 X 4, MK16 (NSN 2320-01176-0467) TRAILER, POWERED, DROPSIDE, CARGO W/CRANE 4 X4, MKi7 (NSN 2320-01-176-0468) Reference: TM 2320-10/11, TM 2320-20/12, and TM 2320-34/13
Intervals (on condition or hard time) and re- lated man-hour times are based on normal operation The man-hour time specified is the time you need to do all the services prescribed for a particular interval On Condition (OC) oll sample intervals shall be applied unless changed by the Army Oil Analysis Program (AOAP) Laboratory Change the hard time intervals If your lubricants are contaminated or if you are operating the equipment under ad- verse operating conditions, Including longer- than-usual operating hours The hard time interval may be extended during periods of low activity If extended, adequate preservation precautionsmust be taken Hard time intervals
will be applied in the event AOAPlaboratory
support is not available
intervals shown in this lubrication instruction arebased on mileage andcalendar times An example of a mileage and calendar lubrication is 3/S, in which 3 stands for 3,000 miles and S stands for semi-annually The lubrication is to be performed at whichever interval occurs first for the vehicle
On ancillary equipment, the hour interval Is estimated hous of operation, not actual en- gine hours that appear on the hourmeter Dotted arrow points Indicate lubrication on both sides of the vehicle or equipment
CLEANING Clean fittings before lubricating Clean parts with dry cleaning solvent (SD) type Il or equivalent Dry before lubricating
LEVEL OF MAINTENANCE The lowest level of maintenance authorized to lubricate a point is indicated by one of the following: Operator/ crew (C); and Organizational Maintenance (O)
LUBRICANTS Lubricanttypes and operating temperature ranges are given within the key on Cards 2 and 3 When changing or applying lubricans, be sure to follow the recommended temperature ranges for those lubricants AFTER FORDING Lubricate all fittings below fording depth and check submerged gear boxes, engine, and transmission for presence of water
AFTER HIGH PRESSURE WASHING §Lubri- cate all grease fittings and oll can points out- side and underneath vehicle
LOCALIZED VIEW A reference to the appro- priate localized view Is given after the lubrica- tionentry in most cases.Localized views begin on Card 13
Fig 3-26 Lubrication order cover/instruction page
Trang 2As you can see, the cover page contains some very important
information You should read it before you perform a lubrication service on a particular piece of equipment for the first time b Key Just like any good map, the lubrication order includes a "Key" to aid in its use (fig 3-27) Before you look at the key, let's see what type of information it contains
Table 3-1 Explanation of Lubrication Order Key
COLUMN TITLE PURPOSE
Lubricants This column provides a list of | | authorized lubricants for
components
Capacities This column lists the amounts of lubricant required for each component This information is handy when a component is
completely drained; you know
exactly how much lubricant to use for the refill
Expected This column shows the proper
temperatures lubricant to be used for
different temperature ranges
Intervals This column provides the symbols for the lubrication intervals These may be in
time, miles, hours, or any
combination of these
Trang 3KEY EXPECTED TEMPERATURES LUBRICANTS CAPACITIES | Above 32°F | 50° to 0°F 0° to -50°F INTERVALS (Above 0°C) | (0° to -18°C)] (18° to - 46°C) Lubricating Ol, Engine Engine 24 Qt OE/HDO30 | OE/HDO3O OEA OC-On Condition OE/HDO (22.7 L) (Mi - L - 2104) W/Fllter D-Dally (Operation) or , Tansmission 96 Qt OE/HDO10 | OE/HDO10 OEA OBA W-Weekly | (94.3 L) (MIL- L- 48167) W/Fliter M-Monthly Transfer Case 10 Qt OE/HDOS50 | OE/HDOS50 OEA (9.6 L) Q-Quarterly 3M Hydraulic Reservior 95 Qt OE/HDO30 | OE/HDO10 OEA (8 Menthe) (90 L) W/Fiter $-Semiannually (6 Months)
Heavy Duty Winch 13 Qt OE/HDOS0 | OE/HDOS0 OEA
Qoar Case (12.3 L) A-Annually Axle Shift Unit F to plug OE/HDO10 | OE/HDO1O0 OEA
opening B-Biennialy
(2 Years)
Exposed Wire Rope OE/HDO10 | OE/HDO10 OEA
OB Can Pointe OE/HDO10 | OE/HDO10 OEA
Anti -F ntl - Freeze Radiat adlator 27 Gai AFG AFC 2- 2,000 Miles Coolant AFC (102.6 L) Ethylene Glycol Ethylene
(MIL - A- 46163) Glycol 3- 3,000 Miles Arctic
(MIL - A - 11765) 6- 6,000 Miles
Lubricating O, Exposed Wire Rope CW CW
Trang 4c Main body The main body is the meat of the lubrication
order This section brings together vehicle information and lubrication information The main body is broken down into two
sections; for ease of understanding, let's call them "systems
illustrations" and "localized views."
(1) Systems illustration section This section contains illustrations of the vehicle lubrication system There
will be one or more illustrations depending on the
complexity of the piece of equipment This section
locates major components and provides information such as
the types of lubricants to be used, types and intervals of service, and the echelons of maintenance authorized to
perform the services
Now it's time for you to really become familiar with this part of
the LO Study the material in figure 3-28 and note the different services that are to be performed Use the cover page in figure
3-26 and the key in figure 3-27 to help interpret the symbols and
codes
Let's see how well you have studied Using figures 3-26 through 3-28, answer the following questions: |
Trang 5LUBRICANT @ INTERVAL No 1 Axle Differential INTERVAL @ LUBRICANT
, and Power Divid Nosebox
Check {0} 3/S 3/S Check (O)
: oc GO Fill (O)
Fil.(O) GO OC |
(See note 9 and (See note 11 and view
view A, AX) P)
Spring Seats Shift Unit (All A
Lubricate (C) (1) fitting GGP 2/M ` 3/S OE/ Check er ‘ol
(See view E) N - HDO (See view U)
No 1 Propeller Shaft ` TY 6ÍA OE! Drain and fill (O)
and Universal Joints ' HDO (See view U)
Lubricate (C) (3) fittings) GGP 2/M : sy Front Wheel Bearings
(See notes 12, 13, 14, : L J ~S6/A GGP Remove, clean, and
16 and view C) ñ repack (O)
1 ` (See note 19 and view L)
“(See notes 12 thu t6 and view C) _ 2 2M GGP Coat inside with Tire Davit Base
Gương grease (C)
No 2 Axle Differential No 2 Propeller Shaft, Check (O) 3/S Cardan doint, and Pillow
Drain and refil (0) GO 6/A Lubricate (C) (5) fittings
(See notes 9, 10 and (See notes 12, 13 14,
view B) 16, 17 and view C) 3/S GGP Lubricate (O) (4) fittings
No 3 Propeller Shaft 4 (See notes 12 thru 16,
and Universal Joints Š and view C)
Lubricate (C) (1) fitting GGP 2/M No 4 Propeller Shaft
(See notes 12, 13, 14, and Universal Joints
16, and view C) a ——¿2IM GGP Lubricate (C) (3) fittings
Ä - (See notes 12 thru 16,
Lubricate (O) (3) fittings GGP 3/S (See notes 12, 13, 14, 5 2 and view C)
15 16, 22, and view C) C 1 ỊP 31S GGP Lubricate (O) (3) fittings No 3 Axle Differential 3 (See notes 12 thru 16,
and Power Divider : and view C)
Check (O) 3/S oe
Fi.(O) GO oc ae: Lube Pump Filter
Drain and refill (©) GO 6/A : Screen (See note 9, 10, and GIA Clean (O)
view A, AY) (See note 9 and view A)
No 4 Axle Differential Brake Camshaft and |
Check (O) 3/S Siack Adjuster
Fil (0) GO OC ` (No 2, 3, and 4 Axies)
Drain and retill (0) GO 6IA `2M GPP Lubricate (O) (2) fittings (See notes 9, 10, and (See view F)
view B)
No 5 Propeller Shaft Pintle Hook and Universal Joints Lubricate (C) (3) fittings GGP 2/M—— ` 2/M GGP Lubricate (C) (3) fittings
(See view D) (See notes 12, 13, 14, 16, and view C) 3/S GGP Lubricate (O) (3) fittings
(See notes 12 thru 16 and view C)
CHASSIS
Fig 3-28 Systems illustration
Trang 6How did you do? Well, compare your answers with those below to make sure you're on the right track
@ The lowest echelon of maintenance authorized to check the
number 1 axle differential and power divider is
(O) - organizational maintenance (figure 3-26)
e You drain and refill the number 2 axle differential every (6/A) - six thousand miles or semiannually whichever
comes first (figure 3-26 and 27)
e The following lubricants are used in the shift unit (all
axles):
OE/HDO 10 or OEA, depending on the temperature
Note: Did you check the key in figure 3-27 or did you just use figure 3-28? If you didn't check the key, do so
now Did you notice that OEA is used in the shift
unit when the temperature is between O°F and -50 °F?
I hope so! Don't forget to use the key; some
lubricants change with each temperature range!
e The answers to the symbols and abbreviations are:
GO Gear Oil _ AOAP Army Oil Analysis Program
(C) Operator/crew (O) Organizational Maintenance Oc On Condition 2M 2000 miles/monthly
(2) Localized views Use this section when you aren't
familiar with the equipment As you can see in figure 3- 29, these illustrations are close-up views of the
components shown in the systems illustration These illustrations are designated by alpha characters
(letters)
Now let's go through the procedure for using this section Look
at figure 3-28 Go to the number 3 axle differential and power
divider Notice the following statement: "(See notes 9, 10, and view A, AY)." Views A and AY refer to the localized views of the
component In this case, the "A" refers to view "A" in the top
left corner of figure 3-29
It's easy to see how useful this section could be if you were
trying to service the filter screen on the number 3 axle
differential Again, illustrations are life savers when you are
Trang 7CHECK AND FILL LI 2320-12/9 LO 9-2320-297-12 FILTER SCREEN NO 1 AND 3 AXLE DIFFERENTIALS SLEEVE YOKE SEAL SPLINE FITTING PILLOW BLOCK U-JOINT FITTING TYPICAL PROPELLER SHAFT SPRING SEAT SLACK ADJUSTER LUBE Bà @ & BRAKE * ý | CAMSHAFT LUBE
Trang 8d Notes Special instructions are sometimes placed in the systems illustrations or on the cover page But, in some cases, where more information is required, a "note" section is provided
(fig 3-30)
Take a moment to read the notes in figure 3-30 There is some
very important information there Go ahead Read them now and
read them carefully
Let's see if you overlooked any information For example:
© Did you notice in note 1 that you are required to change
lubricants in some components when the outside temperature drops below a specific point?
e Did you notice in note 3 that the oil change interval while the equipment is under warranty differs from the
interval for equipment not under warranty?
e Did you see that reference was also made in note 3 to oil
analysis? Did you realize that a technical bulletin (TB) is listed to provide information on sampling procedures and to inform you of the location of the nearest oil lab?
e Did you observe that note 6 provided special instructions
about the transmission oil filter change?
e Did you see that note 9 contains some important
information pertaining to refilling the No 1 and No 3 differentials?
These are just a few examples of typical notes that you will find
on a lube order Remember to read all of them closely
Lesson Summary This lesson covered one of the most useful tools
a mechanic has, the lubrication order The purpose of the lubrication order is to provide you with a single consolidated source of lubrication instructions You identified symbols and common terms and used the key and main body to identify
Trang 9
NOTES 1 Cold Temperature Operation When
operating equipment in temperatures below 0° F (-18° C), remove lubricants prescribed for temperatures above 0° F (-18° C) Relubri- cate with lubricants specified for tempera- tures 0° F to -50 F (-18° C to -46° C) Refer to Cards 2 and 3 for lubricant temperature ranges
2 Crankcase Check oil level with truck parked on level ground andthe engine off and cool Do not overfill
3 Change oil every 3,000 miles or semi- annually until expiration of warranty After expiration of warranty, change oil only when directed by an oil analysis lab or at the above hard time interval if oil lab support is unavail- able For oil analysis, obtain a sarnple of engine oil every 25 hours of operation or 30 days, whichever comes first Obtain this sample through the engine dipstick opening Send this sample to the nearest oil analysis laboratory See TB 43-0210 tor instructions on use of sampling pump as well as the nearest oil lab location Drain crankcase only when hot after operation See local view M for drain location and view N for fill location See view AV for sampling location
4 Engine Oil Fitter After installing new
filter element, fill crankcase, operate engine 5 minutes, and check housing for leaks Shut down engine, check crankcase oil level, and bring to full mark
5 Transmission Operate engine 1 min- ute at 1,000 RPM, then idle until engine temperature reaches 60-120°F (16-49°C) With éngine idling, check transmission dip- stick If oil level is on or below COLD RUN line, add oil Approximately 1 quart (0.9L) of oil is required to bring oil level from bottom of COLD RUN line to middle of COLD RUN line
6 Transmission Internal Oil Filter Change at overhaul
7 Change oil every 3,000 miles or semi- annually until expiration of warranty After expiration of warranty, change oil only when directed by an oil analysis lab or at the above hard time interval if oil lab support is unavail- — able For oil analysis, obtain a sample of transmission oil every 25 hours of operation or 30 days, whichever comes first Obtain this sample through the transmission dipstick opening Send this sample to the nearest oil analysis laboratory See TB 43-0210 for in- structions onuse of sampling pump as well as the nearest oillab location See local view AW for sampling location, and see view Q for fill location See local view S for transmission drain location
8 Transfer Case First oil change must be performed between 500 (800 km) and 1,000 (1,600 km) miles thereafter
9 Axle Differentials Change lubricant in new or rebuilt axles within 1,000 miles (1,600 km), but no sooner than 500 miles (800 km)
During all lubricant changes, remove metal particles from magnetic drain and filler plugs Clean the lube pump filter screen in No 3 axle
Trang 10Note: To complete the following exercise, you must refer to the lubrication order contained in figures 3-26
through 3-30 Read the items carefully and refer to the figures before attempting to answer the items
Exercise: Complete items 1 through 3 by performing the action required Check your responses against those listed at the end of this study unit
Situation: You are stationed in an area that is affected by
seasonal temperature changes The expected temperature will
be as low as O°F Your shop chief has directed you to drain and replace the antifreeze and lubricants in the LVS as
required The lubricants currently in the LVS are the ones
the lubrication order calls for when expected temperatures
are above the 32°F range
1 What lubricants must be used in the following components? a Engine b Transmission c Transfer case d Hydraulic reservoir e Axles
2 How much anti-freeze is required?
3 What is meant by the following terms?
a 6/A
b 3/8
c Lubricate (C)
Trang 11Lesson 3 LUBRICANT CONTAMINATION LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1 List the three major sources of lubricant contamination 2 State in writing the most common cause of contamination
of stored lubricants
3 State in writing the measures used to prevent lubricant contamination |
4 State in writing the causes of component contamination 5 State in writing the preventive measure that should be
taken to prevent component contamination
Are these true statements?
® Oil doesn't wear out
e Oil does become contaminated and looses its lubricating
qualities a
® Oil even becomes acidic (like an acid)
You bet they are! How does contamination occur and what can you do to prevent it? This lesson will answer these questions
There are three major sources of lubricant contamination and many
measures that you can use to prevent contamination from
occurring, or at least keep it at a minimum The sources are improper storage, improper handling procedures, and component contamination Let's look at these sources and their preventive
measures more closely
3301 Improper Storage
Lubricants often pick up contaminants such as water, dirt, and
other foreign matter even before they are used in a vehicle and
open containers are the most common cause of this contamination During field operations, this is an even more serious problem Most large oil drums are stored outside of buildings due to lack of space inside This means that you will have a much harder time keeping such drums and other storage containers from being
exposed to the elements, but, by properly closing the containers,
you can prevent their contents from becoming contaminated Preventive measures include the following:
Keep containers closed Make sure plugs and caps, commonly
Trang 12If possible, drums should be stored on their sides and elevated from the ground; this will prevent water from
accumulating around the rims
To prevent dirt or water from entering drums, always clean their tops before removing bungs
When you set up a petroleum, oil, and lubricant (POL) point,
make sure that you comply with environmental regulations
Most maintenance facilities have environmentally clean and
protected storage places for lubricants
Now, without looking back, what is the most common cause of contamination of stored lubricants and what is the best way to
prevent it? |
Most common cause
Preventive measure
You should have said that the most common cause is an open container, and the best preventive measure is to keep the container closed when it's not in use
3302 Improper Handling
The improper use or handling of tools and containers also
contributes to contamination Tools and containers that are covered with oil attract dirt The next time they are used,
contaminants will be delivered directly into the oil supply You can also contaminate lubricants by using the wrong tools or by
using them interchangeably (for example, a hand pump used for
fuel should not be used to pump oil unless it has first been properly cleaned) |
Using a dirty tool or container covered with oil can cause other problems A coating of oil is the most likely reason for a can to slip out of your hands Dirty tools are also dangerous; they could easily slip out of your hands and cause a serious injury
Preventive measures include the following:
Keep tools and containers clean This is the best way to prevent spilling and contamination
Use the correct tools to open the vent caps on oil drums
Never poke holes in an oil can or drum to create a vent
Other special tools you should use are oil pumps, funnels,
oil spouts, and grease guns Don't improvise unless
absolutely necessary
Trang 13Tools covered with oil attract and could deliver it
directly into the supply
What would be the most likely reason for an oil can or wrench to slip out of your hands, and what can you do to prevent this from happening?
Reason or cause
Preventive measure
Your answers should be very much the same as the ones below
If they are, continue on with the lesson If not, review the material just covered
Tools covered with oil attract dirt and could deliver it directly into the oil supply
The most likely reason for the oil can or wrench to slip is that they are oily The best preventive measure is to keep them
clean
3303 Component Contamination
Dirt, water, or other contaminants enter through the engine's air intake system; some will pass by the piston rings and enter the
crankcase These contaminants mix with the oil and accelerate
wear on internal components
Leaking injectors, leaking injector pumps, or worn piston rings allow unburned fuel to enter the crankcase Engine oil becomes diluted when mixed with fuel, causing a dramatic drop in the oil's lubricating qualities This can leave machined parts without a layer of oil and allow parts to make metal-to-metal contact Friction and heat increase leading to possible
component failure
The cooling system is yet another cause of component
contamination Damaged head gaskets, water jackets, cracked
heads, or cracked blocks can allow coolant to enter the |
crankcase When mixed with oil, coolant creates a sludge that
has little or no lubricating qualities This sludge is identified by its milky-white color
Water is also one of the by-products of combustion In the form
of steam, it seeps past piston rings and condenses in the crankcase Water remains there and mixes with oil until the
crankcase gets hot enough to evaporate it |
To prevent contamination:
Trang 14e Use the oil analysis program mentioned earlier It is a countermeasure of contamination designed to positively identify lubricants that need changing
© Control engine temperature Engines that have
malfunctioning thermostats or that are operated for only short durations will not reach a high enough temperature
to burn their fuel completely This unburned fuel enters
the crankcase and dilutes the oil A small amount of oil
dilution occurs in all engines from the moment of start up through warm up but an engine at normal operating temperature burns its fuel more completely and is hot
enough to evaporate contaminants such as water
° Replace oil filters on schedule Doing this will keep dirt and other foreign matter from reaching bearings and other machined surfaces A dirty filter can create
enough pressure to open the by-pass valve and allow the
contaminated oil to be pumped throughout the engine e Keep the crankcase ventilation system on the engine and
the breather valves on transmissions, transfer cases, and
differentials clean and free from obstruction Fumes and excess pressure released through the ventilation systems
purge large amounts of contaminants before they can mix
with the lubricants
© Clean and service air filters on a regular basis This
increases engine performance and keeps dirt and other
foreign matter from entering the engine air intake
system
To wrap up this last section of the lesson, try your hand at
answering the following questions and completing the statements concerning component contamination
Worn piston rings allow to enter
the crankcase to the oil
What is likely to happen if a head gasket is damaged and how can you tell if this has occurred?
If the engine isn't properly controlled or if
an engine is operated only for very short distances, will enter the crankcase and
dilute the oil
What preventive measure helps keep dirt and other foreign matter from entering the air intake system?
The three major sources of contamination are improper , improper , and
and component
Trang 15
“Your answers should be very similar to the following:
Worn piston rings will allow unburned fuel to enter the crankcase to dilute the oil
A damaged head gasket allows coolant to enter the crankcase
Water in the oil is identified by its milky-white color If the engine temperature isn't properly controlled or if an engine is operated only for very short distances, unburned fuel will enter the crankcase and dilute the oil
Cleaning and servicing air filters on a regular basis
prevents dirt and other foreign matter from entering the air intake system
The three major sources of contamination are improper storage, improper handling, and component contamination If you had a hard time answering any of the questions or
completing the statements, review this lesson before continuing on
Lesson Summary In this lesson, you were provided with the
knowledge and skills necessary to properly store and handle
lubricants You identified the major sources of contamination,
the most common causes of contamination, and measures used to
Trang 16Exercise: Complete items 1 through 7 by performing the action required Check your responses against those listed at the end of this study unit
What are the three major sources of contamination? ae b Cc The most common cause of contamination of stored lubricants is a(n) | °
What is the best way to prevent lubricants that are
stored outside from becoming contaminated?
Tools covered with will attract dirt and transfer it đirectly to the oll supply
How do worn piston rings contribute to the contamination of engine oil?
Which of the following would most likely cause coolant to
leak into the crankcase a damaged head gasket or a
defective injector pump?
To keep dirt and other foreign matter from entering the air intake system, you should clean and service the
on a regular basis
Lesson 4 OIL ANALYSIS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1 List the three benefits achieved from using the Joint 0il Analysis Program as a part of your preventive maintenance program
State the publication that lists all equipment and components that require Joint Oil Analysis Program sampling
List the two methods used to obtain oil samples
Trang 17We mentioned the oil analysis program briefly before Now let's look at this program and see how it will make your job a lot easier
3401 Purpose of Oil Analysis
Oil analysis is used as a diagnostic tool to determine the physical condition of used oil and the internal condition of
engines, gearboxes, transmissions, and other oil-lubricated
systems or components This is done by performing spectrometric
analysis and physical property testing Sounds high tech doesn't
it? Well, it is, but so is the equipment that you're working on
Let's go a step further and see just what the analysis and testing are designed to do
a Spectrometric analysis Spectrometric analysis determines
the concentrations of various wear metals in oil samples Metal
particles of microscopic size are produced by the friction of
moving parts within any mechanical system After entering the
oil, these metal particles are dispersed and suspended throughout
the lubrication system Spectroscopy identifies the types and
amounts of the different metal particles in the oil sample With
periodic sampling of used oil, abnormal wear can be detected and
the affected parts or mechanisms can be identified before a failure occurs
b Physical property test Physical property tests are
analytical tests conducted on used oil to detect oil property changes that result from various equipment conditions or
maintenance practices These tests measure oil viscosity, fuel
dilution, and water content and are used to determine useful oil life or oil drain intervals
If you think about the information covered in the last lesson, Lubricant Contamination, it's not hard to understand why a
program like this was developed and is used The oil analysis
program is called by several different names The Army calls the
program the Army Oil Analysis Program (AOAP); the Marine Corps refers to the program as the Joint Oil Analysis (JOAP) Program
3402 Benefits of Oil Sampling
By providing information to mechanics before costly damage to major vehicle components occurs, the oil analysis program brings
new meaning to the words "preventive maintenance." The three
Trang 18âđ Reduced maintenance costs
e Reduced equipment downtime
e Increased unit readiness
Have you heard about these benefits before? They are the goals of all maintenance shops
This program is a joint effort involving both the mechanic and
the laboratory technician The mechanic submits the oil samples
at prescribed intervals or when a special sample is required (we'll get into that a little later) The lab technician
analyzes the samples by comparing the results of the tests with available data and reports the findings and recommendations back to the unit
The findings for one of your vehicles may indicate, for example, unusually high levels of dust or dirt in the oil In such cases, the lab report will inform you that dust levels in the oil are abnormal The report will also note that the most likely cause of this condition is a faulty air induction system You can then locate and repair the problem before any major engine damage
occurs As you can see from this example, the program gives you
a great "preventive maintenance" tool
Lab reports may also inform you that the oil sample submitted is
fine and that wear metals suspended in the oil sample are
perfectly normal In such cases, the recommendation would be to
leave the oil as is So you would do nothing to the oil This
helps save money and resources and differs from the old hard time
service interval policy in which oil is changed after so many miles of operation or calendar months regardless of its
condition
Now, without referring back, what are the three benefits achieved from using the JOAP?
That's correct, they are reduced maintenance costs, reduced