Dictionary of Engineering Episode 2 Part 1 ppsx

functional analysis diagram system, software, or organization must perform that sometimes holds a filter; the function is to to achieve its desired outputs, that is, the trans- direct flow of a liquid or, if a filter is present, to formations necessary to turn available inputs direct a flow that was filtered. { fənиəl} into the desired outputs. { ¦fəŋkиshənиəl ənalи funnel-flow bin [ ENG ] A bin in which solid flows əиsəs} toward the outlet in a channel that forms within functional analysis diagram [ SYS ENG ] A repre- stagnant material. { fənиəl ¦flo ¯ bin } sentation of functional analysis and, in particu- furfural extraction [ CHEM ENG ] Process for the lar, the transformations necessary to turn avail- refining of lubricating oils and other organic able inputs into the desired outputs, the flow of materials by contact with furfural. { fərиfəral data or items between functions, the processing ikstrakиshən} instructions that are available to guide the trans- furlong [ MECH ] A unit of length, equal to 1/8 formation, and the control logic that dictates the mile, 660 feet, or 201.168 meters. { fərlo ˙ ŋ } activation and termination of functions. { ¦fəŋkи furnace [ ENG ] An apparatus in which heat is shənиəl ənalиəиsəs dı ¯ иəgram } liberated and transferred directly or indirectly to functional decomposition [ CONT SYS ] The par- a solid or fluid mass for the purpose of effecting titioning of a large-scale control system into a a physical or chemical change. { fərиnəs} nested set of generic control functions, namely furnace lining [ ENG ] The interior part of a fur- the regulatory or direct control function, the opti- nace in contact with a molten charge and hot mizing control function, the adaptive control gases; constructed of heat-resistant material. function, and the self-organizing function. { fərиnəs lı ¯ nиiŋ } { fəŋkиshənиəlde ¯ ka ¨ mиpəzishиən} furnish [ CHEM ENG ] In papermaking, the raw functional design [ SYS ENG ] The aspect of sys- materials placed in a beater for producing paper tem design concerned with the system’s objec- pulp. { fərиnish } tives and functions, rather than its specific com- furred ceiling [ BUILD ] A ceiling in which the fur- ponents. { fəŋkиshənиəldizı ¯ n} ring units are attached directly to the structural functional forms analysis chart See form process units of the building. { ¦fərd se ¯ иliŋ } chart. { fəŋkиshənиəl fo ¯ rmz ənalиəиsəs cha ¨ rt } furring [ BUILD ] Thin strips of wood or metal fas- function failure safety [ ENG ] The capability of tened to joists, studs, ceilings, or inner walls of an electronic-mass measuring instrument to a building to provide a level surface or air space withhold the release of an incorrect measure- over which the finished surface can be applied. ment when there is a function failure. { fəŋkи Also known as batten; furring strip. { fərиiŋ } shən ¦fa ¯ lyər sa ¯ fиte ¯ } furring strip See furring. { fərиiŋstrip } fundamental interval [ THERMO ] 1. The value ar- furrow [ ENG ] A trench plowed in the ground. bitrarily assigned to the difference in tempera- { fərиo ¯ } ture between two fixed points (such as the ice fuse [ ELEC ] An expendable device for opening point and steam point) on a temperature scale, an electric circuit when the current therein be- in order to define the scale. 2. The difference comes excessive, containing a section of conduc- between the values recorded by a thermometer tor which melts when the current through it ex- at two fixed points; for example, the difference ceeds a rated value for a definite period of time. between the resistances recorded by a resistance Also known as electric fuse. [ ENG ] Also thermometer at the ice point and steam point. spelled fuze. 1. A device with explosive compo- { ¦fənиdə¦menиtəl intиərиvəl} nents designed to initiate a train of fire or deto- fundamental motion See elemental motion. nation in an item of ammunition by an action { ¦fənиdə¦mentиəl mo ¯ иshən} such as hydrostatic pressure, electrical energy, fungible [ CHEM ENG ] Pertaining to petroleum chemical energy, impact, or a combination of products whose characteristics are so similar these. 2. A nonexplosive device designed to they can be commingled. { fənиjəиbəl} initiate an explosion in an item of ammunition fungi-proofing [ ENG ] Application of a protec- by an action such as continuous or pulsating tive chemical coating that inhibits growth of electromagnetic waves or acceleration. { fyu ¨ z} fungi. { fənjı ¯ pru ˙ fиiŋ } fuse blasting cap [ ENG ] A small copper cylinder funicular See funicular railroad. { fənikиyəиlər} closed at one end and charged with a fulminate. funicular polygon [ MECH ] 1. The figure formed { ¦fyu ¨ z blastиiŋkap } by a light string hung between two points from fuse body [ ENG ] The part of a fuse contributing which weights are suspended at various points. the major portion of the total weight, and which 2. A force diagram for such a string, in which the houses the majority of the functioning parts, and forces (weights and tensions) acting on points to which smaller parts are attached. { fyu ¨ z of the string from which weights are suspended ba ¨ dиe ¯ } are represented by a series of adjacent triangles. fuse diode [ ELECTR ] A diode that opens under {fənikиyəиlər pa ¨ lиəga ¨ n} specified current surge conditions. { fyu ¨ z funicular railroad [ ENG ] A railroad system used dı ¯ o ¯ d} primarily to ascend and descend mountains; the fused junction See alloy junction. { ¦fu ¨ zd jəŋkи weight of the descending train helps to move shən} the ascending train up the mountain. Also fused-junction diode See alloy-junction diode. known as funicular. { fənikиyəиlər ra ¯ lro ¯ d} funnel [ DES ENG ] A tube with one conical end { ¦fyu ¨ zd ¦jəŋkиshən dı ¯ o ¯ d} 238 fuzzy system fused-junction transistor See alloy-junction tran- fusion piercing [ ENG ] A method of producing vertical blastholes by virtually burning holes insistor. { ¦fyu ¨ zd ¦jəŋkиshən tranzisиtər} fused semiconductor [ ELECTR ] Junction rock. Also known as piercing. { fyu ¨ иzhən pirиsiŋ }formed by recrystallization on a base crystal from a liquid phase of one or more components and fusion-piercing drill [ ENG ] A machine designed to use the fusion-piercing mode of producingthe semiconductor. { ¦fyu ¨ zd semиiиkən dəkи tər } holes in rock. Also known as det drill; jet-pierc- ing drill; Linde drill. { fyu ¨ иzhən pirsиiŋdril } fuse gage [ ENG ] An instrument for slicing time fuses to length. { fyu ¨ z ga ¯ j} fuzzy controller [ CONT SYS ] An automatic con- troller in which the relation between the state fusehead [ ENG ] That part of an electric detona- tor consisting of twin metal conductors, bridged variables of the process under control and the action variables, whose values are computedby fine resistance wire, and surrounded by a bead of igniting compound which burns when the fir- from observations of the state variables, is given as a set of fuzzy implications or as a fuzzy rela-ing current is passed through the bridge wire. { fyu ¨ zhed } tion. { ¦fəzиe ¯ kəntro ¯ lиər} fuzzy system [ SYS ENG ] A process that is too fuse lighter [ ENG ] A device for facilitating the ignition of the powder core of a fuse. { fyu ¨ z complex to be modeled by using conventional mathematical methods, and that gives rise tolı ¯ dиər} fusibility [ THERMO ] The quality or degree of be- data that are, in general, soft, with no precise boundaries; examples are large-scale engi-ing capable of being liquefied by heat. { fyu ¨ и zəbilиədиe ¯ } neering complex systems, social systems, eco- nomic systems, management systems, medical fusible plug See safety plug. { ¦fyu ¨ иzəиbəl pləg} fusing disk [ MECH ENG ] A rapidly spinning disk diagnostic processes, and human perception. { ¦fəzиe ¯ sisиtəm}that cuts metal by melting it. { fyu ¨ zиiŋdisk } 239 This page intentionally left blank. G a part in a jig, fixture, or qualifying gage. g See gram. { ga ¯ j po ˙ int } G [ ELEC ] See conductance. [ MECH ] A unit of gage pressure [ MECH ENG ] The amount by acceleration equal to the standard acceleration which the total absolute pressure exceeds the of gravity, 9.80665 meters per second per second, ambient atmospheric pressure. { ga ¯ j preshи or approximately 32.1740 feet per second per ər} second. Also known as fors; grav. gaging hatch [ ENG ] An opening in a tank or GaAs FET See gallium arsenide field-effect transis- other vessel through which measuring and sam- tor. { gasfet } pling can be performed. { ga ¯ jиiŋhach } gabion [ ENG ] A bottomless basket of wicker- gaging tape [ ENG ] A metal measuring tape work or metal iron filled with earth or stones; used to determine the depth of liquid in a tank. used in building fieldworks or as revetments in { ga ¯ jиiŋta ¯ p} mining. Also known as pannier. { ga ¯ иbe ¯ иən} gain [ ELECTR ] The increase in signal power that gableboard See vergeboard. { ga ¯ иbəlbo ˙ rd } is produced by an amplifier; usually given as Gabor trolley [ ENG ] A small three-wheel trolley the ratio of output to input voltage, current, or with knife-edge wheels, used in constructing tra- power, expressed in decibels. Also known as jectories of charged particles in an electric field. transmission gain. [ ENG ] A cavity in a piece { ga ¨ bo ˙ r tra ¨ иle ¯ } of wood prepared by notching or mortising so gage Also spelled gauge. [ CIV ENG ] The dis- that a hinge or other hardware or another piece tance between the inner faces of the rails of of wood can be placed on the cavity. { ga ¯ n} railway track; standard gage in the United States gain asymptotes [ CONT SYS ] Asymptotes to a is 4 feet 8 1 / 2 inches (1.44 meters). [ DES logarithmic graph of gain as a function of fre- ENG ] 1. A device for determining the relative quency. { ga ¯ n asиəmto ¯ ts } shape or size of an object. 2. The thickness gain-crossover frequency [ CONT SYS ] The fre- of a metal sheet, a rod, or a wire. [ ENG ] The quency at which the magnitude of the loop ratio minimum sieve size through which most (95% is unity. { ¦ga ¯ n ¦kro ˙ so ¯ иvər fre ¯ иkwənиse ¯ } or more) of an aggregate will pass. { ga ¯ j} gain margin [ CONT SYS ] The reciprocal of the gage block [ DES ENG ] A chrome steel block magnitude of the loop ratio at the phase cross- having two flat, parallel surfaces with the parallel over frequency, frequently expressed in decibels. distance between them being the size marked { ga ¯ n ma ¨ rиjən} on the block to a guaranteed accuracy of a few gain scheduling [ CONT SYS ] A method of elimi- millionths of an inch; used as the standard of nating influences of variations in the process precise lineal measurement for most manufac- dynamics of a control system by changing the turing processes. Also known as precision parameters of the regulator as functions of auxil- block; size block. { ga ¯ j bla ¨ k} iary variables which correlate well with those gage cock [ ENG ] A valve located on a water dynamics. { ga ¯ n skejиəиliŋ } column of a boiler drum. { ga ¯ j ka ¨ k} gal [ MECH ] 1. The unit of acceleration in the gage glass [ ENG ] A glass, plastic, or metal centimeter-gram-second system, equal to 1 cen- tube, usually equipped with shutoff valves, that timeter per second squared; commonly used in is connected by a suitable fitting to a tank or geodetic measurement. Formerly known as gali- vessel, for the measurement of liquid level. leo. Symbolized Gal. 2. See gallon. { gal } { ga ¯ j glas } Gal See gal. { gal } gage length [ ENG ] Original length of the por- Galilean transformation [ MECH ] A mathemati- tion of a specimen measured for strain, length cal transformation used to relate the space and changes, and other characteristics. { ga ¯ j time variables of two uniformly moving (inertial) leŋkth } reference systems in nonrelativistic kinematics. gage plate [ CIV ENG ] A plate inserted between { galиə¦le ¯ иən tranzиfərma ¯ иshən} the parallel rails of a railroad track to maintain galileo See gal. { galиəle ¯ иo ¯ } the gage. { ga ¯ j pla ¯ t} Galileo’s law of inertia See Newton’s first law. { galиəle ¯ иo ¯ z ¦lo ˙ əvinərиshə } gage point [ DES ENG ] A point used to position Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. Galitzin pendulum Galitzin pendulum [ MECH ] A massive horizon- gamma camera [ ENG ] An instrument con- sisting of a large, thin scintillation crystal or arraytal pendulum that is used to measure variations in the direction of the force of gravity with time, of photomultiplier tubes, a multichannel colli- mator, and circuitry to analyze the pulses pro-and thus serves as the basis of a seismograph. {ga ¨ ¦litиsən penиjəиləm } duced by the photomultipliers; used to visualize the distribution of radioactive compounds in the galley [ ENG ] The kitchen of a ship, airplane, or trailer. { galиe ¯ } human body. { gamиəkamиrə } gamma counter [ ENG ] A device for detecting gallium arsenide field-effect transistor [ ELECTR ] A field-effect transistor in which current between gamma radiation, primarily through the detec- tion of fast electrons produced by the gammathe ohmic source and drain contacts is carried by free electrons in a channel consisting of n- rays; it either yields information about integrated intensity within a time interval or detects eachtype gallium arsenide, and this current is modu- lated by a Schottky-barrier rectifying contact photon separately. { gamиəkau ˙ ntиər} gamma logging [ ENG ] Obtaining, by means ofcalled the gate that varies the cross-sectional area of the channel. Abbreviated GaAs FET. a gamma-ray probe, a record of the intensities of gamma rays emitted by the rock strata pene-{ galиe ¯ иəm a ¨ rsиənı ¯ d fe ¯ ld i¦fekt tranzisиtər} gallon [ MECH ] Abbreviated gal. 1. A unit of trated by a borehole. { gamиəla ¨ gиiŋ } gamma-ray altimeter [ ENG ] An altimeter, usedvolume used in the United States for measure- ment of liquid substances, equal to 231 cubic at altitudes under several hundred feet, that measures the photon backscatter from the earthinches, or to 3.785 411 784 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 cubic meter, or to 3.785 411 784 liters; equal to 128 fluid resulting from the transmission of photons to earth from a cobalt-60 gamma source in theounces. 2. A unit of volume used in the United Kingdom for measurement of liquid and solid plane. { gamиəra ¯ altimиədиər} gamma-ray detector [ ENG ] An instrument thatsubstances, usually the former; equal to 4.54609 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 cubic meter, or to 4.54609 liters; equal registers the presence of gamma rays. { gamи əra ¯ ditekиtər}to 160 fluid ounces. Also known as imperial gallon. { galиən} gamma-ray level indicator [ ENG ] A level indica- tor in which the rising level of the liquid or other Galton whistle [ ENG ACOUS ] A short cylindrical pipe with an annular nozzle, which is set into material reduces the amount of radiation pass- ing from a gamma-ray source through the con-resonant vibration in order to generate ultra- sonic sound waves. { go ˙ lиtən wisиəl } tainer to a Geiger counter or other radiation de- tector. { gamиəra ¯ ¦levиəl inиdəka ¯ dиər} galvanic [ ELEC ] Pertaining to electricity flowing as a result of chemical action. { galvanиik } gamma-ray probe [ ENG ] A gamma-ray counter built into a watertight case small enough to be galvanic battery [ ELEC ] A galvanic cell, or two or more such cells electrically connected to pro- lowered into a borehole. { gamиəra ¯ pro ¯ b} gamma-ray tracking [ ENG ] Use of threeduce energy. { galvanиik badиəиre ¯ } galvanic cell [ ELEC ] An electrolytic cell that is tracking stations, located at the three corners of a triangle centered on a missile about to becapable of producing electric energy by electro- chemical action. { galvanиik sel } launched, to obtain accurate azimuthal tracking of a cobalt-60 gamma source in the tail. galvanic couple [ ELEC ] A pair of unlike sub- stances, such as metals, which generate a volt- { gramиəra ¯ trakиiŋ } gamma-ray well logging [ ENG ] Measurementage when brought in contact with an electrolyte. { galvanиik kəpиəl } of gamma-ray intensity versus depth down the wellbore; used to identify rock strata, their posi- galvanic current [ ELEC ] A steady direct current. { galvanиik kəиrənt } tion, and their thicknesses. { gamиəra ¯ wel la ¨ gиiŋ } galvanometer [ ENG ] An instrument for indicat- ing or measuring a small electric current by gammeter [ ENG ] A template fashioned of trans- parent material and marked with a calibratedmeans of a mechanical motion derived from electromagnetic or electrodynamic forces pro- scale; when positioned on a sensitometric curve it is used to determine the slope of the straight-duced by the current. { galиvəna ¨ mиədиər} galvanometer recorder [ ENG ACOUS ] A sound line portion. { game ¯ dиər} gang [ ELEC ] A mechanical connection of two orrecorder in which the audio signal voltage is applied to a coil suspended in a magnetic field; more circuit devices so that they can be varied at the same time. { gaŋ }the resulting movements of the coil cause a tiny attached mirror to move a reflected light beam gang chart [ IND ENG ] A multiple-activity proc- ess chart used for groups of men on materials-back and forth across a slit in front of a moving photographic film. { galиvəna ¨ mиədиərriko ˙ rdи handling operations. { gaŋcha ¨ rt } gang drill [ MECH ENG ] A set of drills operatedər} gambrel roof [ BUILD ] A roof with two sloping together in the same machine; used in rock dril- ling. { gaŋdril }sides stepped at different angles on each side of the center ridge; the lower slope is steeper gang milling [ ENG ] Rolling of material by means of a composite machine with numerousthan the upper slope. { gamиbrəl ru ¨ f} gamma [ MECH ] A unit of mass equal to 10 Ϫ6 cutting blades. { gaŋmilиiŋ } gang saw [ MECH ENG ] A steel frame in whichgram or 10 Ϫ9 kilogram. { gamиə } 242 GasFET thin, parallel saws are arranged to operate simul- material and designed for insertion into a pipe- line followed by inflation to halt the flow of gas. taneously in cutting logs. { gaŋso ˙ } { gas bag } gantlet [ CIV ENG ] A stretch of overlapping rail- gas bearing [ MECH ENG ] A journal or thrust road track, with one rail of one track being be- bearing lubricated with gas. Also known as gas- tween the two rails of another track; used over lubricated bearing. { gas berиiŋ } narrow bridges and passes. { go ˙ ntиlət} gas burner [ ENG ] A hole or a group of holes gantry [ ENG ] A frame erected on side supports through which a combustible gas or gas-air mix- so as to span an area and support and hoist ture flows and burns. { gas bərиnər} machinery and heavy materials. { ganиtre ¯ } gas cleaning [ ENG ] Removing ingredients, pol- gantry crane [ MECH ENG ] A bridgelike hoisting lutants, or contaminants from domestic and in- machine having fixed supports or arranged for dustrial gases. { gas kle ¯ nиiŋ } running along tracks on ground level. { ganи gas-compression cycle [ MECH ENG ] A refriger- tre ¯ kra ¯ n} ation cycle in which hot, compressed gas is gantry-type robot [ CONT SYS ] A continuous- cooled in a heat exchanger, then passes into a path, Cartesian-coordinate robot constructed in gas expander which provides an exhaust stream a bridge shape that uses rails to move along of cold gas to another heat exchanger that han- a single horizontal axis or along either of two dles the sensible-heat refrigeration effect and perpendicular horizontal axes. { ganиtre ¯ ¦tı ¯ p exhausts the gas to the compressor. { ¦gas ro ¯ ba ¨ t} kəm¦preshиən sı ¯ иkəl} Gantt chart [ IND ENG ] In production planning gas compressor [ MECH ENG ] A machine that and control, a type of bar chart depicting the increases the pressure of a gas or vapor by in- work planned and done in relation to time; each creasing the gas density and delivering the fluid division of space represents both a time interval against the connected system resistance. { gas and the amount of work to be done during that kəmpresиər} interval. { gant cha ¨ rt } gas constant [ THERMO ] The constant of pro- Gantt task and bonus plan [ IND ENG ] A wage portionality appearing in the equation of state incentive plan in which high task efficiency is of an ideal gas, equal to the pressure of the gas maintained by providing a percentage bonus as times its molar volume divided by its tempera- a reward for production in excess of standard. ture. Also known as gas-law constant; universal gas constant. { gas ka ¨ nиstənt } { gant ¦task ən bo ¯ иnəs plan } gas cycle [ THERMO ] A sequence in which a gas- gap [ ELEC ] The spacing between two electric eous fluid undergoes a series of thermodynamic contacts. { gap } phases, ultimately returning to its original state. gap-filler radar [ ENG ] Radar used to fill gaps in { gas sı ¯ иkəl} radar coverage of other radar. { gap filиər gas cylinder [ MECH ENG ] The chamber in which ra ¯ da ¨ r} a piston moves in a positive displacement en- gap-framepress [ MECH ENG ] A punch press gine or compressor. { gas silиənиdər} whose frame is open at bed level so that wide gas dehydrator [ CHEM ENG ] A device or system work or strip work can be inserted. { ¦ga ¯ p to remove moisture vapor from a gas stream, fra ¯ mpres } usually incorporates desiccant-type packed gap lathe [ MECH ENG ] An engine lathe with a towers. { gas de ¯ hı ¯ dra ¯ dиər} sliding bed providing enough space for turning gas-deviation factor See compressibility factor. large-diameter work. { gap la ¯ th } { ¦gas de ¯ иve ¯ a ¯ иshən fakиtər} gap scanning [ ENG ] In ultrasonic testing, a gas engine [ MECH ENG ] An internal combus- coupling technique in which a sound beam is tion engine that uses gaseous fuel. { gas projected through a short fluid column that flows enиjən} through a nozzle on an ultrasonic search unit. gaseous conduction analyzer [ ENG ] A device { gap skanиiŋ } to detect organic vapors in air by measuring the garnet hinge [ DES ENG ] A hinge with a vertical change in current that flows between a heated bar and horizontal strap. { ga ¨ rиnət hinj } platinum anode and a concentric platinum cath- garret [ BUILD ] The part of a house just under ode. { ¦gashиəskən¦dəkиshən anиəlı ¯ zиər} the roof. { garиət} gaseous diffusion [ CHEM ENG ] 1. Pressure-in- garter spring [ DES ENG ] A closed ring formed duced free-molecular transfer of gas through mi- of helically wound wire. { ga ¨ rdиər spriŋ } croporous barriers as in the process of making gas absorption operation [ CHEM ENG ] The re- fissionable fuel. 2. Selective solubility diffu- covery of solute gases present in gaseous mix- sion of gas through nonporous polymers by ab- tures of noncondensables; this recovery is gener- sorption and solution of the gas in the polymer ally achieved by contacting the gas stream with matrix. { ¦gashиəsdifyu ¨ иzhən} a liquid that offers specific or selective solubility gas etching [ ENG ] The removal of material from for the solute gas to be recovered, or with an a semiconductor circuit by reaction with a gas adsorbent (for example, synthetic or natural zeo- that forms a volatile compound. { gas echиiŋ } lite) that accepts only specific molecule sizes or GasFET [ ENG ] A gas sensor based on changes, shapes. { gas əbso ˙ rpиshən a ¨ pиəra ¯ иshən} upon exposure to hydrogen, in the surface part of the work function of a palladium component gas bag [ ENG ] A bag made of gas-impermeable 243 gas-filled thermometer that serves as the gate contact of a metal oxide a filter and a bed of adsorbent material. { gas mask } semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOS- gas meter [ ENG ] An instrument for measuring FET). { gasfet } and recording the amount of gas flow through a gas-filled thermometer [ ENG ] A thermometer pipe. { gas me ¯ dиər} which uses a gas (usually nitrogen or hydrogen), gasoline engine [ MECH ENG ] An internal com- that approximately follows the ideal gas law. bustion engine that uses a mixture of air and { gas fild thərma ¨ mиədиər} gasoline vapor as a fuel. { gasиəle ¯ n enиjən} gas filter [ CHEM ENG ] A device used to remove gasoline pump [ MECH ENG ] A device that liquid or solid particles from a flowing gas pumps and measures the gasoline supplied to stream. { gas filиtər} a motor vehicle, as at a filling station. { gasи gas furnace [ ENG ] An enclosure in which a gas- əle ¯ n pəmp } eous fuel is burned. { gas fərиnəs} gasometer [ ENG ] A piece of equipment that gas generator [ CHEM ENG ] A chemical plant for holds and measures gas; may be used in analyti- producing gas from coal, for example, water cal chemistry to measure the quantity of gas gas. [ MECH ENG ] An apparatus that supplies evolved in a reaction. { gasa ¨ mиədиər} a high-pressure gas flow to drive compressors, gas packing [ IND ENG ] Packing a material such airscrews, and other machines. { gas jenиə as food in an atmosphere consisting of an oxy- ra ¯ dиər} gen-free gas. { gas pakиiŋ } gas heater [ MECH ENG ] A unit heater designed gas pliers [ DES ENG ] Pliers for gripping round to supply heat by forced convection, using gas objects such as pipes, tubes, and circular rods. as a heat source. { gas he ¯ dиər} { gas plı ¯ иərz } gas holder [ ENG ] Gas storage container with gas producer [ CHEM ENG ] A device for com- vertically free top section that moves up or down plete gasification of coal by utilizing simultane- to adjust to the volume of gas held. { gas ously the air and water-gas reactions. { gas ho ¯ lиdər} prədu ¨ sиər} gas hole [ ENG ] A cavity formed in a casting as gas reversion [ CHEM ENG ] A process which a result of cavitation. { gas ho ¯ l} combines thermal cracking or reforming of naph- gasification [ CHEM ENG ] Any chemical or heat tha with thermal polymerization or alkylation of process used to convert a substance to a gas; hydrocarbon gases carried out in the same reac- coal is converted by the Hygas process to a gas- tion zone. { gas rivərиzhən} eous fuel. { gasиəиfəka ¯ иshən} gas scrubbing [ CHEM ENG ] Removal of gas- gasifier [ CHEM ENG ] A unit for producing gas, eous or liquid impurities from a gas by the action particularly synthesis gas from coal. { gasи of a liquid; the gas is contacted with the liquid əfı ¯ иər} which removes the impurities by dissolving or gas injection [ MECH ENG ] Injection of gaseous by chemical combination. { gas skrəbиiŋ } fuel into the cylinder of an internal combustion gas seal [ ENG ] A seal which prevents gas from engine at the appropriate part of the cycle. leaking to or from a machine along a shaft. { gas injekиshən} { gas se ¯ l} gasket [ ENG ] A packing made of deformable gassing [ ELEC ] The evolution of gas in the form material, usually in the form of a sheet or ring, of small bubbles in a storage battery when charg- used to make a pressure-tight joint between sta- ing continues after the battery has been com- tionary parts. Also known as static seal. pletely charged. [ ENG ] 1. Absorption of gas { gasиgit } by a material. 2. Formation of gas pockets in gas law [ THERMO ] Any law relating the pres- a material. 3. Evolution of gas from a material sure, volume, and temperature of a gas. during a process or procedure. { gasиiŋ } { gas lo ˙ } gas tank [ ENG ] A tank for storing gas or gaso- gas-law constant See gas constant. { gas lo ˙ line. { gas taŋk} ka ¨ nиstənt } gas thermometer [ ENG ] A device to measure gas lift [ CHEM ENG ] Solids movement opera- temperature by measuring the pressure exerted tion in which an upward-flowing gas stream in by a definite amount of gas enclosed in a con- a closed conduit or vessel is used to lift and stant volume; the gas (preferably hydrogen or move powdered or granular solid material. helium) is enclosed in a glass or fused-quartz { gas lift } bulb connected to a mercury manometer. Also gas making [ CHEM ENG ] Making water gas or known as constant-volume gas thermometer. air gas by the action of steam and air upon hot { ¦gas thərma ¨ mиədиər} coke. { gas ma ¯ kиiŋ } gas thermometry [ ENG ] Measurement of tem- gas manometer [ ENG ] A gage for determining peratures with a gas thermometer; used with the difference in pressure of two gases, usually helium down to about 1 K. { ¦gas thərma ¨ mи by measuring the difference in height of liquid əиtre ¯ } columns in the two sides of a U-tube. { ¦gas gas trap [ CIV ENG ] A bend or chamber in a drain məna ¨ mиədиər} or sewer pipe that prevents sewer gas from es- gas mask [ ENG ] A device to protect the eyes caping. { gas trap } and respiratory tract from noxious gases, vapors, gas-treating system [ CHEM ENG ] A process system to remove nonhydrocarbon impuritiesand aerosols, by removing contamination with 244 gear drive (such as water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, or carbon high-quality glass to be taken from the center. { gathиəиriŋriŋ } dioxide) from wellhead gas. { gas tre ¯ dиiŋ gating [ ELECTR ] The process of selecting those sisиtəm} portions of a wave that exist during one or more gas-tube boiler See waste-heat boiler. { gas selected time intervals or that have magnitudes tu ¨ b bo ˙ ilər} between selected limits. [ ENG ] A network of gas turbine [ MECH ENG ] A heat engine that connecting channels, including sprues, runners, converts the energy of fuel into work by using gates, and cavities, which conduct molten metal compressed, hot gas as the working medium and to the mold. { ga ¯ dиiŋ } that usually delivers its mechanical output gating waveform See gate. { ¦ga ¯ dиiŋwa ¯ vfo ˙ rm } power either as torque through a rotating shaft Gaussian weighing method [ ENG ] A method (industrial gas turbines) or as jet power in the used to determine the accuracy of equal-arm form of velocity through an exhaust nozzle (air- balances and to test standard weights in which craft jet engines). Also known as combustion the sample is placed on one pan and the compar- turbine. { gas tərиbən} ative weights on the other, and then the weights gas-turbine nozzle [ MECH ENG ] The compo- are interchanged in a second weighing. { gau ˙ sи nent of a gas turbine in which the hot, high- e ¯ иən wa ¯ иiŋmethиəd} pressure gas expands and accelerates to high gaussmeter [ ENG ] A magnetometer whose velocity. { gas tərиbən na ¨ zиəl} scale is graduated in gauss or kilogauss, and gas valve [ ENG ] An exhaust valve, held shut by usually measures only the intensity, and not the rubber springs, used to discharge gas from the direction, of the magnetic field. { gau ˙ sme ¯ dи extreme top of a balloon. { gas valv } ər} gas vent [ ENG ] A pipe or hole that allows gas Gauss method of weighing See double weighing. to pass off. { gas vent } { ¦gau ˙ s ¦methиəd əv wa ¯ иiŋ } gate [ CIV ENG ] A movable barrier across an Gauss’ principle of least constraint [ MECH ] opening in a large barrier, a fence, or a wall. The principle that the motion of a system of [ ELECTR ] 1. A circuit having an output and a interconnected material points subjected to any multiplicity of inputs and so designed that the influence is such as to minimize the constraint output is energized only when a certain combina- on the system; here the constraint, during an tion of pulses is present at the inputs. 2. A infinitesimal period of time, is the sum over the circuit in which one signal, generally a square points of the product of the mass of the point wave, serves to switch another signal on and times the square of its deviation from the posi- off. 3. One of the electrodes in a field-effect tion it would have occupied at the end of the transistor. 4. An output element of a cryotron. time period if it had not been connected to other 5. To control the passage of a pulse or signal. points. { gau ˙ s prinиsəиpəl əv ¦le ¯ st kənstra ¯ nt } 6. In radar, an electric waveform which is applied Gay-Lussac’s second law [ THERMO ] The law to the control point of a circuit to alter the mode that the internal energy of an ideal gas is inde- of operation of the circuit at the time when the pendent of its volume. { ga ¯ иlu ˙ sa ¨ ks sekиənd waveform is applied. Also known as gating lo ˙ } waveform. [ ENG ] 1. A device, such as a valve Gay-Lussac tower [ CHEM ENG ] A component or door, for controlling the passage of materials part in the chamber process for sulfuric acid pro- through a pipe, channel, or other passageway. duction that absorbs nitrogen oxides to form 2. A device for positioning the film in a camera, nitrous vitriol. { gaиlu ˙ sa ¨ k tau ˙ иər} printer, or projector. { ga ¯ t} g-cal See calorie. { je ¯ kal } gate-array device [ ELECTR ] An integrated logic g-cm See gram-centimeter. circuit that is manufactured by first fabricating gear [ DES ENG ] A toothed machine element a two-dimensional array of logic cells, each of used to transmit motion between rotating shafts which is equivalent to one or a few logic gates, when the center distance of the shafts is not too and then adding final layers of metallization that large. [ MECH ENG ] 1. A mechanism per- determine the exact function of each cell and forming a specific function in a machine. 2. An interconnect the cells to form a specific network adjustment device of the transmission in a motor when the customer orders the device. { ga ¯ t vehicle which determines mechanical advantage, əra ¯ divı ¯ s} relative speed, and direction of travel. { gir } Gates crusher [ MECH ENG ] A gyratory crusher gear case [ MECH ENG ] An enclosure, usually which has a cone or mantle that is moved eccen- filled with lubricating fluid, in which gears oper- trically by the lower bearing sleeve. { ga ¯ ts ate. { gir ka ¯ s} krəshиər} gear cutter [ MECH ENG ] A machine or tool for gate valve [ MECH ENG ] A valve with a disk- cutting teeth in a gear. { gir kədиər} shaped closing element that fits tightly over an gear cutting [ MECH ENG ] The cutting or form- opening through which water passes. { ga ¯ t ing of a uniform series of toothlike projections valv } on the surface of a workpiece. { gir kədиiŋ } gathering iron [ ENG ] A rod used to collect mol- gear down [ MECH ENG ] To arrange gears so the ten glass for glassblowing. { gathиəиriŋı ¯ иərn } driven part rotates at a slower speed than the gathering ring [ ENG ] A clay ring placed on mol- driving part. { ¦gir dau ˙ n} gear drive [ MECH ENG ] Transmission of motionten glass to collect impurities and thus permit 245 geared turbine or torque from one shaft to another by means complementary projections on another wheel to transmit force and motion. { gir te ¯ th } of direct contact between toothed wheels. gear train [ MECH ENG ] A combination of two or { gir drı ¯ v} more gears used to transmit motion between geared turbine [ MECH ENG ] A turbine con- two rotating shafts or between a shaft and a nected to a set of reduction gears. { ¦gird slide. { gir tra ¯ n} tərиbən} gear up [ MECH ENG ] To arrange gears so that gear forming [ MECH ENG ] A method of gear the driven part rotates faster than the driving cutting in which the desired tooth shape is pro- part. { ¦gir əp} duced by a tool whose cutting profile matches gear wheel [ MECH ENG ] A wheel that meshes the tooth form. { gir fo ˙ rиmiŋ } gear teeth with another part. { gir we ¯ l} gear generating [ MECH ENG ] A method of gear geepound See slug. { je ¯ pau ¨ nd } cutting in which the tooth is produced by the Geiger-Mu ¨ ller probe [ ENG ] A Geiger-Mu ¨ ller conjugate or total cutting action of the tool plus counter in a watertight container, lowered into the rotation of the workpiece. { gir jenиə a borehole to log the intensity of the gamma rays ra ¯ dиiŋ } emitted by radioactive substances in traversed gear grinding [ MECH ENG ] A gear-cutting rock. Also known as electronic logger; Geiger method in which gears are shaped by formed probe. { ¦gı ¯ иgər myu ¨ lиər pro ¯ b} grinding wheels and by generation; primarily a Geiger probe See Geiger-Mu ¨ ller probe. { gı ¯ иgər finishing operation. { gir grı ¯ ndиiŋ } pro ¯ b} gear hobber [ MECH ENG ] A machine that mills Geissler pump [ ENG ] A type of air pump that gear teeth; the rotational speed of the hob has uses the principle of the Torricellian vacuum, a precise relationship to that of the work. { gir and in which the vacuum is produced by the flow ha ¨ bиər} of mercury back and forth between a vertically gearing [ MECH ENG ] A set of gear wheels. adjustable and a fixed reservoir. { gı ¯ sиlər { girиiŋ } pəmp } gearing chain [ MECH ENG ] A continuous chain gelatinize [ ENG ] To coat or treat with a solution used to transmit motion from one toothed of gelatin. { jəlatиənı ¯ z} wheel, or sprocket, to another. { girиiŋcha ¯ n} gelation time [ CHEM ENG ] In the manufacture gearless traction [ MECH ENG ] Direct drive, of a thermosetting resin, the time interval be- without reduction gears. { ¦girиləs trakиshən} tween the addition of the catalyst into a liquid gear level [ MECH ENG ] To arrange gears so that adhesive system and the formation of a gel. the driven part and driving part turn at the same {jəla ¯ иshən tı ¯ m} speed. { gir levиəl} GEM See air-cushion vehicle. gear loading [ MECH ENG ] The power transmit- gender [ ELEC ] The classification of a connector ted or the contact force per unit length of a gear. as female or male. { jenиdər} { gir lo ¯ dиiŋ } gender changer [ ELEC ] A small passive device gear meter [ ENG ] A type of positive-displace- that is placed between two connectors of the ment fluid quantity meter in which the rotating same gender to enable them to be joined. Also elements are two meshing gear wheels. { gir known as cable matcher. { jenиdər cha ¯ nиjər} me ¯ dиər} generalized coordinates [ MECH ] A set of vari- gearmotor [ MECH ENG ] A motor combined with ables used to specify the position and orienta- a set of speed-reducing gears. { girmo ¯ dиər} tion of a system, in principle defined in terms gear pump [ MECH ENG ] A rotary pump in which of Cartesian coordinates of the system’s particles two meshing gear wheels contrarotate so that and of the time in some convenient manner; the the fluid is entrained on one side and discharged number of such coordinates equals the number on the other. { gir pəmp } of degrees of freedom of the system Also known gear ratio [ MECH ENG ] The ratio of the angular as Lagrangian coordinates. { jenиrəlı ¯ zd ko ¯ speed of the driving member of a gear train or o ˙ rdиənиəts } similar mechanism to that of the driven member; generalized force [ MECH ] The generalized specifically, the number of revolutions made by force corresponding to a generalized coordinate the engine per revolution of the rear wheels of is the ratio of the virtual work done in an infini- an automobile. { gir ra ¯ иsho ¯ } tesimal virtual displacement, which alters that gear shaper [ MECH ENG ] A machine that makes coordinate and no other, to the change in the gear teeth by means of a reciprocating cutter that coordinate. { jenиrəlı ¯ zd fo ˙ rs } rotates slowly with the work. { gir sha ¯ pиər} generalized momentum See conjugate momen- gear-shaving machine [ MECH ENG ] A finishing tum. { jenиrəlı ¯ zd məmentиəm} machine that removes excess metal from ma- generalized velocity [ MECH ] The derivative chined gears by the axial sliding motion of a with respect to time of one of the generalized straight-rack cutter or a circular gear cutter. coordinates of a particle. Also known as La- { gir sha ¯ vиiŋ məshe ¯ n} grangian generalized velocity. { jenиrəlı ¯ zd və gearshift [ MECH ENG ] A device for engaging la ¨ sиədиe ¯ } and disengaging gears. { girshift } general manager [ IND ENG ] The person of gen- gear teeth [ DES ENG ] Projections on the cir- eral authority who performs all reasonable tasks in conducting the usual and customary businesscumference or face of a wheel which engage with 246 get of the principal head or owner. { ¦jenиrəl manи conductive seawater by the magnetic field of the earth. { ¦je ¯ иo ¯ иmag¦nedиik i¦lekиtrəиkənedиəəиjər} generating magnetometer [ ENG ] A magnetom- graf } geomembrane [ CIV ENG ] Any impermeableeter in which a coil is rotated in the magnetic field to be measured with the resulting generated membrane (usually made of synthetic polymers in sheets) used with soils, rock, earth, or othervoltage being proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. { jenиəra ¯ dиiŋ magиnəta ¨ mиədи geotechnical material in order to block the mi- gration of fluids. { je ¯ иo ¯ membra ¯ n}ər} generating plant See generating station. { jenи geometric construction [ ENG ] Construction that employs only straightedge and compassesəra ¯ dиiŋplant } generating station [ MECH ENG ] A stationary or is carried out by drawing only straight lines and circles. { ¦je ¯ иə¦meиtrik kənstrəkиshən}plant containing apparatus for large-scale con- version of some form of energy (such as hydrau- geometric programming [ SYS ENG ] A nonlinear programming technique in which the relativelic, steam, chemical, or nuclear energy) into elec- trical energy. Also known as generating plant; contribution of each of the component costs is first determined; only then are the variables inpower station. { jenиəra ¯ dиiŋsta ¯ иshən} generation rate [ ELECTR ] In a semiconductor, the component costs determined. { ¦je ¯ иə¦meи trik pro ¯ gramиiŋ }the time rate of creation of electron-hole pairs. { jenиəra ¯ иshən ra ¯ t} geophysical engineering [ ENG ] A branch of en- gineering that applies scientific methods for lo- generator [ ELEC ] A machine that converts me- chanical energy into electrical energy; in its com- cating mineral deposits. { ¦je ¯ иə¦fizиəиkəl enи jənirиiŋ }monest form, a large number of conductors are mounted on an armature that is rotated in a geophysical prospecting [ ENG ] Application of quantitative concepts and principles of physicsmagnetic field produced by field coils. Also known as dynamo; electric generator. and mathematics in geologic explorations to dis- cover the character of and mineral resources in [ ELECTR ] 1. A vacuum-tube oscillator or any other nonrotating device that generates an alter- underground rocks in the upper portions of the earth’s crust. { ¦je ¯ иə¦fizиəиkəl pra ¨ spekиtiŋ }nating voltage at a desired frequency when ener- gized with direct-current power or low-frequency geosynthetic [ CIV ENG ] Any synthetic material used in geotechnical engineering, such as geo-alternating-current power. 2. A circuit that gen- erates a desired repetitive or nonrepetitive textiles and geomembranes. { je ¯ иo ¯ иsinthedи ik }waveform, such as a pulse generator. { jenи əra ¯ dиər} geotechnics [ CIV ENG ] The application of sci- entific methods and engineering principles to generator set [ ENG ] The aggregate of one or more generators together with the equipment civil engineering problems through acquiring, in- terpreting, and using knowledge of materials ofand plant for producing the energy that drives them. { jenиəra ¯ dиər set } the crust of the earth. { ¦je ¯ иo ¯ ¦tekиniks } geotechnology [ ENG ] Application of the meth- geochemical prospecting [ ENG ] The use of geochemical and biogeochemical principles and ods of engineering and science to exploitation of natural resources. { ¦je ¯ иo ¯ иtekna ¨ lиəиje ¯ }data in the search for economic deposits of min- erals, petroleum, and natural gases. { ¦je ¯ и geotextiles [ CIV ENG ] Woven or nonwoven fab- rics used with foundations, soils, rock, earth, oro ¯ ¦kemиəиkəl pra ¨ spekиting } geochemical well logging [ ENG ] Well logging other geotechnical material as an integral part of a manufactured project, structure, or system.dependent on geochemical analysis of the data. { ¦je ¯ иo ¯ ¦kemиəиkəl wel la ¨ gиiŋ } Also known as civil engineering fabrics; erosion control cloth; filter fabrics; support membranes. geodetic survey [ ENG ] A survey in which the figure and size of the earth are considered; it is { ¦je ¯ иo ¯ ¦tekstı ¯ lz } geothermal prospecting [ ENG ] Exploration forapplicable for large areas and long lines and is used for the precise location of basic points sources of geothermal energy. { ¦je ¯ иo ¯ ¦thərиməl pra ¨ spekиtiŋ }suitable for controlling other surveys. { ¦je ¯ и ə¦dedиik sərva ¯ } geothermal well logging [ ENG ] Measurement of the change in temperature of the earth by geographical mile [ MECH ] The length of 1 min- ute of arc of the Equator, or 6087.08 feet (1855.34 means of well logging. { ¦je ¯ иo ¯ ¦thərиməl wel la ¨ gиiŋ }meters), which approximates the length of the nautical mile. { ¦je ¯ иə¦grafиəиkəl mı ¯ l} geothermometer [ ENG ] A thermometer con- structed to measure temperatures in boreholes geologic thermometer See geothermometer. { ¦je ¯ и ə¦la ¨ jиik thərma ¨ mиədиər } or deep-sea deposits. { ¦je ¯ иo ¯ иthərma ¨ mиədиər} gerber beam [ CIV ENG ] A long, straight beam geolograph [ ENG ] A device that records the penetration rate of a bit during the drilling of a that functions essentially as a cantilevered beam by the insertion of two hinges in alternate spans.well. { je ¯ a ¨ lиəgraph } geomagnetic electrokinetograph [ ENG ] An in- { gərиbər be ¯ m} get [ IND ENG ] A combination of two or more ofstrument that can be suspended from the side of a ship to measure the direction and speed of the elemental motions of search, select, grasp, transport empty, and transport loaded; appliedocean currents while the ship is under way by measuring the voltage induced in the moving to time-motion studies. { get } 247 [...]... kro¦moиshən stədиe } ¯ ¯ ¯ gill [MECH] 1 A unit of volume used in the United States for the measurement of liquid substances, equal to 1/ 4 U.S liquid pint, or to 1. 1 829 411 825 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 cubic meter 2 A unit of volume used in the United Kingdom for the measurement of liquid substances, and occasionally of solid substances, equal to 1/ 4 U.K pint, or to approximately 1. 420 653 12 5 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 cubic meter { gil } Gilliland... lifetime of minority carriers in a transistor; gold is diffused into the base and collector regions to reduce storage time in transistor circuits { gol dopиiŋ } ¯ ¯ [THERMO] The temperature of the freezing point of gold at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere (10 1, 325 pascals); used to define the International Temperature Scale of 19 40, on which it is assigned a value of 13 37.33 K or 10 64 .18 ЊC { gold... gimbal freedom [ENG] Of a gyro, the maximum angular displacement about the output axis of a gimbal { gimиbəl freиdəm } ¯ gimbal lock [ENG] A condition of a two-degreeof-freedom gyro wherein the alignment of the spin axis with an axis of freedom deprives the gyro of a degree -of- freedom and therefore its useful properties { gimиbəl lak } ¨ gimlet [DES ENG] A small tool consisting of a threaded tip, grooved... graund i¦lek trod } ˙ ¯ ground environment [ENG] 1 Environment grounded-cathode that surrounds and affects a system or piece of equipment that operates on the ground 2 System or part of a system, as of a guidance system, that functions on the ground; the aggregate of equipment, conditions, facilities, and personnel that go to make up a system, or part of a system, functioning on the ground { graund... location of abrasive grains on the surface of a grinding wheel { gran spasиiŋ } ¯ ¯ gram [MECH] The unit of mass in the centimeter-gram-second system of units, equal to 0.0 01 kilogram Abbreviated g; gm { gram } gram-calorie See calorie { gram ¦kalиəиre } ¯ gram-centimeter [MECH] A unit of energy in the centimeter-gram-second gravitational system, equal to the work done by a force of magnitude 1 gram... Metal flashing placed at the edge of a roof to prevent gravel from falling off { gravиəl stap } ¨ graveyard shift [IND ENG] The shift of workers that begins at or around midnight; the last shift of the day { grav yard shift } ¯ ¨ gravimeter [ENG] A highly sensitive weighing device used for relative measurement of the force of gravity by detecting small weight differences of a constant mass at different... gravity conveyor in the form of an inclined plane, trough, or framework that depends on sliding friction to control the ¨ rate of descent { gravиədиe shut } ¯ gravity concentration [ENG] 1 Any of various methods for separating a mixture of particles, such as minerals, based on the differences in density of the various species and on the resistance to relative motion exerted upon the particles by the fluid... made of metal or concrete, and sometimes of wood { gərиdər } girder clamp See beam clip { gərdиər klamp } girder clip See beam clip { gərdиər klip } girt [CIV ENG] 1 A timber in the second-floor corner posts of a house to serve as a footing for roof rafters 2 A horizontal member to stiffen the framework of a building frame or trestle [ENG] A brace member running horizontally between the legs of a drill... consisting of 10 0 steel links, each 7. 92 inches (20 .11 68 centimeters) long, joined by rings, which is used as the unit of length for surveying public lands in the United States Also known as chain { gənиtərz ¦chan } ¯ gun-type burner [ENG] An oil burner that uses a nozzle to atomize the fuel { gən tıp ¦bərиnər } ¯ gusset [CIV ENG] A plate that is used to strengthen truss joints { gəsиət } 25 8 gyro wheel... change of the inclination of the axis of rotation of a gyroscope { jıиrə skapиik kəpиəl } ¨ ¯ gyroscopic mass flowmeter [ENG] An instrument in which the torque on a rotating pipe of suitable shape, through which a fluid is made to flow, is measured to determine the mass flow through the pipe { jıиrə skapиik ¦mas flo ¨ ¯ ¯ medиər } ¯ gyroscopic precession [MECH] The turning of the axis of spin of a gyroscope . 3.785 411 784 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 cubic meter, or to 3.785 411 784 liters; equal to 12 8 fluid resulting from the transmission of photons to earth from a cobalt-60 gamma source in theounces. 2. A unit of volume. 1/ 4 U.S. liquid pint, or to getter sputtering [ ELECTR ] The deposition of 1. 1 829 411 825 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 cubic meter. 2. A unit of high-purity thin films at ordinary vacuum levels volume used in the United. temperature of the freezing point of gold at a pressure of 1 standardential heating to a thin film of glue or other relatively high-loss material located between lay- atmosphere (10 1, 325 pascals);