Direct speech Indirect speech -Nếu động từ t ờng thuật đ ợc dùng ở thì hiện tại (say(s),tell(s),), động từ trong câu gián tiếp không phải thay đổi về thì. E.g.: I am at home She says that she is at home - Nếu câu trực tiếp đề cập đến sự thật hiển nhiên, khi chuyển đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta không biến đổi thì của động từ. E.g.:The earth goes round the sun My teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. -Nếu động từ t ờng thuật đ ợc dùng ở thì quá khứ (said, told,) ta phải biến đổi thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp. Direct speech Indirect speech HiÖn t¹i ®¬n e.g: “I feel sick” Qu¸ khø ®¬n She said that she felt sick HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn e.g.: “She is watching TV” Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn e.g: Ann said that she was watching TV HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh e.g.: “I have lived here since 2000.” Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh He claim that he had lived there since 2000. Qu¸ khø ®¬n e.g:“They watered the flowers” Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh She said that they had watered the flowers. Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn e.g: “John was going to the cinema” Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn Eg:Ann said that John had been going to the cinema Will/Can/Must/Have- has to/ … +V Would/Could/Had to/Had to/…+ V *BiÕn ®æi tr¹ng ng÷ trong c©u gi¸n tiÕp: *Indirect speech with infinitive *Indirect speech with infinitive : : -Ta th êng sö dông mét sè ®éng tõ :promise, warn, advise, tell, ask, encourage, want, remind, invite, agree… lµm ®éng tõ t êng thuËt. Nh÷ng ®éng tõ nµy th êng theo sau bëi to-V. e.g:- “We will come back again.” They said that they would come back again. They promised to come back again. The mother warned the children to be careful with the matches. “-Keep quiet,” The teacher told us to keep quiet. - “You’d better not swim too far from the shore.” The lifeguard advised us not to swim too far the shore. -”Be careful with the matches.” *Indirect speech with gerund: *Indirect speech with gerund: Ta th êng sö dông mét sè ®éng tõ :deny, suggest, admitte… vµ mét sè côm tõ (V+sb+preposition: thank…for, insist on, accuse…of, dream of, warn…against, think of , prevent…from, look forward to, stop…from, apologize…for… ) lµm ®éng tõ t êng thuËt. Nh÷ng ®éng tõ, ng÷ ®éng tõ nµy th êng theo sau bëi V_ing. e.g: -“I’m sory, I’m late” She apologized her teacher for being late - “I’ll drive you to the station. I insist.” Peter insisted on driving me to the station -” It’s nice of you to visit me. Thank you.” Jane thanked me for visiting her. C©u cÇu khiÕn: ask/tell/order + sb + to V Direct speech Indirect speech -”Open the door.” -“Don’t laugh.” -“Sit, Rover.” -He asked me to open the door. -She ordered them not to laugh. -The boy told his dog to sit. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp: *,Wh- question: S+ asked sb wh-S+ V(bá trî ®éng tõ) wanted to know e.g: ”Where are you?” She asked me where I was. *Yes/No question: S+ asked sb if/whether +S+V wanted to know Eg: “Does he write this passage?” She wanted to know if he wrote that passage. Conditional sentences Conditional sentences in reported speech: E.g: I will come to see you if I have time, the man said to her E.g: If I had a permit, I could get a job, he said E.g: If you had followed my advice, you would have been the winner, said her mother. -Đối với cả 3 loại câu điều kiện, khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp, đại từ, trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốnvẫn biến đổi theo quy tắc thông th ờng. Tuy nhiên, thì của động từ sẽ biến đổi nh sau: +, Câu điều kiện loại I: thực hiện biến đổi thì theo quy tắc (lùi thì). +, Câu điều kiện loại II, III: không thay đổi thì của động từ The man said to her that he would come to see her if he had time. He said that if he had a permit, he could get a job. Her mother said that if she had followed her, she would have been the winner. Passive voice S + V(s/es) + O E.g:I paint my room once a year Active Passive S o +am/is/are +PII (+by O) My room is painted once a year S + V(ed) +O Peter gave his friend a book. S o + was/were + P II (by O) A book was given to Peter s friend’ S + am/is/are +V_ing + O She is making a cake. S o + am/is/are + being + P II (by O) A cake is being made. S + was/were + V_ing +O Ann was washing clothes. S + was/were + being +P II (by O) Clothes was being washed by Ann. S + has/have + P II + O They have built this house. S o + has/have +been + P II (by O) This house has been built. S + had + P II + O They had bought this car before 1980 S o + had been +P II (by O) This car had been bought before 1980. Passive voice Active Passive Can Could May S+ Might +V+O Must Should Have/has to Used to … can could may might S+ must +be +P II (by O) should have/has to used to … VÞ trÝ cña c¸c tr¹ng ng÷: Adv of place – by O – Adv of time *The structure: People say that It is said that. Passive voice Các động từ th ờng sử dụng trong cấu trúc này: say, think, know, believe, report, expect, announce, explain, agree, suggest, suppose, decide, understand, consider, Đây là cấu trúc câu đặc biệt khi ta không quan tâm đến ng ời nói, hoặc đ a ra các thông báo People say/thinkthat +clause People say that he lives in Ha Noi. A, It is said/ thought that + clause It is said that he lives in Ha Noi. B, Khi ta dùng S của that clause làm S của câu bị động: -V của that clause ở thì hiện tại đơn : S am/is/are +said/thought+to V. He is said to live in Ha Noi. -V của that clause ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn : S am/is/are +said/thought+tobe+V-ing People say that he is living in Ha Noi. He is said that to be living in Ha Noi. -V của that clause ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc quá khứ đơn : S am/is/are + said/thought+to have PII. It is said that he lived in Ha Noi. People say that he has lived in Ha Noi. He is said to have lived in Ha Noi. . was. *Yes/No question: S+ asked sb if/whether +S+V wanted to know Eg: “Does he write this passage?” She wanted to know if he wrote that passage. Conditional sentences Conditional sentences. apologized her teacher for being late - “I’ll drive you to the station. I insist.” Peter insisted on driving me to the station -” It’s nice of you to visit me. Thank you.” Jane thanked me for. speech -”Open the door.” -“Don’t laugh.” -“Sit, Rover.” -He asked me to open the door. -She ordered them not to laugh. -The boy told his dog to sit. C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp: *,Wh- question: S+ asked sb wh-S+