CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN Điều kiện có thể xảy ra probable conditions Trong mệnh đề If loại 1, mệnh đề chính thường ở thì hiện tại, tương lai, hoặc thể mệnh lệnh.. Unless, có nghĩa tương tự như if
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ADVERB CLAUSE OF REASON ADJECTIVES + THAT CLAUSE
I CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN
Điều kiện có thể xảy ra (probable conditions)
Trong mệnh đề If loại 1, mệnh đề chính thường ở thì hiện tại, tương lai, hoặc thể mệnh lệnh
Present Imperative
1 If you go to the drug store, buy me a soft drink
2 If Mary calls, I’ll invite her to the concert
3 If Mary should call, I’ll invite her to the concert
4 If I have the money, I will buy a new car
5 We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten o’clock now Trong loại 1, mệnh đề If ở thì hiện tại Tuy nhiên, chú ý là trong ví dụ thứ 3 cũng có thể sử dụng động từ should Nghĩa gần như không khác nhau giữa ví dụ thứ 2 và thứ 3 ngoại trừ cách dùng should được xem là trịnh trọng hơn Và should cũng có thể diễn tả sự kém chắc chắn hơn về khả năng Mary gọi điện
If + subject + simple present tense + subject + + simple present
tense
Mẫu câu này còn được dùng để diễn tả một thói quen
Ví dụ:
If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the afternoon (không
có động từ khuyết thiếu.)
John usually walks to school if he has enough time
If + Subject + simple present tense + command form*
* Nên nhớ rằng mệnh lệnh thức ở dạng đơn giản của động từ ( simple form)
Mẫu câu trên có nghĩa là nhờ ai, ra lệnh cho ai làm gì
Ví dụ: If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me
Please call me if you hear from Jane
Điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại (present-unreal conditions)
Simple past (bewere) S + would/should/could/might + bare_inf
1. If I had the money, I would buy a motorcycle.( but now I don’t have enough money.)
2 If John were here, he could fix the plumbing.( He is not here).(He can’t fix the plumbing)
Trang 23 If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
(but I don’t have the time.) ( I’m not going to the beach with you.)
4 He would tell you about it if he were here
( he won’t tell you about it.) ( He is not here)
5 If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him
(He speaks very quickly.) (You can’t understand him.)
Lưu ý:
Động từ to be sau if ở mẫu câu này phải chia làm were ở tất cả các ngôi I they were.
Ví dụ: If I were you, I wouldn’t do such a thing
(but I’m not you.)
Điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ (past-unreal conditions)
Past perfect (S + had + PP) S + would/should/could/might + have + PP
1 If I had known you were sick, I would have made you some soup
Ở đây, câu có nghĩa là tôi đã không biết bạn bị bệnh (và có thể bạn đã hết bệnh)
2 If you had been here yesterday, you could have seen Pam
Trong ví dụ này, rõ ràng là bạn đã không có mặt ở đây ngày hôm qua
Chú ý cả 2 ví dụ đều chỉ các tình huống ở quá khứ, chứ không phải ở hiện tại
Từ If giúp bạn nhận biết được mệnh đề if Nhưng không phải lúc nào nó cũng hiện diện
Chú ý các trường hợp đặc biệt sau.
Loại 1: Should
1 If you should get me a letter from Greece, give me a call
2 Should you get me a letter from Greece, give me a call
Chú ý rằng trong ví dụ thứ 2, if được bỏ đi, should và chủ ngữ you hoán đổi vị trí
Loại 2: were
1 If you were taller, you could reach the light
2 Were you taller, you could reach the light
Một lần nữa if được bỏ đi Lần này were hoán chuyển vị trí với chủ ngữ you
Loại 3: had
1 If I had agreed, Jim would have married me
2 Had I agreed, Jim would have married me
Chú ý rằng trong ví dụ thứ 2, if được bỏ đi, và had được hoán chuyển vị trí với chủ ngữ I
Trong cả 3 loại này, nghĩa không thay đổi đáng kể Tuy nhiên, hoán vị được xem là tương đối trịnh trọng
Unless, có nghĩa tương tự như if not, cũng có thể được dùng trong mệnh đề điều kiện Hai câu sau
có nghĩa tương tự:
1 If it doesn’t rain, we’ll go to the lake
2 Unless it rains, we’ll go to the lake
Câu điều kiện không phải lúc nào cũng tuân theo đúng công thức trên, trong một số trường hợp 1
vế của câu điều kiện ở quá khứ còn một vế lại ở hiện tại do thời gian của từng mệnh đề quy định.
Ví dụ:
If she had caught the flight she would be here by now
Lưu ý:
Trang 3Trong một số trường hợp ở câu điều kiện không thể thực hiện được ở thời quá khứ, người
ta bỏ if đi và đảo had lên đầu câu nhưng ý nghĩa vẫn giữ nguyên.
Had + subject + [verb in past participle ]
Ví dụ:
Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house
Hadn’t we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner
4 Type (0) conditionals: thể hiện điều kiện luôn đúng ở thời điểm hiện tại hoặc tương lai
If + present, S + present
Ví dụ: If there is no air on the earth, life doesn’t exist
If I work late, I get tired
5 Một số hình thức câu điều kiện đặc biệtđặc biệt
a Sử dụng “If only” để nhấn mạnh tình huống mang tính giả thiết
If only, S + past
Ví dụ:If only, the river one feet long
If only, I hadn’t drunk too much
b Sử dụng “should” trong mệnh đề điều kiện để tạo khả năng hành động có thể xảy ra Trong câu , should có thể hiểu theo nghĩa là “tình cờ/ ngẫu nghiên”
If S + should + V +O, a question
Ví dụ: If you should see him in London, could you tell him to call me?
c Sử dụng: “were to” trong mệnh dề điều kiện để tăng thêm tính giả thiết Mệnh đề kết quả thường là một câu hỏi.
If S + were to + V + O, a question
Ví dụ: If I were to ask you to lend me some money, what would you say?
d Sử dụng cụm từ giả thiết “If it were not for / If it hadn’t been for + O” để miêu tả hành động này phụ thuộc vào hành động khác.
Ví dụ: If it were not for you , I failed the exam
If it hadn’t been for him, the team wouldn’t have won the game
Exercise 1: Supply the correct tense of the verb in parentheses.
1 If today (be) ……… Sunday, we would go to the beach
2 If we (invite)………… her, she might go dancing with us
3 If I finish the work in time, I (go)………… to the football game
4 If he (have) ……… your address, he would have written to you
5 Unless they (pass)……… their examinations, they would join the army
6 If he had told them the truth, they (not punish)……… him
7 These plants will die if you (not water)……… them regularly
8 What you (do)……… if she refuses your invitation?
9 He never does his homework If he (do) ………….his homework, he (not worry)
………… about his examinations
10 It’s too bad we lost the game If you (play) …… for us, we …………(win)
11 If we keep our environment clean, we(live) ……… a happier and healthier life
12 If Mrs Hoa (write) ……… a shopping list, she will not forget what to buy
13 If he (be) ……… rich, he would travel around the world
14 She (buy) ……… a new car if she had much money
Trang 415 Mrs Lan will join us if she (finish)……… her work early.
16 If we plant more trees along the streets, we (have) ……… more shade and fresh air
17 If I (be) ………… you, I wouldn’t do that
18.He (go) ……… swimming if he had free time
19 If the rice paddies are polluted, the rice plants (die) ………
20 If it ( rain)……… this evening, I won’t go out
21 If he had a car, he (drive) ……… it to work
22 If Hoa (live) ……… in Hue, she would see her parents everyday
Exercise 2 Rewrite, using the cues given
1 They got lost because they didn’t have a map
If
2 The weather is bad, so we can’t go for a walk
If
3 If she doesn’t hurry, she will be late for school
Unless
4 That man didn’t enjoy his work because he was underpaid
If
5 She has no bicycle, so she often comes to her office a little late
If
6 Be calm, or you’ll make a wrong decision
If
7 If it doesn’t rain soon, millions of pounds’ worth of crop will be lost
Unless
8 My brother didn’t buy that car because he didn’t have enough money
If
9 People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly
If
10 Tom is a careless driver If he doesn’t take more care, he’ll have an accident
Unless ………
Conditional Sentences (VIẾT LẠI CÂU)
1 You got into so much trouble because you didn’t listen to me.
→ If _
2 There are so many bugs in the room because there isn’t a screen on the window.
→ If _
3 He is busy right now So, he can’t help them.
→ If _
4 I can’t make all of my own meals because I am not good at cooking.
→ If _
5 I’m not you, so I can’t tell him the truth.
→ If I
6 She came, so he wasn’t disappointed.
→ If _
7 He is not a good student He didn’t study for the test yesterday.
→ If _
8 I didn’t eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now.
→ If _
9 Mai is sick because she didn’t follow the doctor’s orders.
Trang 5→ If _
10 He is tired this morning because he didn’t go to bed early last night.
→ If _
11 They don’t behave themselves so their parents are not happy about that.
→ If _
12 She didn’t say sorry so he was angry.
→ If _
13 I am not a rich businessman and I can’t afford to buy an expensive car.
→ If _
14 It rained last night so I didn’t go to the barbecue
→ If _
15 My parents do not allow me to go, so I have to stay at home.
→ If _
16 She doesn’t pay attention to her cooking so the food is horrible.
→ If _
17 The weather was very nice so we didn’t go camping.
→ If _
18 The computer broke down and I had to stop my work.
→ If _
19 She loves him so she forgives him easily.
→ If _
20 He was angry so I didn’t say anything.
→ If _
21 What would you do if you found some buried treasure?
→ If you were………
22 Working so much will make you tired.
→ If you …….………
23 We didn’t visit the museum because we hadn’t time.
→ ………
24 Without you, I would have given up years ago.
→ If it ………
25 We didn’t go by air only because we hadn’t enough money.
→If we………
26 If by any chance you find my wallet, could you let me know?
→If you should ………
27 I regret not studying hard last term.
→…If only………
28 He didn’t work hard at school, so he didn’t get a good job when he left.
→ If………
29 people don’t do enough exercise, so there is a lot of heart disease.
→If people………
30 Children have bad teeth because they eat too many sweets.
→ Children would have better teeth if………
II) TRẮC NGHIỆM
31 If I ……….a lot of money now, I ………… a new car.
a have /will buy b have / would buy
c had/ will buy d had/ would buy
Trang 632 If I ………you, I ……….do that.
33 If I were offered the job, I think I ……… it.
c would take d would have taken
34 I would be very surprised if he………
35 Many people would be out of work if that factory……… down.
36 6 If she sold her car, she ………… much money.
37 They would be disappointed if we……….
38 Would John be angry if I …… ……his bicycle without asking?
a take b took c had taken d would take
39 She ……….terrible upset if I lost this ring.
a will be b would be c were d had been
40 If someone…………in here with a gun, I would be very frightened.
a would walk b walks c had walked d walked
41 What would happen if you ……… to work tomorrow?
a don’t go b didn’t go c won’t go d wouldn’t go
42 We ‘ll get wet if we ………….out.
43 If I go shopping, I ………some food.
a buy b will buy c would buy d would have bought
44 If I find it, I ………you.
a will tell b would tell c had told d told
45 What would you do if you………a million dollars?
a would win b win c had won d won
46 They ‘d be hurt if I ……….
a don’t go b didn’t go c hadn’t gone d wouldn’t go
47 If we took the 6: 30 train, we…………too early.
a would have arrived b arrived c will arrived d would arrive
48 If I had known you were in hospital, I …………to see you.
a will go b would go c went d would have gone
49 If I …………., I would have said hello.
a had seen b see c saw d would see
50 I………… out if I hadn’t been so tired.
a will go b went c would have gone d would go
51 If I ……… a camera, I would have taken some pictures.
a have b had c would have d had had
52 You won’t pass the examination………you study more.
a as long as b unless c if d whether
Trang 753 If only I …………you wanted to invest money in business.
a had known b knew c have known d know
54 If I were to leave my country , I ………disappointed.
a probably be b would have been c will be d would be
55 If he hadn’t wasted too much time, he……….in his examination.
a would fail b wouldn’t fail c wouldn’t have failed d won’t fail
56 If I had taken that English course, I ……… much progress.
a had made b would have made c made d would make
57 If I were in your place, I ……….a trip to England.
a will make b had made c made d would make
58 If I ………… you , I’d save some of your lottery winning.
59 If the car ……… larger, we would have bought it.
a had been b have been c has been d been
60 If I had enough money, I ……… abroad to improve my English.
a will go b should go c would go d should have go to
61 If it …… convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight.
62 If you …… time, please write to me.
63 If you had the chance, ………… you go finishing?
64 Trees won’t grow ……… there is enough water.
65 If you ……… to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now.
a listen b had listened c will listen d listened
66 I wish I …… you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself.
a can lend b could lend c would lend d will lend
67 If someone ……… into the store, smile and say, “ May I help you?”
a comes b came c would come d could lend
68 If you stay up late the previous night, you ……… sleepy the next morning
a feel b to feel c feels d will feel
69 If Peter ……, Sarah will be sad because she wants to meet him very much
a comes b do not come c does not come d will come
70 If his teeth still …… , he will have to go to the dentist’s again.
a hurt b hurts c to hurt c will hurt
71 If you…………Tom , tell him I have a message for him.
a will meet b would meet c meet d met
72 If you …………too hot during the night , turn down the central heating.
a will feel b felt c feel d feels
73 If you …………with your dictionary, I ‘d like to borrow it.
a finish b finished c will finish d are finishing
74 If I lived nearer the centre , I …………always late.
a wouldn’t be b can be c won’t be d will be
75 What would Lan do if she ………… the Miss world.
a would be b were c will be d is
76 If I ………….her , I would have said “ hello”
a has seen b have seen c saw d had seen
Trang 877 If she had read the passage more slowly , the candidate………….
a understood b would have understood
c will understood d would understand
78 If it………, they will not go out.
a rains b rained c rain d raining
79 James will not complete the work if she is ………… rarely enough.
a tell b telling c tells d told
80 Betty will not go to the party unless John ……….too.
81 Miss An does not want to go on the trip if nobody………… with her.
82 If you ………….to go shopping, please go with your aunt this weekend.
a wants b want c wanting d wanted
83 Mr Smith has to work on weekends if his manager………….him to.
a tell b telling c told d tells
84 Unless they ………her to work hard, she would not
a encourage b encourage c encourages d encouraging
85 If I ……….a king, I would give money to the poor
86 If we had left this country , we would have………….to Australia.
a emigrated b emigrates c emigrate d emigrating
87 If I had to the party last night, I …………her.
a will have met b would meet c would have met d will meet
88 Unless the pupils pay attention, the teacher ……….be angry.
89 Please do not go out if it……….
a rain b rains c rained d raining
90 If you …………me with this exercise, I will do the same for you one day.
a helped b would help c help d will help
91 If you listen to music, you can’t ………your study.
a concentrate on b interested in c care about d read about
92 ………you study harder, you won’t pass the final exam.
a unless b if c if not d without
93 If the weather………….fine, we will go on a picnic.
a is b were c would be d will be
94 If he……….harder, the results will be better.
a worked b works c has worked d will work
95 If Americans ate fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health better
96 If she hadn’t overslept, she ……… late for the interview.
a wouldn’t be b wouldn’t have been c hadn’t been d would have been
97 I’d have told you if I ………… the book.
a had seen b would have seen c saw d see
98 If we had known your new address, we………… to see you.
a came b would have come c would come d will come
99 If I found a wallet in the street, I ………….take it to police.
a will b should c would d shall
Trang 9100 I ………….that coat if I were you.
a wouldn’t buy b didn’t buy c don’t buy d won’t buy
II ADVERB CLAUSE OF REASON +Mệnh đề chỉ lý do là mệnh đề phụ bắt đầu bằng các liên từ chỉ lý do như BECAUSE, AS, SINCE Ba chữ này đều có nghĩa vì, bởi vì nhưng cách dùng khác nhau.
S1 + V + because/ sincec/ as + S2 + V
Main clause adverb clause of reason
Because/ Sincec/ As + S2 , + VS1 + V
adverb clause of reason Main clause
Ví dụ: a) Because
- Because he was sleepy, he went to bed – He went to bed because he was sleepy.
Mệnh đề phụ có chữ because có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính Tuy nhiên phải chú ý
nếu mệnh đề phụ đi trước phải có dấu phảy (,) ngăn cách nó với mênh đề chính
b) As
- As she was free, she came to see me
Vì cô ấy rảnh rỗi, cô ấy đến thăm tôi
c) Since
- Since he doesn’t like music, he never goes to the concert
Vì anh ấy không thích nhạc, anh ấy không bao giờ đi xem hoà nhạc.
Mệnh đề since và as luôn đứng trước mệnh đề chính.
b) So/ As Long As
- As long as ( So long as) you’re not busy Can you help me ?
Vì bạn không bận rộn, bạn có thể giúp tôi ?
+ Ngoài các liên từ phụ thuộc ( Subordinating Conjuctions) như Because, Since, As, As long
as, chúng ta còn một liên từ kết hợp ( Co-ordinating conjuctions) FOR chỉ lý do.
* Liên từ kết hợp là liên từ nối hai mệnh đề độc lập (independent clauses) và không dùng ở đầu câu
Ví dụ: - I phoned her, for I wanted to tell her about her exam.
Tôi gọi điện cho cô ấy vì tôi muốn nói với cô ấy về kỳ thi của cô ấy
+ Mệnh đề chỉ lý do còn có thể đổi ra cụm từ chỉ lý do ( phrases of reason) với because of hoặc
due to.
Ví dụ: - Because the weather was cold, we stayed home.
→ Because of the cold weather, we stayed home
→ Due to the cold weather, we stayed home
Vì thời tiết lạnh, chúng tôi ở nhà
Because và Because of Because và Because of đều có nghĩa là bởi vì nhưng chúng được dùng với cẩu trúc khác nhau.
a ) Because là một liên từ (Conjunction), theo sau nó là một mệnh đề (Clause)
Ví dụ: - Because the traffic was heavy, we were late for the meeting.
S V
Vì xe cộ đông đúc, chúng tôi đến buổi họp trễ
Trang 10b) Because of là nhóm giới từ ( Prepositional phrase), theo sau nó là một cụm danh từ ( noun
phrase)
Ví dụ: - Because of the heavy traffic, we were late for the meeting.
Because , since, as và so.
a Because, since và as là những liên từ chỉ lí do: vì, do, bởi vì Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng because, since và as gọi là các mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân, lí do
VD: He couldn’t come because he was ill
Since he didn’t work hard, he failed the exam
As you weren’t there, I left a message
S + V … + because / since / as + S + V … Because + S + V, S + V …
Lưu ý: Because thường đứng giữa câu, since / as thường đứng đầu câu.
b So là liên từ chỉ kết quả : vì thế, vì vậy, bởi thế, bởi vậy, bởi thế cho nên Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng
“so” là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả
VD: I was tired, so I went to bed early last night
S + V …, so S + V ….
Lưu ý: Chúng ta có thể chuyển đổi mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ kết quả bắt đầu bằng “so” thành mệnh
đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân, lí do và ngược lại
VD: The shops were closed, so I couldn’t get any milk
I couldn’t get any milk because the shops were closed
B-PRACTICE
I Adverb clauses of reason: because, since, as :
Clause 1 +Because/Since/As + Clause 2
1 I have a broken leg I fell over while I was playing basket ball (since)
………
2 Hoa wants to go home Hoa feels sick (as)
………
3 I broke the cup I was careless (as)
………
4 Ba is tired Ba stayed up late watching TV (since)
………
5 I am hungry I haven’t eaten all day (because)
………
6 Nga is going to be late for school The bus is late (because)
………
7 The door was open I walked in (as)
………
8 We don’t want to wake up anybody up We came in very quietly (since)
………
9 Archi was very fast He ate too much (because)
………
10 We hadn’t seen Lisa for a long time We didn’t recognise her (as)
………
II Rewrite these sentences by using BECAUSE
1 He couldn’t meet you because of being busy
………
2 She went to bed early because of her sickness
………