Chapter 2: Understanding and Avoiding Security Risks
Identifying the Sources of Risk
Minimizing User-Input Risks
Not Revealing Sensitive Information
Summary
Chapter 3: PHP Best Practices
Best Practices for Naming Variables and Functions
Best Practices for Function/Method
Best Practices for Database
Best Practices for User Interface
Best Practices for Documentation
Best Practices for Web Security
Best Practices for Source Configuration Management
Summary
Part II
Chapter 4: Architecture of an Intranet Application
Understanding Intranet Requirements
Building an Intranet Application Framework
Creating a Database Abstraction Class
Creating an Error Handler Class
Creating a Built-In Debugger Class
Creating an Abstract Application Class
Creating a Sample Application
Summary
Chapter 5: Central Authentication System
How the System Works
Creating an Authentication Class
Creating the Central Login Application
Creating the Central Logout Application
Creating the Central Authentication Database
Testing Central Login and Logout
Making Persistent Logins in Web Server Farms
Summary
Chapter 6: Central User Management System
Identifying the Functionality Requirements
Creating a User Class
User Interface Templates
Creating a User Administration Application
Creating a User Password Application
Creating a Forgotten-Password Recovery Application
Summary
Chapter 7: Intranet System
Identifying Functionality Requirements
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Intranet Classes
Setting Up Application Configuration Files
Setting Up the Application Templates
Intranet Home Application
Installing Intranet Applications from the CD- ROM
Testing the Intranet Home Application
Summary
Chapter 8: Intranet Simple Document Publisher
Identifying the Functionality Requirements
The Prerequisites
Designing the Database
The Intranet Document Application Classes
Setting up Application Configuration Files
Setting Up the Application Templates
The Document Publisher Application
Installing Intranet Document Application
Testing Intranet Document Application
Summary
Chapter 9: Intranet Contact Manager
Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
The Database
The Intranet Contact Manager Application Classes
The Application Configuration Files
The Application Templates
The Contact Category Manager Application
The Contact Manager Application
Installing Intranet Contract Manager
Testing Contract Manager
Summary
Chapter 10: Intranet Calendar Manager
Identifying Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
Designing the Database
The Intranet Calendar Application Event Class
The Application Configuration Files
The Application Templates
The Calendar Manager Application
The Calendar Event Manager Application
Installing the Event Calendar on Your Intranet
Testing the Event Calendar
Summary
Chapter 11: Internet Resource Manager
Functionality Requirements
Understanding the Prerequisites
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Internet Resource Manager Application Classes
Creating Application Configuration Files
Creating Application Templates
Creating a Category Manager Application
Creating a Resource Manager Application
Creating a Resource Tracking Application
Creating a Search Manager Application
Installing an IRM on Your Intranet
Testing IRM
Security Concerns
Summary
Chapter 12: Online Help System
Functionality Requirements
Understanding the Prerequisites
Designing and Implementing the Help Application Classes
Creating Application Configuration Files
Creating Application Templates
Creating the Help Indexing Application
Creating the Help Application
Installing Help Applications
Testing the Help System
Security Considerations
Summary
Part III
Chapter 13: Tell-a-Friend System
Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Tell- a- Friend Application Classes
Creating Application Configuration Files
Creating Application Templates
Creating the Tell-a-Friend Main Menu Manager Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Form Manager Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Message Manager Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Form Processor Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Subscriber Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Reporter Application
Installing a Tell-a-Friend System
Testing the Tell-a-Friend System
Security Considerations
Summary
Chapter 14: E-mail Survey System
Functionality Requirements
Architecture of the Survey System
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Survey Classes
Designing and Implementing the Survey Applications
Developing Survey Execution Manager
Setting Up the Central Survey Configuration File
Setting Up the Interface Template Files
Testing the Survey System
Security Considerations
Summary
Chapter 15: E-campaign System
Features of an E-campaign System
Architecting an E-campaign System
Designing an E-campaign Database
Understanding Customer Database Requirements
Designing E-campaign Classes
Creating Common Configuration and Resource Files
Creating Interface Template Files
Creating an E-campaign User Interface Application
Creating a List Manager Application
Creating a URL Manager Application
Creating a Message Manager Application
Creating a Campaign Manager Application
Creating a Campaign Execution Application
Creating a URL Tracking and Redirection Application
Creating an Unsubscription Tracking Application
Creating a Campaign Reporting Application
Testing the E-Campaign System
Security Considerations
Summary
Part IV
Chapter 16: Command-Line PHP Utilities
Working with the Command-Line Interpreter
Building a Simple Reminder Tool
Building a Geo Location Finder Tool for IP
Building a Hard Disk Usage Monitoring Utility
Building a CPU Load Monitoring Utility
Summary
Chapter 17: Apache Virtual Host Maker
Understanding an Apache Virtual Host
Defining Configuration Tasks
Creating a Configuration Script
Developing makesite
Installing makesite on Your System
Testing makesite
Summary
Chapter 18: BIND Domain Manager
Features of makezone
Creating the Configuration File
Understanding makezone
Installing makezone
Testing makezone
Summary
Part V
Chapter 19: Web Forms Manager
Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Web Forms Manager Application Classes
Creating the Application Configuration Files
Creating Application Templates
Creating the Web Forms Submission Manager Application
Creating the Web Forms Reporter Application
Creating the CSV Data Exporter Application
Installing the Web Forms Manager
Testing the Web Forms Manager
Security Considerations
Summary
Chapter 20: Web Site Tools
Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Voting Tool Application Class
Creating the Application Configuration Files
Creating the Application Templates
Creating the Vote Application
Installing the Voting Tool
Testing the Voting Tool
Summary
Part VI
Chapter 21: Speeding Up PHP Applications
Benchmarking Your PHP Application
Buffering Your PHP Application Output
Compressing Your PHP Application Output
Caching Your PHP Applications
Summary
Chapter 22: Securing PHP Applications
Controlling Access to Your PHP Applications
Securely Uploading Files
Using Safe Database Access
Recommended php.ini Settings for a Production Environment
Limiting File System Access for PHP Scripts
Running PHP Applications in Safe Mode
Summary
Part VII
Appendix A: What's on the CD-ROM
System Requirements
What's on the CD
Troubleshooting
Appendix B: PHP Primer
Object-Oriented PHP
Appendix C: MySQL Primer
Using MySQL from the Command- Line
Using phpMyAdmin to Manage MySQL Database
Appendix D: Linux Primer
Installing and Configuring Apache 2.0
Installing and Configuring MySQL Server
Installing and Configuring PHP for Apache 2.0
Common File/Directory Commands
Index
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Listing 4-4 (Continued) function setDefault($value, $default) { return (isset($value)) ? $value : $default; } function fileextension($filename) { return substr(basename($filename), strrpos(basename($filename), “.”) + 1); } function outputTemplate(&$t) { $t->parse(‘main’, ‘mainBlock’, false); return $t->parse(‘output’, ‘fh’); } function showScreen($templateFile = null, $func = null, $app_name) { $menuTemplate = new Template($this->getTemplateDir()); $this->doCommonTemplateWork($menuTemplate, $templateFile, $app_name); if ($func != null) { $status = $this->$func($menuTemplate); } if ($status) { return $this->outputTemplate($menuTemplate); } else { return null; } } function doCommonTemplateWork(&$t, $templateFile, $app_name) { 106 Part II: Developing Intranet Solutions 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 106 $t->set_file(‘fh’, $templateFile); $t->set_block(‘fh’,’mainBlock’, ‘main’); $t->set_var(array( ‘APP_PATH’ => $this->getAppPath(), ‘APP_NAME’ => $app_name, ‘BASE_URL’ => $this->getBaseURL() ) ); } function getEnvironment($key) { return $_SERVER[$key]; } function showPage($contents = null) { global $THEME_TEMPLATE; global $THEME_TEMPLATE_DIR, $REL_TEMPLATE_DIR; global $REL_TEMPLATE_DIR; global $PHOTO_DIR, $DEFAULT_PHOTO, $REL_PHOTO_DIR; $themeObj = new Theme($this->dbi, null,’home’); $this->themeObj = $themeObj; $this->theme = $themeObj->getUserTheme($this->getUID()); $themeTemplate = new Template($THEME_TEMPLATE_DIR); $themeTemplate->set_file(‘fh’, $THEME_TEMPLATE[$this->theme]); $themeTemplate->set_block(‘fh’, ‘mmainBlock’, ‘mmblock’); $themeTemplate->set_block(‘mmainBlock’, ‘contentBlock’, ‘cnblock’); $themeTemplate->set_block(‘mmainBlock’, ‘printBlock’, ‘prnblock’); $themeTemplate->set_var(‘printBlock’, ‘ ’); $themeTemplate->parse(‘prnblock’, ‘printBlock’,false); $themeTemplate->set_block(‘mmainBlock’, ‘pageBlock’, ‘pblock’); $themeTemplate->set_var(‘pblock’, null); $photoFile = sprintf(“%s/photo%003d.jpg”,$PHOTO_DIR, $this->getUID()); $defaultPhoto = sprintf(“%s/%s”,$REL_PHOTO_DIR,$DEFAULT_PHOTO); $userPhoto = sprintf(“%s/photo%003d.jpg”,$REL_PHOTO_DIR,$this->getUID()); $photo = file_exists($photoFile) ? $userPhoto : $defaultPhoto; Continued Chapter 4: Architecture of an Intranet Application 107 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 107 Listing 4-4 (Continued) $themeTemplate->set_var(‘PHOTO’, $photo); $themeTemplate->set_var(‘TEMPLATE_DIR’, $REL_TEMPLATE_DIR); $themeDir = $THEME_TEMPLATE_DIR . ‘/’ . dirname($THEME_TEMPLATE[$this- >theme]); $leftNavigation = $this->themeObj->getLeftNavigation($themeDir); $themeTemplate->set_var(‘LEFT_NAVIGATION’, $leftNavigation); $themeTemplate->set_var(‘SERVER_NAME’, $this->get_server()); $themeTemplate->set_var(‘BASE_HREF’, $REL_TEMPLATE_DIR); $themeTemplate->set_var(‘CONTENT_BLOCK’, $contents); $themeTemplate->parse(‘cnblock’, ‘contentBlock’); $themeTemplate->parse(‘mmblock’, ‘mmainBlock’); $themeTemplate->pparse(‘output’, ‘fh’); } } ?> The methods in the class.PHPApplication.php class, which implements the base application in our framework, are discussed in detail in Table 4-1. TABLE 4-1 METHODS IN CLASS.PHPAPPLICATION.PHP Function Description PHPApplication() The constructor function for PHPApplication (class.PHPApplication.php) class. Sets app_name, app_version, app_type, debug_mode, error, authorized, and has_error member variables. If debug_mode is set to $ON (1), a debugger object called debugger is created. It also creates an error handler from ErrorHandler class. The constructor starts the session using session_start(), and also sets self_url by calling set_url(). check_session() Checks if the session username variable is set, or calls the reauthenticate() function method. 108 Part II: Developing Intranet Solutions 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 108 Function Description reauthenticate() Redirects the application user to the authentication application pointed by the global $AUTHENTICATION_URL variable. set_url() Creates a URL that points to the application itself. terminate() Terminates the application. If the application is connected to a database, the database connection is first closed and then the application session is destroyed. authorize() A blank authorized function method that should be overridden by the application. The abstract application object cannot authorize access to the application itself. set_error_handler() Creates an error handler object and stores the object in errHandler member variable. alert() Calls the alert function method from the ErrorHandler class. get_error_message() Gets the error message from the ErrorHandler class. show_debugger_banner() Displays the debug banner if debugging is enabled. (The banner display is done by the debugger class.) buffer_debugging() Sets the debug message buffering in the built-in Debugger object if the debugging is turned on. dump_debuginfo() Flushes the debug buffer if debugging was turned on. debug() Provides a wrapper for the write() method in the built- in debugger. run() Should be overridden by the instance of the PHPApplication to run it. connect() Creates a DBI object and connects the application to the desired relational database. disconnect() Disconnects the application from the database. get_error_message() Returns the error message for a given error code (calls the get_error_message of the ErrorHandler). show_debugger_banner() Prints the debugger banner if debugging is turned on. buffer_debugging() Enables you to buffer debugging so that it can be printed later. Continued Chapter 4: Architecture of an Intranet Application 109 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 109 TABLE 4-1 METHODS IN CLASS.PHPAPPLICATION.PHP (Continued) Function Description dump_debuginfo() Dumps all debug information if it was buffered in the built-in debugger object. debug() Writes the debug message using the debugger object’s write() function method. run() A dummy function method that must be overridden by each application to run the application. An application usually has its business logic driver in this method. connect() Creates a DBI object and connects the application to a given database. The database URL is passed as a parameter, and the DBI object is stored as a member variable called dbi in the PHPApplication class. disconnect() Disconnects the database connection for the application by calling the DBI disconnect()method. get_version() Returns the version of the application. The version is supplied as a parameter during PHPApplication object creation. get_name() Returns the name of the application (supplied as a parameter during PHPApplication object creation). get_type() Returns the type of the application (supplied as a parameter during PHPApplication object creation). set_error() Sets error code for the application and also sets the has_error flag to TRUE. (When used to set error code, the error codes are stored in an array called error.) When application needs to generate an error message, you use this function method to set the error code first, and then call get_error_message(). has_error() Returns TRUE if the application has error(s); otherwise it returns FALSE. reset_error() Resets has_error flag to FALSE. get_error() Returns an error code from the error array. get_error_array() Returns the entire error code array. You can get the error code array and use the get_error_message() method to return the appropriate error messages. 110 Part II: Developing Intranet Solutions 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 110 . class.PHPApplication .php class, which implements the base application in our framework, are discussed in detail in Table 4-1. TABLE 4-1 METHODS IN CLASS.PHPAPPLICATION .PHP Function Description PHPApplication(). CLASS.PHPAPPLICATION .PHP Function Description PHPApplication() The constructor function for PHPApplication (class.PHPApplication .php) class. Sets app_name, app_version, app_type, debug_mode, error, authorized,. Intranet Application 109 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 109 TABLE 4-1 METHODS IN CLASS.PHPAPPLICATION .PHP (Continued) Function Description dump_debuginfo() Dumps all debug information if it