Chapter 2: Understanding and Avoiding Security Risks
Identifying the Sources of Risk
Minimizing User-Input Risks
Not Revealing Sensitive Information
Summary
Chapter 3: PHP Best Practices
Best Practices for Naming Variables and Functions
Best Practices for Function/Method
Best Practices for Database
Best Practices for User Interface
Best Practices for Documentation
Best Practices for Web Security
Best Practices for Source Configuration Management
Summary
Part II
Chapter 4: Architecture of an Intranet Application
Understanding Intranet Requirements
Building an Intranet Application Framework
Creating a Database Abstraction Class
Creating an Error Handler Class
Creating a Built-In Debugger Class
Creating an Abstract Application Class
Creating a Sample Application
Summary
Chapter 5: Central Authentication System
How the System Works
Creating an Authentication Class
Creating the Central Login Application
Creating the Central Logout Application
Creating the Central Authentication Database
Testing Central Login and Logout
Making Persistent Logins in Web Server Farms
Summary
Chapter 6: Central User Management System
Identifying the Functionality Requirements
Creating a User Class
User Interface Templates
Creating a User Administration Application
Creating a User Password Application
Creating a Forgotten-Password Recovery Application
Summary
Chapter 7: Intranet System
Identifying Functionality Requirements
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Intranet Classes
Setting Up Application Configuration Files
Setting Up the Application Templates
Intranet Home Application
Installing Intranet Applications from the CD- ROM
Testing the Intranet Home Application
Summary
Chapter 8: Intranet Simple Document Publisher
Identifying the Functionality Requirements
The Prerequisites
Designing the Database
The Intranet Document Application Classes
Setting up Application Configuration Files
Setting Up the Application Templates
The Document Publisher Application
Installing Intranet Document Application
Testing Intranet Document Application
Summary
Chapter 9: Intranet Contact Manager
Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
The Database
The Intranet Contact Manager Application Classes
The Application Configuration Files
The Application Templates
The Contact Category Manager Application
The Contact Manager Application
Installing Intranet Contract Manager
Testing Contract Manager
Summary
Chapter 10: Intranet Calendar Manager
Identifying Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
Designing the Database
The Intranet Calendar Application Event Class
The Application Configuration Files
The Application Templates
The Calendar Manager Application
The Calendar Event Manager Application
Installing the Event Calendar on Your Intranet
Testing the Event Calendar
Summary
Chapter 11: Internet Resource Manager
Functionality Requirements
Understanding the Prerequisites
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Internet Resource Manager Application Classes
Creating Application Configuration Files
Creating Application Templates
Creating a Category Manager Application
Creating a Resource Manager Application
Creating a Resource Tracking Application
Creating a Search Manager Application
Installing an IRM on Your Intranet
Testing IRM
Security Concerns
Summary
Chapter 12: Online Help System
Functionality Requirements
Understanding the Prerequisites
Designing and Implementing the Help Application Classes
Creating Application Configuration Files
Creating Application Templates
Creating the Help Indexing Application
Creating the Help Application
Installing Help Applications
Testing the Help System
Security Considerations
Summary
Part III
Chapter 13: Tell-a-Friend System
Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Tell- a- Friend Application Classes
Creating Application Configuration Files
Creating Application Templates
Creating the Tell-a-Friend Main Menu Manager Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Form Manager Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Message Manager Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Form Processor Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Subscriber Application
Creating a Tell-a-Friend Reporter Application
Installing a Tell-a-Friend System
Testing the Tell-a-Friend System
Security Considerations
Summary
Chapter 14: E-mail Survey System
Functionality Requirements
Architecture of the Survey System
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Survey Classes
Designing and Implementing the Survey Applications
Developing Survey Execution Manager
Setting Up the Central Survey Configuration File
Setting Up the Interface Template Files
Testing the Survey System
Security Considerations
Summary
Chapter 15: E-campaign System
Features of an E-campaign System
Architecting an E-campaign System
Designing an E-campaign Database
Understanding Customer Database Requirements
Designing E-campaign Classes
Creating Common Configuration and Resource Files
Creating Interface Template Files
Creating an E-campaign User Interface Application
Creating a List Manager Application
Creating a URL Manager Application
Creating a Message Manager Application
Creating a Campaign Manager Application
Creating a Campaign Execution Application
Creating a URL Tracking and Redirection Application
Creating an Unsubscription Tracking Application
Creating a Campaign Reporting Application
Testing the E-Campaign System
Security Considerations
Summary
Part IV
Chapter 16: Command-Line PHP Utilities
Working with the Command-Line Interpreter
Building a Simple Reminder Tool
Building a Geo Location Finder Tool for IP
Building a Hard Disk Usage Monitoring Utility
Building a CPU Load Monitoring Utility
Summary
Chapter 17: Apache Virtual Host Maker
Understanding an Apache Virtual Host
Defining Configuration Tasks
Creating a Configuration Script
Developing makesite
Installing makesite on Your System
Testing makesite
Summary
Chapter 18: BIND Domain Manager
Features of makezone
Creating the Configuration File
Understanding makezone
Installing makezone
Testing makezone
Summary
Part V
Chapter 19: Web Forms Manager
Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Web Forms Manager Application Classes
Creating the Application Configuration Files
Creating Application Templates
Creating the Web Forms Submission Manager Application
Creating the Web Forms Reporter Application
Creating the CSV Data Exporter Application
Installing the Web Forms Manager
Testing the Web Forms Manager
Security Considerations
Summary
Chapter 20: Web Site Tools
Functionality Requirements
Understanding Prerequisites
Designing the Database
Designing and Implementing the Voting Tool Application Class
Creating the Application Configuration Files
Creating the Application Templates
Creating the Vote Application
Installing the Voting Tool
Testing the Voting Tool
Summary
Part VI
Chapter 21: Speeding Up PHP Applications
Benchmarking Your PHP Application
Buffering Your PHP Application Output
Compressing Your PHP Application Output
Caching Your PHP Applications
Summary
Chapter 22: Securing PHP Applications
Controlling Access to Your PHP Applications
Securely Uploading Files
Using Safe Database Access
Recommended php.ini Settings for a Production Environment
Limiting File System Access for PHP Scripts
Running PHP Applications in Safe Mode
Summary
Part VII
Appendix A: What's on the CD-ROM
System Requirements
What's on the CD
Troubleshooting
Appendix B: PHP Primer
Object-Oriented PHP
Appendix C: MySQL Primer
Using MySQL from the Command- Line
Using phpMyAdmin to Manage MySQL Database
Appendix D: Linux Primer
Installing and Configuring Apache 2.0
Installing and Configuring MySQL Server
Installing and Configuring PHP for Apache 2.0
Common File/Directory Commands
Index
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This framework is provided with the CD-ROM. You don’t need to create it from scratch.Also note that the database abstraction uses DB.php from the PEAR. Now let’s create the classes needed to implement this application framework. Creating a Database Abstraction Class Accessing a database using its own API is common in the PHP world. For example, most PHP developers use PHP with MySQL and, therefore, they write code that is specific to the MySQL API found in PHP. There is nothing wrong with this approach if you know that your PHP applica- tions will be used only for the MySQL database server. However, if there is a chance that your applications will be used with other databases such as Oracle, Postgres, and so forth, you need to avoid MySQL-specific API. A developer who has abstracted the database API in a level above the vendor-specific API can enjoy the speed of porting the application to different relational databases. Here, we will cre- ate a class called class.DBI.php that will implement a database abstraction layer for our application framework. Listing 4-1 shows class.DBI.php, which implements the database abstraction using PEAR DB. See http://pear.php.net/manual/en/core.db.php for details on PEAR DB, a unified API for accessing SQL-databases. Listing 4-1: class.DBI.php <?php /* Database abstraction class Purpose: this class provides database abstraction using the PEAR DB package. Continued Chapter 4: Architecture of an Intranet Application 71 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 71 Listing 4-1 (Continued) */ define(‘DBI_LOADED’, TRUE); class DBI { var $VERSION = “1.0.0”; function DBI($DB_URL) { $this->db_url = $DB_URL; $this->connect(); if ($this->connected == TRUE) { // set default mode for all resultset $this->dbh->setFetchMode(DB_FETCHMODE_OBJECT); } } function connect() { // connect to the database $status = $this->dbh = DB::connect($this->db_url); if (DB::isError($status)) { $this->connected = FALSE; $this->error = $status->getMessage(); } else { $this->connected = TRUE; } return $this->connected; } function isConnected() 72 Part II: Developing Intranet Solutions 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 72 { return $this->connected; } function disconnect() { if (isset($this->dbh)) { $this->dbh->disconnect(); return 1; } else { return 0; } } function query($statement) { $result = $this->dbh->query($statement); if (DB::isError($result)) { $this->setError($result->getMessage()); return null; } else { return $result; } } function setError($msg = null) { global $TABLE_DOES_NOT_EXIST, $TABLE_UNKNOWN_ERROR; $this->error = $msg; if (strpos($msg, ‘no such table’)) { $this->error_type = $TABLE_DOES_NOT_EXIST; } else { Continued Chapter 4: Architecture of an Intranet Application 73 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 73 Listing 4-1 (Continued) $this->error_type = $TABLE_UNKNOWN_ERROR; } } function isError() { return (!empty($this->error)) ? 1 : 0; } function isErrorType($type = null) { return ($this->error_type == $type) ? 1 : 0; } function getError() { return $this->error; } function quote($str) { return “‘“ . $str . “‘“; } function apiVersion() { return $VERSION; } } ?> Here are the functions the DBI class implements: ◆ DBI(): This is the constructor method, which creates the instances of the DBI object. For example, here is a script called test_dbi.php that creates a DBI object. <?php // Turn on all error reporting error_reporting(E_ALL); // If you have installed PEAR packages in a different // directory than %DocumentRoot%/pear change the 74 Part II: Developing Intranet Solutions 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 74 // setting below. $PEAR_DIR = $_SERVER[‘DOCUMENT_ROOT’] . ‘/pear’ ; // If you have installed PHPLIB in a different // directory than %DocumentRoot%/phplib, change // the setting below. $PHPLIB_DIR = $_SERVER[‘DOCUMENT_ROOT’] . ‘/phplib’; // If you have installed framework directory in // a different directory than // %DocumentRoot%/framework, change the setting below. $APP_FRAMEWORK_DIR=$_SERVER[‘DOCUMENT_ROOT’] . ‘/framework’; // Create a path consisting of the PEAR, // PHPLIB and our application framework // path ($APP_FRAMEWORK_DIR) $PATH = $PEAR_DIR . ‘:’ . $PHPLIB_DIR . ‘:’ . $APP_FRAMEWORK_DIR; // Insert the path in the PHP include_path so that PHP // looks for our PEAR, PHPLIB and application framework // classes in these directories ini_set( ‘include_path’, ‘:’ . $PATH . ‘:’ . ini_get(‘include_path’)); // Now load the DB.php class from PEAR require_once ‘DB.php’; // Now load our DBI class from application framework // directory require_once(‘class.DBI.php’); // Set the database URL to point to a MySQL // database. In this example, the database is // pointing to a MySQL database called auth on // the localhost server, which requires username // (root) and password (foobar) to login $DB_URL = ‘mysql://root:foobar@localhost/auth’; // Create a DBI object using our DBI class // Use the database URL to initialize the object // and make connection to the database $dbi = new DBI($DB_URL); Chapter 4: Architecture of an Intranet Application 75 07 549669 ch04.qxd 4/4/03 9:24 AM Page 75 . its own API is common in the PHP world. For example, most PHP developers use PHP with MySQL and, therefore, they write code that is specific to the MySQL API found in PHP. There is nothing wrong. ; // If you have installed PHPLIB in a different // directory than %DocumentRoot%/phplib, change // the setting below. $PHPLIB_DIR = $_SERVER[‘DOCUMENT_ROOT’] . ‘/phplib’; // If you have installed. // PHPLIB and our application framework // path ($APP_FRAMEWORK_DIR) $PATH = $PEAR_DIR . ‘:’ . $PHPLIB_DIR . ‘:’ . $APP_FRAMEWORK_DIR; // Insert the path in the PHP include_path so that PHP //