Automotive Technology P2 pdf

Spoiler BEHAVIOR On passenger cars and trucks, the chief purpose of having a spoiler is to make the car look cooler. In race cars spoilers (wings) push the rear of the car downward to increase the traction to improve both accelera- tion and braking. HABITAT Spoilers generally are found on the rear of the car body. However, some cars—NASCAR race cars, for example—and trucks have spoilers on their roofs. Less noticeable are spoilers beneath the front of pas- senger cars. HOW IT WORKS The word spoilers comes from the idea that the structures disrupt or spoil the natural flow of air over the car. Technically spoilers and wings are different, although they are lumped together here. Wings are aerodynamic devices whose purpose is to move air. In airplanes they push air downward so the plane has lift. In cars, wings are upside down so they push the car down to give it better traction. 30 A FIELD GUIDE TO AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 30 31ON THE CAR Race cars have them over the rear or driving wheels to provide better traction. NASCAR cars now have safety wings (called spoilers) on the roof to provide downward force when the car is moving backward at high speed. You might wonder why race cars need downward force when moving opposite to the normal direction of driving. NASCAR cars have a tendency to fly when traveling backward after a collision or spin out. A car moving backward at high speeds generates so much lift that it lifts off the ground, making it uncontrollable. Roof spoilers apply downward force to reduce the chance of lift-offs after accidents. Passenger cars use devices to cover parts of the car to make them more aerodynamic, reducing drag. A belly pan under a car can smooth the air flow and keep it away from uneven surfaces. Trucks use spoilers to divert air up and over their trailers. The flat front surface of a trailer presents a large drag surface. The spoiler pushes air up and over this surface. Stylistic spoilers don’t have aerodynamic or wing shapes. They sit on the rear of red sporty cars looking cool. 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 31 Windshield BEHAVIOR Windshields block debris and water from the interior of the car while allowing the visibility needed for safe driving. HABITAT Windshields occupy the space between roof and hood on the front of the car and between the roof and trunk along the rear. HOW IT WORKS Windshields are a sandwich of polyvinyl butyrate (PVB) between two layers of glass. The PVB holds the two layers of glass together without distorting or limiting the optical qualities. This laminate makes the windshield almost shatterproof, so if it’s damaged it won’t launch shards of glass into people. The windshield is glued into the window frame. On motorcycles, the windshield is often made of acrylic plastic instead of glass. Windshield glass transmits nearly all visible light and most infrared light while reflecting most ultraviolet light. Thus, you can see out (and in, unless the windows are tinted) and the car heats up when left in the sun. However, you won’t get a sunburn (which is caused by ultraviolet rays) from sunlight passing through the windshield. INTERESTING FACTS In the United States about 13 million windshields are replaced each year. 32 A FIELD GUIDE TO AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 32 33ON THE CAR Windshield Wipers BEHAVIOR They wipe back and forth to swish the rain and snow off a viewing quadrant so you can see the road ahead. Their melodic “wipe wipe wipe” can lull you to sleep. HABITAT Wipers rest (park) at the base of the windshield, like a faithful dog resting at your feet. HOW IT WORKS Wipers are powered by an electric motor that turns a worm gear. A worm gear is a spiral of a raised edge wrapped around a metal cylinder, much like a metal screw. Worm gears are fundamentally different from other gears in several ways. They can radically increase the turning power, or torque, which is useful in applications such as windshield wipers where torque is need to push the long wiper across the windshield. Also, worm gears can change the direction of rotation. In the wind- shield wiper the worm gear changes the direction of the motor shaft’s rotation 90 degrees. The worm gear drives a second gear which is con- nected to a cam or crank. The cam or crank converts the rotary motion of the motor into the back-and-forth motion of the wipers. 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 33 Hand-operated rubber wipers were introduced in 1917 by the company that later became Trico, which is today the largest maker of windshield wipers. After World War I, the company introduced wipers powered not by electric motors, but by the vacuum pressure created in the intake manifold of the engine. This arrangement meant that the speed of the wipers was tied directly to the speed of the engine. Electric motor wipers were introduced in 1926. Wipers for rear windows were added in 1959. Intermittent wipers were invented by engineer Robert Kearns (later sparking a series of lengthy patent infringement suits) and were introduced in 1969 on Ford’s model Mercury. INTERESTING FACTS Windshield wipers were invented before windshields were common in cars. In their early years, cars were a fair weather mode of transporta- tion and had no use for wipers. Mary Anderson invented a simple wiper for streetcar windows in 1903. Anderson lived most of her life in Birmingham, Alabama. But on a trip to New York she noticed how hard it was for a trolley driver to see through the windshield during a rain- storm, and this experience prompted her to invent the wiper. 34 A FIELD GUIDE TO AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY Wipers for headlights were added by Saab in 1970. Now rain-sensing wipers have appeared on luxury cars. 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 34 35ON THE CAR Wing Mirror BEHAVIOR Wing mirrors allow drivers to see behind them along both sides of the car. Overtaking cars can be difficult to see when positioned in the driver’s blind spot. Wing mirrors help drivers see places that the rearview mirror doesn’t show. HABITAT They are attached to each of the front doors, near the forward edge. HOW IT WORKS Do you remember the scene in the movie Jurassic Park when the Tyrannosaurus rex was chasing the car? As the driver (Sam Neill) glanced back at the fast gaining T-rex, you could read “Objects in mir- ror are closer than they appear.” As if the T-rex wasn’t close enough! Wing mirrors are not flat. They have a convex shape to capture images of a wider area. A consequence is that the images they reflect appear to be farther away than they actually are. Because drivers adjust the seat position to fit their bodies, wing mirrors have to be adjusted so they reflect light to the drivers’ eyes. Less expensive mechanisms for adjusting the mirrors include direct mechanical adjustment either with an inside lever or by pushing on the 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 35 mirror itself. Many cars allow drivers to adjust mirrors on either side with switches that control motors that rotate the mirrors. INTERESTING FACTS On some cars, the wing mirrors also carry turn indicators. The turn indicators are composed of LED, or light emitting diodes, set in the shape of an arrow to indicate that the car is intending to turn. Depressing or lifting the turn indicator immediately starts the LEDs blinking. The driver can barely see them, as the LEDs are positioned behind the glass in the wing mirror. However, drivers in following cars have a better angle and can see the arrows clearly. 36 A FIELD GUIDE TO AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 36 37 SLIDE INTO THE DRIVER’S SEAT of a new car and your eyes are drawn to the instrument panel. So many knobs, levers, and gauges grab your attention that it might be hard to focus on the road. Displays tell you the outside and inside temperatures, the direction in which you are traveling, the engine’s temperature, and the radio program blasting out of the speakers. You can open rear windows, turn on seat warmers, and start the GPS. If you like feeling that you’re in control, this is the seat to be in. 3 INSIDE THE CAR 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 37 Air Bag BEHAVIOR Hides quietly in the car until provoked by a collision. Then it instantly self-inflates, com- ing to the rescue between passengers and injury-producing hard parts of the car. HABITAT Sits behind covers in the steering wheel and in the dashboard in front of the front-seat passenger. Some cars have additional air bags inside the doors. Wherever you see the letters SRS (Supplementary Restraint System) an airbag hides beneath. HOW IT WORKS Accelerometers, devices that detect sudden changes in speed, switch on a gas generator that is housed in the engine compartment. The fast-expanding gas flows through tubes into nylon bags that quickly inflate. Small holes in the bags allow the gas to escape moments after the collision. The accelerometers activate the system when they detect a crash at speeds greater than 15 to 25 mph. The accelerometers are tiny electro- mechanical devices that send an electric signal. The accelerometer signals a microprocessor that in turn sends a high-current electric pulse to a heating element called a squib. The squib heats solid pro- pellants and that causes an exothermic (or heat-generating) reaction combining two chemicals to form nitrogen gas. As the bag expands, it pushes its cover away to escape its confinement at 200 mph. Less than 1/20 of a second after the car is in a collision, the air bag deploys. The air bag itself can cause injuries when it quickly inflates and hits the passengers. People get scratched by the bag and their glasses can smash into their faces. However, air bags provide cushioning and more gradually slow the forward momentum, reducing the possibility of serious injury. As the occupant’s momentum pushes on the deployed 38 A FIELD GUIDE TO AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 38 39INSIDE THE CAR air bag, the gas is forced out of the bag through small holes. The slowly deflating air bag provides the cushioning that protects people. Some safety systems use accelerometers to activate tensioning of seat belts during a collision in addition to deploying the air bags. INTERESTING FACTS Since 1973 the car-buying public has been able to get additional safety by purchasing cars with air bags. In 1998 dual front seat air bags became mandatory equipment on new cars sold in the United States. 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 39 [...]... a system that didn’t have to have mechanical contact with the record He worked for several years before winning a patent in 1970 Sony was one of the first companies to realize the possibilities of the technology and purchased a license Russell has kept on inventing, winning more than two dozen other patents INSIDE THE CAR 47 Child Car Seat B E H AV I O R Provides a safe and comfortable place for children . wings are upside down so they push the car down to give it better traction. 30 A FIELD GUIDE TO AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 30 31ON THE CAR Race cars have. the United States about 13 million windshields are replaced each year. 32 A FIELD GUIDE TO AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY 828-CRP AutoTech_interiorR4 3/10/09 6:07 PM Page 32 33ON THE CAR Windshield Wipers BEHAVIOR They. during a rain- storm, and this experience prompted her to invent the wiper. 34 A FIELD GUIDE TO AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY Wipers for headlights were added by Saab in 1970. Now rain-sensing wipers have