Oracle SQL Plus The Definitive Guide- P47 pdf

< previous page page_423 next page > Page 423 A SQL*Plus Command Reference. SQLPLUS The SQLPLUS command is used from the operating system prompt to start SQL*Plus, and is discussed in Chapter 2, Interacting with SQL*Plus. SQLPLUS [[-SILENT] [username[ /password][@connect] ¦/¦/NOLOG] [@scriptfile [arg1 arg2 arg3 ]]]¦-¦-? where: SQLPLUS Is the command to use when invoking SQL*Plus. On a Unix system this will be lowercase sqlplus. From Windows or MS-DOS, you may need to use PLUS80 or PLUS80W. Beginning with release 8.1, the command under Windows, or from a DOS prompt, will always be SQLPLUS. -S[ILENT] Tells SQL*Plus to run in silent mode. No startup messages, such as the copyright message, will be displayed. No command prompt will be displayed, and no commands will be echoed to the screen. This is useful if you are invoking SQL*Plus from within some other program, and you want to do it transparently. Normally you would use this option in conjunction with invoking a script file. username Is your database username. password Is your database password. < previous page page_423 next page > < previous page page_424 next page > Page 424 connect Is the connect string, or host string, telling SQL*Plus the database to which you want to connect. / Use a forward slash instead of your username, password, and connect string when you want to connect to a local database using operating-system authentication. /NOLOG Tells SQL*Plus not to connect you to any database at all. You will get a SQL> prompt, but you must issue a CONNECT command before you can do much else. scriptfile Is the name of a SQL*Plus script file you want to run. SQL*Plus will start up, execute the file, then exit. arg1 arg2 arg3 Are optional command-line arguments to pass to your script. You can have as many as your script requires. Arguments are separated from each other by at least one space. - Causes SQL*Plus to display a short summary of the SQLPLUS syntax. -? Causes SQL*Plus to display version and copyright information. Comment Delimiters (/* */) The /* and */ delimiters may be used to set off a comment in SQL*Plus. Comments entered this way may span multiple lines. If you use /**/ in a script file, the comments will be displayed on the screen when the script is executed. Chapter 4, Writing SQL*Plus Scripts, talks about the different ways to enter comments in SQL*Plus. /* comment_text comment_text comment_text */ where: /* Marks the beginning of the comment. comment_text Is the text making up the comment. */ Marks the end of the comment. < previous page page_424 next page > < previous page page_425 next page > Page 425 Double Hyphen (- -) The double hyphen may be used to place a single-line comment in a SQL*Plus script, and is described in Chapter 4. The double hyphen works the same way as REMARK, except that it may also be used in SQL statements and PL/SQL blocks. When used in a SQL statement or PL/SQL block, the double-hyphen may also be used to add trailing comments to a line. The syntax looks like this: comment_text where: Is a double hyphen, and tells SQL*Plus that the line in question is a comment line. comment_text Is your comment. At Sign (@) The at sign is used to execute a SQL*Plus script file. A script file is simply a text file containing SQL*Plus commands. The commands appear in the file just as you would enter them from the keyboard. See Chapter 2 for a an introduction to this command. Also see the @@ and START commands. @script_file [argument ] where: @ Is the command to execute a script file. script_file Is the name of the file you want to execute, which may include the path and extension. The default extension is SQL. If you do not specify a path, SQL*Plus will look for the file first in the current working directory, then it will search each directory listed in the SQLPATH environment variable. See Chapter 10, Administration with SQL*Plus, for information about customizing the search path. argument Is an argument you wish to pass to the script. You may pass as many arguments as you like. Arguments must be separated from each other by at least one space. Arguments may be enclosed in quotes, and should be if they contain spaces. Either single or double quotes may be used, at your discretion. Your script may reference the first argument as &1, the second as &2, and so forth. < previous page page_425 next page > < previous page page_426 next page > Page 426 Double At Sign (@@) The double at sign is used within a script file to execute another script file contained in the same directory as the first. This is very convenient if you have two scripts, one that calls the other. Use the @@ command in the first script file to call the second. Then put both files in the same directory. Now, regardless of whether or not that directory is in the search path, SQL*Plus will find the second file whenever the first calls for it. If used interactively, @@ functions exactly the same as @. A script file is simply a text file containing SQL*Plus commands. The commands appear in the file just as you would enter them from the keyboard. See Chapter 2 for an introduction to this command. Also see the @ and START commands. @@script_file [argument ] where: @@ Is the command to execute a script file. script_file Is the name of the file you want to execute, and may include the path and the extension. The default extension is SQL. The default path is the one pointing to the directory where the calling script is stored. argument Is an argument you wish to pass to the script. You may pass as many arguments as you like. Arguments must be separated from each other by at least one space. Arguments may be enclosed in quotes, and should be if they contain spaces. Either single or double quotes may be used, at your discretion. Your script may reference the first argument as &1, the second as &2, and so forth. Forward Slash (/) A forward slash is used to execute the SQL statement or PL/SQL block that is currently in the buffer. See Chapter 2 for more information, and for examples. / where: / Causes SQL*Plus to execute the statement in the buffer. The buffer is not changed by this command, and / can be used repeatedly to execute the same statement again and again. < previous page page_426 next page > < previous page page_427 next page > Page 427 ACCEPT The ACCEPT command is used to get input from a user. It causes SQL*Plus to display a prompt and wait for the user to type something in response. You can read about ACCEPT in Chapter 4 and in Chapter 7, Advanced Scripting. ACC[EPT] user_variable [NUM[BER] ¦ CHAR ¦ DATE] [FOR[MAT] fomat_specification] [DEF[AULT] default_value] [PROMPT prompt_text¦NOPR[OMPT] ] [HIDE] where: ACC[EPT] Tells SQL*Plus you want to prompt the user for a value and that you want the value stored in the specified user variable. The command may be abbreviated to ACC. user_variable Is the variable you want to define. Do not include leading ampersands. If your script uses &table_name for a substitution variable, you should use table_ name here. NUM[BER] \ CHAR \DATE Is the type of data you are after. The default is CHAR, which allows the user to type in anything as a response. Use NUMBER to force the user to enter a number, and DATE when you want a date. FOR[MAT] format_specification Is a format specification, which may optionally be enclosed in quotes. ACCEPT will reject any input that does not conform to the specification. An error message will be displayed and the prompt reissued. Specifying a format makes the most sense when dealing with numeric and date data, and SQL*Plus is actually somewhat loose in enforcing the format. Chapter 7 delves into this aspect of the ACCEPT command in detail. Format elements are described in Appendix B, SQL*Plus Format Elements. DEF[AULT] default_value Specifies a default value to assign to the variable. This is used if the user bypasses the prompt by pressing ENTER without actually entering a response. The default value should usually be enclosed within single quotes. PROMPT prompt_text This is the prompt text displayed to the user before waiting for input. NOPR[OMPT] Indicates that you do not want the user to see a visible prompt. < previous page page_427 next page > < previous page page_428 next page > Page 428 HIDE Causes SQL*Plus not to echo the user's response back to the display. This is useful if you are prompting for a password. The syntax for the ACCEPT command has evolved significantly with the past few releases of SQL*Plus. The syntax shown here is valid for version 8.1. Not all of the clauses are available when using prior versions. Be sensitive to this and check your documentation if you are writing scripts that need to work under earlier versions of SQL*Plus. APPEND Append is an editing command that lets you add text onto the end of the current line in the SQL buffer: A[PPEND] text where: A[PPEND] Is the command, which may be abbreviated to A. text Is the text you want appended to the current line. APPEND, and all other editing commands, are described in Chapter 2. ARCHIVE LOG The ARCHIVE LOG command is used to control, or display information about, archive logging. It's discussed in Chapter 10 and may be used to start archiving, stop archiving, manually archive one or more log files, or display information about the current archive log state. You must be connected as SYSDBA, SYSOPER, or INTERNAL in order to use this command. ARCHIEVE LOG {LIST ¦STOP ¦START [TO destination] ¦NEXT [TO destination] ¦ALL [TO destination] ¦log_sequence_number [TO destination]} where: ARCHIVE LOG Is the command. < previous page page_428 next page > < previous page page_429 next page > Page 429 LIST Causes SQL*Plus to display information about the current state of archiving. This includes the current destination, an indication of whether or not automatic archiving is enabled (the ARCH process), the oldest online log sequence number, the sequence number of the next log to be archived, and the current log sequence number. STOP Stops logs files from being automatically archived. You must manually archive redo log files as they fill; otherwise, you run the risk of the instance suspending operation because the log files have run out of space. START Turns on automatic archiving of redo log files. NEXT Manually archives the next log file group in the sequence, provided that it is filled. Use ARCHIVE LOG LIST to see the sequence number of this file. ALL Manually archives all log file groups that have been filled, but not previously archived. log_sequence_number Manually archives a specific log file group, provided that group is still online. Use ARCHIVE LOG LIST to find the sequence number of the oldest remaining log file group. destination Specifies a destination for archived log files. If used with ARCHIVE LOG START, this becomes the destination for all log files as they are archived. If used with NEXT, ALL, or a specific sequence number, this becomes the destination for files archived by that one command. If you do not specify a destination when using ARCHIVE LOG START, the value from the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST initialization parameter is used. ATTRIBUTE. The ATTRIBUTE command is used to format attributes of an Oracle8 object type. It functions like the COLUMN command, but with fewer parameters. Chapter 4 talks about this command. ATTRIBUTE [object_type.attribute¦attribute_alias [ALI[AS] alias¦ CLE[AR] ¦ FOR[MAT] format_spec¦ LIKE source_attribute¦ ON¦ OFF ]] < previous page page_429 next page > < previous page page_430 next page > Page 430 where: ATTRIBUTE Is the command. Issuing the ATTRIBUTE command with no parameters gets you a list of all current attribute settings. object_type Is the name of an Oracle8 object type. attribute Is the name of an attribute of the specified object type, and is the attribute you are formatting. If you stop here and don't supply any other parameters, the current display settings for this attribute are shown. ALI[AS]alias May be abbreviated ALI.ALIAS allows you to specify an alternate name for this attribute that is meaningful to SQL*Plus. alias Is an alternate name for the attribute that may be used in other ATTRIBUTE commands, in place of having to spell out the full object type and attribute name again. CLE[AR] May be abbreviated to CLE. CLEAR erases any format settings for the attribute in question. This puts things back the way they were before any ATTRIBUTE commands were issued for the attribute. FOR[MAT] May be abbreviated to FOR, and allows you to control how the data for the attribute is displayed. For text fields, the format controls the maximum display length. For numeric fields, you can control the width, placement of commas, placement of the dollar sign, and so on. fomat_spec Is a string that specifies the display format for the attribute. Appendix B describes the format specification elements that may be used with the ATTRIBUTE command. LIKE Causes the attribute to be defined with the same format attributes as another attribute. source_column Is the name of the source attribute used with the LIKE parameter. This may be either an alias or a complete attribute reference using the standard dot notation. < previous page page_430 next page > < previous page page_431 next page > Page 431 ON Causes SQL*Plus to print the attribute using the format you have specified. This is the default behavior. You don't need to use ON unless you have previously used OFF. OFF Disables the format settings for the attribute. SQL*Plus acts as if you had never issued any ATTRIBUTE commands for the attribute in question. When used with text attributes, formats such as A10 specify a maximum length to be displayed. Longer values are truncated to match the length specified, and shorter values are left alone. BREAK The BREAK command is used to define page breaks and line breaks based on changing column values in a report. It controls whether or not duplicate values print in a column, and it controls the printing of computed values such as totals and subtotals. Chapter 3, Generating Reports with SQL*Plus, demonstrates the use of this command. The BREAK command looks like this: BRE[AK] [ON {column_name¦ROW¦REPORT) [SKI[p] {lines_to_skip¦PAGE}¦ NODUP[LICATES]¦ DUP[LICATES] ] ] where: BRE[AK] May be abbreviated BRE. Issuing the BREAK command with no parameters causes SQL*Plus to display the current break setting. column_name Specifies a report column to watch. When the value in the column changes, SQL*Plus skips lines or pages as specified. SQL*Plus also inhibits repeating, or duplicate, values from printing more than once unless the DUPLICATES keyword is used. ROW Causes SQL*Plus to break on each row. You could doublespace a report by using BREAK ON ROW SKIP 1. REPORT Specifies a report-level, break, and is used to cause SQL*Plus to print grand totals at the end of the report. SKIP PAGE will be ignored if it is specified as a < previous page page_431 next page > < previous page page_432 next page > Page 432 port break action, but, strangely enough, the other form of the SKIP paprameter will work. You can skip lines on a report break. SKI[P] lines_to_skip Tells SQL*Plus to skip the specified number of lines when a break occurs. SKIP may be abbreviated to SKI. SKI[P]PAGE Tells SQL*Plus to advance to a new page when a break occurs. NODUP[LICATES] Tells SQL*Plus to print a column's value only when it changes. By default, whenever you put a break on a column, you get this behavior. May be abbreviated NODUP. DUP[LICATES] Forces SQL*Plus to print a column's value in every line on the report, regardless of whether or not the value is the same as that printed for the previous record. May be abbreviated as DUP. BTITLE Use the BTITLE command to define page footers for a report. Chapter 3 discusses BTITLE and has several examples. Also see the TITTLE command. BTITLE and TTITLE work the same way. BTI[TLE] [[OFF¦ON]¦ [COL x¦ S[KIP] x¦ TAB x¦ LE[FT]¦ CE[NTER]¦ R[IGHT]¦ BOLD ¦ FOR[MAT] format_spec¦ text¦ variable ] where: BTI[TLE] May be abbreviated BTI. Issuing the BTITLE command with no parameters causes SQL*Plus to display the current bottom title setting. OFF Turns the page footer off, but does not erase its definition. You can turn it back on again with ON. < previous page page_432 next page > . 423 A SQL* Plus Command Reference. SQLPLUS The SQLPLUS command is used from the operating system prompt to start SQL* Plus, and is discussed in Chapter 2, Interacting with SQL* Plus. SQLPLUS [[-SILENT]. ]]]¦-¦-? where: SQLPLUS Is the command to use when invoking SQL* Plus. On a Unix system this will be lowercase sqlplus. From Windows or MS-DOS, you may need to use PLUS8 0 or PLUS8 0W. Beginning. other by at least one space. - Causes SQL* Plus to display a short summary of the SQLPLUS syntax. -? Causes SQL* Plus to display version and copyright information. Comment Delimiters (/* */) The