Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 158 pptx

Colorado River, 187-188, 666, 1310 Colorado River Basin Act (1968), 76 Colorado River Basin Project, 187 Colorado River Storage Act (1956), 76 Combustion energy, 358 Comminution, 11 Commodities, 170 Common Fisheries Policy (European Union), 644 Common law; environmental law, 385; public trust doctrine, 983 Common Varieties Mineral Act (1955), 487 Commoner, Barry, 232-233 Commons, 331, 491, 895; tragedy of, 434 Communications, 1242 Communications satellites, 1132 Community ecology, 328 Compaction of soils, 1104, 1108 Composite volcanoes, 595 Composites, 719 Composting, 233-235, 1004, 1120 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. See Superfund legislation Computer chips; silicon, 1087 Comstock Lode, 269 Concrete, 184-187, 189; aggregate use, 9; aluminum compounds, 34; pumice, 985 Confined aquifers, 57 Confining beds, 57 Conflict diamonds, 1026 Congo River, 235, 1163 Congo, Democratic Republic of the, 235-239; economic statistics, 236. See also Zaire Coniferous trees, 464 Conservation, 104, 239-246, 429, 976, 1026, 1184; dams, 270; defined, 240; European Union, 404-405; ex situ, 493; in situ, 493; land use, 676; Theodore Roosevelt, 1036; of species, 107; water, 1320 Conservation biology, 246-248 Conservation International, 248- 249, 799 Conservation movement, 242 Conservation Technical Assistance program, 805 Conservation tillage, 400 Consolidation of soils, 1109 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 249-250 Consumption, 976; population growth, 963-965; waste generation, 1120; worldwide patterns, 1020-1022 Containerization, 853, 1240 Continental crust, 324, 699, 950 Continental drift, 1066-1067 Continental shelves, 723, 851; fisheries, 432 Continental slopes, 852 Contour mining, 1167 Contouring, 399 Convection currents, 950 Convention on Biological Diversity, 322, 405, 489-490, 492, 619, 796, 1264, 1266-1267, 1274, 1361 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 351, 1267-1268, 1274 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1268-1269 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1274 Convention on the Law of the Sea, 436, 685-686, 1269-1271 Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 645, 1332 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. See Ramsar Convention Convention to Combat Desertification, 1264, 1271-1272 Conventions. See Category Index under “Laws and conventions” Convergent boundaries, 948 Copenhagen Conference (2009), 1265 Copper, 250-255, 754, 801, 1184; Argentina, 62; bioleaching, 686; in brass, 136; bronze, 145; Canada, 167; Chile, 192; Marcus Daly, 269; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 237; end-use statistics, 254; Indonesia, 609; Iran, 627; Kazakhstan, 660; Mexico, 744; Peru, 921; Poland, 961; Portugal, 967; Russia, 1048; Sweden, 1190; United States, 1281; world production, 251 Copper carbonates, 179 Coquina, 695 Coral reefs, 255-258, 431-432 Cordillera, 779 Coriolis effect, 851 Cork, 967 Corn, 258-261, 941; ethanol, 402; world production, 259 Corn syrup, 1172 Corporate agriculture, 701 Corporate welfare state, 171 Corporations, 171 Corrosion-resistant alloys, 634 Cort, Henry, 630 Corundum, 1, 261, 264, 483, 485, 735, 898 Cosmic Background Explorer, 1134 Cost-benefit analysis, 1033 Costa Rica, 281, 352 Costanza, Robert, 802 Cotton, 262-263, 612, 941, 943, 946, 1030; Brazil, 140; India, 603; Turkey, 1250; Zimbabwe, 1369 Cotton fibers, 439 Cotton gin, 263, 439 Council of Energy Resource Tribes, 264-265 Council on Environmental Quality, 790 Countries. See Category Index Courtois, Bernard, 622 Cracking of hydrocarbons, 868, 928 1476 • Subject Index Global Resources Crater Lake, 665 Cronstedt, Axel Fredrik, 815, 1364 Crookes, Sir William, 1220 Crop production; farmland, 410- 413 Crops. See Agriculture; Food crops; specific crops Crown fires, 426, 454 Crude oil, 77-79, 856, 858. See also Oil Crushed stone, 8, 1056; end-use statistics, 9; quarrying, 987; U.S. consumption, 12 Crustaceans, 433 Crutzen, Paul J., 901 Crystal defects, 267 Crystalline solids, 267 Crystallization, 590, 594, 732; kyanite, 661; magma, 706-708; mica, 745; pegmatites, 917; in space, 1134 Crystals, 265-268; geodes, 497-498; metals as, 730; quartz, 987-989; semiconductors, 1079 Cubic boron nitride, 3 Cullinan diamond, 309 Cumulates, 596 Cuprite, 898 Cuprous oxide, 255 Curie, Jacques, 988 Curie, Marie, 637, 990 Curie, Pierre, 637, 988, 990 Cyanobacteria, 972 Cyclones; Nargis, 442 Cyclosilicates, 762 Cylindrite, 1233 Czochralski process, 1081, 1087 Daimler, Gottlieb, 617 Dairy products, 14; France, 470 Dalton, John, 173 Daly, Herman, 802 Daly, Marcus, 269 Dams, 269-273, 666, 1165; failures, 443; flood control, 444; hydroelectric energy, 1011; impact on environment, 582; Tennessee Valley Authority, 1210; Three Gorges, 1223-1224; U.S., 155 Darcy, Henry, 59 Darcy’s law, 59 Darfur, 296, 1026 D’Arsonval, Jacques Arsène, 845 Darwin, Charles, 257, 799 Davy, Sir Humphry, 33, 134, 161, 173, 341, 343, 697, 709, 1154, 1170 DDT. See Dichloro-diphenyl- trichloroethane Dead Sea, 664 De Beers company, 305, 1030, 1124 Deciduous forests, 115, 464 Declaration on the Human Environment, 1156 Decomposers, 998 Deep drilling projects, 273-276 Deep ecology, 276-277, 382, 668 Deep Sea Drilling Project, 615 Deere, John, 17 Defoliants, 560, 573, 923 Deforestation, 170, 277-282, 295, 452, 783, 974; Amazon, 140; rain forests, 992, 994; slash-and- burn agriculture, 1094 Del Rio, Andrés Manuel, 1289 Deltas, 282-283, 1162 Democratic Republic of the Congo. See Zaire Dendritic aggregates, 528 Denitrification, 823 Denmark, 283-287; economic statistics, 284 Density of minerals, 759 Dent corn, 260 Dental fillings, 528 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 124, 490- 494 Department of Agriculture, U.S., 287-289, 378, 459, 804-806, 909 Department of Energy, U.S., 183, 289-291, 413, 840; organizational structure, 290 Department of the Interior, U.S., 152-153, 155, 291-293, 353-354, 429, 592, 762-763, 1286 Department of Transportation, U.S., 293-294 Dephlogisticated air, 899 Deposition, 1069; streams, 1164 Depressions (economic), 171 Desalination, 585, 723, 836, 850, 1052, 1309; plants, 294-295 Desertification, 295-298, 300, 412, 452, 567, 895, 1021, 1360; grasslands, 537; United Nations, 1271-1272 Deserts, 116, 215, 299-301; China, 199; fires, 427 Deterding, Henri W. A., 812 Detergents, 1176 Devaney, Earl, 292 Developing countries, 301-305, 1155; agriculture, 20; desertification, 296; hunger, 451 Development. See Land management DHW. See Domestic hot water Diagenesis, 1069 Diamond pipes, 306 Diamond trading, 99 Diamonds, 172-174, 305-309, 483, 485, 534, 597, 707, 801, 1030, 1302, 1366; abrasive, 1; Belgium, 99; conflicts over, 1026; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 238; end-use statistics, 308; Russia, 1047; South Africa, 1124; synthetic, 3, 308, 486; world production, 306 Diatomaceous earth, 2, 309-312, 507 Diatomite, 2, 309-312; end-use statistics, 312; world production, 311 Diatoms, 310 Diatremes, 597 Dichloro-diphenyl- trichloroethane, 182, 337, 373, 448, 924 Dichromates, 205 Didot, Saint-Léger, 905 Diesel, Rudolf, 109, 617, 1241 Diesel cycle, 1241 Diesel fuel, 481, 928, 930 Digitalis, 947 Global Resources Subject Index • 1477 Dikes, 595 Dimension stone, 9-10, 313-315; end-use statistics, 314; granite, 531-532; limestone, 695-697; marble, 720-722; quarrying, 986; sandstone, 1057-1058; slate, 1094-1095 Diodes, 1080 Dioxins, 397, 1120 Dirty bombs, 190 Disasters, 1032 Diseases; invasive species, 114; nutritional, 451 Distillation; alcohol, 1172; fractional, 73, 402, 899; methanol production, 739; petroleum, 480, 928; seawater, 294 Divergent boundaries, 948 Dixie Project, 187 DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA sequencing DNA sequencing, 124 Dogs, 47; domestication, 43 Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994), 1203 Dolly the sheep, 126 Dolomite, 179-180, 406, 695, 709, 1261; marble, 720; United Kingdom, 1262 Dolostone, 160, 694-695, 721, 733, 932 Domestic hot water, 1115 Donkeys, 45, 48 Donora, Pennsylvania, 23 Dow, Herbert H., 315-316 Dow Chemical Company, 316 Dow seawater process, 710 Draft animals, 47, 49 Drainage basins. See Watersheds Drainage density, 1163 Drake, Edwin, 274, 1045 Dredging, 723 Dried food, 471-472 Drift nets, 433 Drilling for oil and natural gas, 861-863 Drinking water, 1313 Drip irrigation, 636 Dromedaries, 45 Droughts, 214, 316-318, 378, 1165, 1208; desertification, 296; Dust Bowl, 318-320 Drugs; plant sources, 333, 350, 490-491, 945-947, 994 Dry midlatitudes zone, 339 Dry tropics and subtropics zone, 339 Ducks, 45 Dumping, 1021 Durum wheat, 1335 Dust Bowl (1930’s), 206, 242, 296, 317-320, 378, 459, 804, 972, 1322 Dutch disease, 1020 Dynamite, 10, 320, 824 Dysprosium, 999 Dzhakishev, Mukhtar, 658 E waste. See Electronic waste Earth; crust, 324-326, 503, 698; interior structure, 503; mantle, 503; seismic activity, 504 Earth Day, 182, 385, 391 Earth First!, 277, 321 Earth in the Balance (Gore), 530 Earth Observation Satellite Company, 681 Earth Observing System, 683 Earth resources satellites, 680-684, 1008, 1133 Earth Summit, Johannesburg (2002), 243 Earth Summit, Rio (1992), 7-8, 104, 107, 243, 304, 321-323, 392, 492, 668, 781, 796, 1157, 1264, 1271-1272, 1276, 1361, 1363 Earthforce, 1065 Earthquakes, 323; Sumatra- Andaman, 502 Earthwatch Institute, 326-327 East India Company, 263 Ecocentrism, 382 Ecodevelopment, 1156 Ecofeminism, 382 Ecological resources. See Category Index Ecology, 327-331 Economic development, 974-976 Economic issues. See Category Index under “Social, economic, and political issues” Economics; oil, 872-875; primary sector, 974-976; resource exchange, 1020-1022; resources accounting, 1015-1016; solar energy, 1118; sustainability, 1183-1185 Ecoregions, 524 Ecosystem ecology, 328 Ecosystem services, 331-334 Ecosystems, 328, 334-338, 448; defined, 240; invasive species, 113. See also Biomes Ecotones, 1327 Ecotourism, 123, 352, 1337, 1370 Ecozones, 338-340 Ecuador, 890 Edge of the Sea, The (Carson), 182 Edison, Thomas, 177, 340-341, 343, 614, 816 Edison Electric Institute, 341-342, 837 EEZs. See Exclusive economic zones Efficiency, 717-720 Ehrlich, Paul, 390 Einstein, Albert, 150, 637, 830, 934 EIS. See Environmental impact statements Eisenhower, Dwight D., 83-84, 363, 620 Ekeberg, Anders Gustaf, 1207 El Niño, 317, 342-343, 432, 552, 1217 Elasticity of energy demand, 357 Elastomers, 1041 Electric-arc furnace, 1149, 1151 Electric cars, 347 Electric power, 343-348, 1134; cogeneration, 232; distribution, 341; France, 469; geothermal, 505; Industrial Revolution, 613; industry, 346; nuclear generation, 191; ocean currents, 843-846; ocean tides, 1225-1229; ocean waves, 846- 848; solar cells, 934-937, 1117; 1478 • Subject Index Global Resources solar chimneys, 1111; steam turbines, 1145; storage, 368 Electrical conductors, 728-731 Electrical energy. See Electric power Electrical properties of minerals, 759 Electrical-resistance alloys, 633 Electricity. See Electric power Electrochemical cells, 368 Electrolysis, 316, 529, 557-558, 729 Electromagnets, 713 Electrometallurgy, 729 Electronic publishing, 908 Electronic waste, 560 Electronics; silicon, 1086; silver, 1091 Electronics industry, 605 Electrostatic precipitators, 12 Electrum, 528 Elephants, 49, 645; domestication, 45 Elevators, 1240 Elhuyar, Fausto, 1244 Elhuyar, Juan José, 1244 Ellipticine, 947 Elton, Charles S., 448 Emeralds, 483, 485 Emery, 2, 261, 264, 485 Eminent domain, 56, 1201-1205 Emissions trading, 1265 Emus, 45 Endangered species, 104-108, 247, 348-354, 377, 1267, 1362-1363; extinctions, 1141-1143; ivory trade, 645-648; land use, 676, 980; marine life, 434; plants, 523; statistics, 349; United Nations, 1267-1268; whales, 1332. See also Biodiversity; Threatened species Endangered Species Act (1973), 348, 353-357, 377, 389, 392, 430, 981, 1142, 1333 Endangered Species Conservation Act (1969), 353, 1267 Endangered Species Preservation Act (1966), 104, 353, 1142, 1267 Energy; agriculture, 19; China, 201; cogeneration, 232; consumption, 1024; consumption statistics, 366; economics, 872-875; efficient use of, 146-152; nonrenewable resources, 1010; oceans, 843- 848, 851, 1225-1229; propane, 977-978; renewable, 149; solar, 934-937, 1109-1119; storage, 367-370; transportation, 1238- 1243; from waste, 1120; wood fuels, 1353-1355 Energy Act, U.K. (2004), 216 Energy crisis (1970’s), 149, 286, 346, 357, 360, 363, 391, 401, 872-876, 890, 911, 935, 1003, 1172, 1195, 1227, 1346 Energy cycles, 337 Energy economics, 357-361 Energy efficiency, 717-720 Energy forests, 1353 Energy inputs, 357 Energy Policy Act (2005), 109-110, 361-362, 413 Energy politics, 362-367 Energy Reorganization Act (1974), 837 Energy resources; weather and, 1323. See also Category Index Energy returned on energy invested, 913 Energy Star program, 148 Engineered geothermal systems, 509 Engineered wood, 1359 Engineering; coastal, 227-229 England. See United Kingdom Enhanced geothermal systems, 509 Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), 863 Environment Action Programme (European Community), 404 Environment and Natural Resources Division, U.S. Department of Justice, 371-372 Environment Canada, 168 Environmental activism, 240, 277, 390-394; Barry Commoner, 233; Earth First!, 321; Greenpeace, 548, 960; Wangari Maathai, 704-705; Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 1065 Environmental biotechnology, 372-375 Environmental Defense Fund, 28, 390 Environmental degradation, 334, 375-379; developing countries, 301-305; farmland, 412; Industrial Revolution, 614; oil spills, 881-883; overgrazing, 894-896; soils, 1103-1106; strip mining, 1168 Environmental economies, 1022 Environmental engineering, 379- 381 Environmental ethics, 381-383, 667-668 Environmental federalism, 414 Environmental geology, 502 Environmental impact statements, 380, 384, 790 Environmental legislation; European Union, 404-405; U.S., 384-390 Environmental movement, 390- 394 Environmental Protection Act, Canadian (1988), 167-168 Environmental Protection Agency, U.S., 182, 210, 385-386, 394- 398, 561, 791-792, 1033 Environmental racism, 564 Environmental risk analysis, 380 EOSAT. See Earth Observation Satellite Company Ephedrine, 947 Epsom salts, 711, 1071 Erbium, 999 EROEI. See Energy returned on energy invested Erosion, 398-400, 1068; coastal, 1322; control, 333, 398-400; placer deposits, 938; soil, 1103, 1322; streams, 1164; weathering, 1324-1327 Erythronium, 1289 Global Resources Subject Index • 1479 Esparto, 909 Essential2 campaign, 36 Estuaries, 117 Ethanol, 108-110, 374, 400-403, 1012, 1062, 1172, 1242, 1282; Brazil, 139; corn, 260; U.S. policy, 362 Ethics. See Environmental ethics Ethnobotany, 135 Ethyl alcohol. See Ethanol Ethylene, 925, 977, 1062 Ethylene dibromide, 144 Ethylene glycol, 926 Etta pegmatite, 266 European Union, 404-405; air pollution, 25. See also Austria; Belgium; Denmark; France; Greece; Italy; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom Europium, 999 Eutrophication, 406, 425, 1311; lakes, 666; phosphorus, 934 Evaporites, 406-407, 1070-1071; borax, 131; bromine, 142; potash, 970 Evolutionary ecology, 328-329 Exclusive economic zones, 407- 408, 433, 650, 686, 855, 967, 1156, 1270, 1287 Exotic species. See Biological invasions; Invasive species Exploration geology, 501 Explosions, mining, 764 Explosives, 823-824; dynamite, 320; nitrogen compounds, 821 Extensive management, 700 Extinctions, 105, 112, 348-349, 500, 523, 1141-1143 Extractive agriculture, 650 Extraterrestrial resources, 1132- 1136 Extremophiles, 490 Extrusion, 1150 Extrusive deposits, 594-595 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 374, 408-409, 853, 882 Fabrics, 1211-1214 Factory system, 170 Falls, Albert, 292 Famines, 249, 316, 449-452; flood- related, 441; India, 603 Faraday, Michael, 173, 343, 522, 709, 712, 1040 Farm bureaus, 36-37 Farming. See Agriculture; Horticulture Farmland, 410-413; China, 197; conflicts over, 1026; degradation, 452; India, 602; Netherlands, 812; Poland, 961; slash-and-burn methods, 1092- 1094; soils, 1102; Taiwan, 1197; Ukraine, 1251 Fayalite, 883 Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (1969), 154, 766 Federal Coal Mine Safety Act (1952), 766 Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act (1977), 766 Federal Crop Insurance Reform and Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act (1994), 289 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 413-414 Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (1972), 387, 574, 925 Federal Facilities Compliance Act (1992), 1017 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947), 574, 924 Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976), 153, 672, 979-980, 1341 Federal Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Act (1966), 766 Federal Mine Safety Board of Review, 154 Federal Power Act (1935), 413 Federal Power Commission, 413 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1948), 211 Federal Water Power Act (1920), 413, 581 Federal Water Quality Act (1965), 211-212 Federalism and resource management, 414-417, 672 Fee ownership, 748 Feldspar, 3, 417-420, 917, 938, 1057; end-use statistics, 419; in granite, 532; Italy, 643; Thailand, 1219; Turkey, 1249; world production, 418 Felsic minerals, 594, 699, 955 Feral animals, 42 Ferberite, 1244 FERC. See Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Fermentation, 1172 Fermi, Enrico, 420-421, 716, 830 Ferroalloys, 29, 421-423 Ferrochromium, 421 Ferromanganese, 421 Ferromolybdenum, 422 Ferronickel, 422 Ferrosilicon, 422, 1088 Ferrotitanium, 422 Ferrous alloys. See Ferroalloys Ferrovanadium, 422 Fertilizers, 18-19, 46, 164, 423-425, 544, 566; Brazil, 141; guano, 550-552; Haber-Bosch process, 556; nitrogen and ammonia, 818; phosphate, 931; potash, 971; soils, 1107; sulfuric acid, 1175 Fiberglass, 425-426 Fiberglass wool, 426 Fibers; animal, 1211; artificial, 1212; plants, 943-945; synthetic, 1212; textiles, 1211-1214; wood, 1357 FIFRA. See Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Finger Lakes, 665 Firedamp, 764 Firefighting, 455 Fires, 426-428; forest, 454-456; grasslands, 536; landfills, 679; mines, 764 Fischer, Franz, 225 1480 • Subject Index Global Resources Fischer-Tropsch process, 225 Fish. See Fishing and fisheries Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934), 353 Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S., 291, 354, 429-430, 1143, 1339 Fish farming, 437 Fish ladders, 582, 666; Sweden, 1189 Fishing and fisheries, 332, 430- 438, 853; Argentina, 64; Canada, 166; Chile, 196; Denmark, 283; fish stocks, 1156-1157; government regulation, 416; India, 600; Italy, 644; Japan, 650; Law of the Sea, 685-686, 1269-1271; Norway, 829; Poland, 962; Portugal, 967; Taiwan, 1201; Thailand, 1219; thermal pollution, 1221-1222; Ukraine, 1255; United States, 1283; U.S. catch totals, 434; water pollution, 1314; world producers, 854. See also Whales and whaling Fishmeal, 196 Fitch, John, 612 Flame retardants, 144 Flash floods, 442 Flax, 438-440, 909, 941, 944, 1211 Flexible fuel, 110 Flexible fuel vehicles, 403 Flint, 2 Flint corn, 260 Floodplains, 442, 1162; development on, 675 Floods and flood control, 65, 441- 446, 1164; China, 1223; dams, 270; irrigation, 636; landfills and, 679; regulation, 333 Floriculture, 18 Flour corn, 260 Flow resources, 240 Flowers, 809 Fluidized bed incinerators, 599 Fluorescent imaging, 730 Fluorides, 447 Fluorite, 160, 446-447; end-use statistics, 446 Fluorspar, 446-447; end-use statistics, 446 Foliation, 732, 737 Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N., 452, 1274- 1275 Food chain, 431, 447-449, 973, 1142; mercury in, 726 Food crops, 576; diversity of, 491; future prospects, 126; genetic diversity, 488; harvesting, 578; high-yield, 542-544; management, 21-22; from rain forests, 992. See also Agriculture; Fruit crops; Grains; Vegetable crops; specific crops Food preservation, 168-169; aluminum cans, 30; freeze- drying, 471-472; tin cans, 1235 Food production, 126, 332 Food pyramid, 448 Food shortages, 449-452; statistics, 450 Food supply, 287-289 Food web, 447-449, 1142 Fool’s gold, 526, 629 Forage crops, 16 Forbes, Stephen Alfred, 448 Ford, Henry, 453, 613, 876 Foreman, David, 321 Forest fires, 428, 454-456 Forest management, 456-458, 1231, 1357; fires, 454; reforestation, 1005-1007 Forest products, 1229 Forest protection, 457 Forest regulation, 458 Forest Service, U.S., 288, 458-461, 793, 937, 979, 1338-1339 Forestry, 378, 461-464; clear- cutting, 212-213; Gifford Pinchot, 937-938 Forestry Service, Canadian, 804 Forests, 332, 378, 464-466, 1021; Austria, 93; biological invasions, 113; Brazil, 141; Canada, 165; Chile, 195; China, 197, 199; deforestation, 277- 282; degradation of, 1026; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 239; France, 470; Indonesia, 608; Japan, 652; Mexico, 744; multiple use, 785- 787; Norway, 828; Poland, 962; Portugal, 967; Sweden, 1188; Switzerland, 1193; Taiwan, 1201. See also Timber industry; Trees; Wood products Forging, 1150 Formaldehyde, 739 Forster, Johann R., 338, 883 Forsterite, 883 Fossil fuels, 333, 856, 1010, 1071, 1113, 1227, 1346; Brazil, 137; China, 201; climate change, 546; coal, 217-226; conflicts over, 1024; energy economics, 358-359; France, 469; gasoline, 480-482; peat, 913-916; propane, 977-978; unsustainability, 108; U.S. policy, 392 Fourastié, Jean, 975 Fourdrinier machine, 905 Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC), 616 Fractional distillation, 73 Fracture of minerals, 758 Fragmentation, 93 France, 467-471; economic statistics, 468 Francis, James B., 581 Franklin, Benjamin, 147 Frasch, Herman, 1175 Frasch process, 960, 1054, 1175 Free trade, 303 Freeze-drying of food, 471-472 French Guiana, 469 Frenkel defect, 267 Freons, 977 Fresh water, 585 Freshwater ecosystems, 117 Freshwater lakes, 664 Freshwater wetlands, 1328 Friends of the Earth, 28, 391, 472 Fringing reefs, 257 Frishmuth, William, 33 Fritts, Charles, 934 Fructose, 1171 Fruit crops, 15; Spain, 1141 Global Resources Subject Index • 1481 Fuel cells, 345, 472-474, 739, 1172, 1240, 1242; lithium, 698; research, 739 Fuels; ethanol, 400-403; wood and charcoal, 1353-1355 Fuller, Calvin, 934 Fullerenes, 173, 177 Fuller’s earth, 209 Fulton, Robert, 612, 1239 Fumaroles, 517, 590 Fungicides, 923 Furans, 1120 Furrow irrigation, 636 Furs and fur trade, 76-77 Fused aluminum oxide, 3 Gabbro, 594; ophiolites, 888 Gadolin, Johan, 999 Gadolinium, 999 Gahnite, 898 Gaia hypothesis, 973 Galápagos Islands, 798 Galena, 691, 755 Gallium, 475-476; end-use statistics, 475; semiconductors, 1081 Galton, Francis, 42 Galvanizing, 1371 Gamble, John, 905 Gamma decay, 637 Gangue, 590 Gardening. See Composting; Horticulture Garnet, 2, 476-477, 483, 485, 894; end-use statistics, 477 Garnier, Jules, 815 Garnierite, 813 Garolim Bay, South Korea, 1228 Gas. See Natural gas Gases; inert or noble, 477-480 Gasification of coal, 224-226 Gasifiers, 225 Gasohol, 401 Gasoline, 480-482, 617, 928; consumption, 618; Iran, 625; lead additives, 688. See also Alternative energy; Ethanol; Fossil fuels; Natural gas; Oil; Petroleum Gasoline and other petroleum fuels, 928 GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis, 133 GDP. See Gross domestic product Geese, 45 Gemstones, 482-487; Australia, 88; biopyriboles, 117-119; Brazil, 141; corundum, 261; crystals, 267; diamond, 305-309, 1125; feldspar, 417-420; garnet, 476- 477; hardness, 771; metamict, 732; mineral, 483; olivine, 883- 884; organic, 483; pegmatites, 916-917; quartz, 987-989; silicates, 1085; synthetic, 485; Thailand, 1219; world production, 484; zircon, 1374 Gene banks, 1185-1186 Gene chips, 124 Gene therapy, 128 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 303 General Mining Act (1872), 672, 980 General Mining Law (1872), 487, 982 General Survey Act (1824), 65 Genetic diversity, 488-491, 1072. See also Biodiversity Genetic ecology, 328 Genetic engineering, 719; agriculture, 20; animals, 39-41; drug development, 50; food crops, 135; plant breeding, 942 Genetic erosion, 491 Genetic prospecting, 490 Genetic resources, 332, 349, 490- 494, 993, 1155-1156 Genetic testing, 647 Genetic variability, 941 Geneva Conferences, 685 Genome sequencing, 124 Geochemical cycles, 494-497, 973; carbon cycle, 174-176; hydrologic cycle, 585-588; nitrogen cycle, 821-823; phosphorus cycle, 932-934; sulfur cycle, 1177 Geochemical surveys, 505 Geodes, 497-498 Geoffroy, Claude François, 130 Geographic information systems, 462, 498-500, 799 Geological processes and formations. See Category Index Geological Survey of Canada, 803 Geology, 500-503 Geophysics, 1074 George, Susan, 451 Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas, 171 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, 683 Geostationary satellites, 1132 Geothermal energy, 346, 503-510, 1012; geysers and hot springs, 516-518; world consumption, 508. See also Hydroenergy Germanium, 510-511; end-use statistics, 511; gallium in, 475; semiconductors, 1081 Germany, 511-516; economic statistics, 512 Getty, J. Paul, 516 Getty Oil company, 516 Geysers, 504, 516-518 Geysers, The, 506 Ghawar oil field, 871, 911 Gibbsite, 897 Gilbert, William, 712 GIS. See Geographic information systems Glaciation, 518-520; lakes, 664 Glaciers, 518-520, 587; role in sedimentation, 1069 Glass, 189, 520-522, 754; Belgium, 99; fiberglass, 425-426; perlite, 917; porcelain, 754; pumice, 984-985; Pyrex, 134, 520; recycling of, 1004; for solar heating, 1112 Glauber’s salt, 1116 Glen Canyon Dam, 582 Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, 256-257 Global Crop Diversity Trust, 1186 Global ecology, 328 Global Environment Facility, 1264, 1272, 1361 Global positioning systems, 462, 498, 684, 1107, 1132 1482 • Subject Index Global Resources Global ReLeaf, 1007 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, 523 Global 200, 524, 799 Global warming, 333, 347, 392, 531, 544-548, 974, 1010, 1227; desertification, 1271; fires, 428; United Nations, 1262-1266, 1275-1278; water resources, 1025. See also Climate change Globalization, 1021 Glomar Challenger, 275 Glomar Explorer, 852 Glucose, 1171 Gneiss, 524-525, 737, 1163 Goiter, 451 Gold, 525-530, 754, 801, 1030, 1071; alloys, 29; Argentina, 62; Australia, 85, 88; Brazil, 137; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 238; end-use statistics, 529; Greece, 541; Japan, 654; leaching, 687; Mexico, 745; mining, 886; Peru, 920; placer deposits, 938; Russia, 1046; South Africa, 1123; Taiwan, 1201; world production, 527; Zimbabwe, 1366 Gold rushes, 85, 526, 938, 1030, 1047, 1124, 1286 Goodyear, Charles, 1039 Gore, Al, 243, 392, 530-531, 616, 802 Gorsuch, Anne, 394 Gossypium, 262-263 Gottlieb, Alan, 1350 Government and resource management, 244, 414-417, 672, 1160 Government and resources. See Category Index GPP. See Gross primary productivity GPS. See Global positioning systems Graben lakes, 665 Grace, W. R., 1298 Grains, 15, 941; corn, 258-261; France, 470; high-yield, 542- 544; India, 603; perrenial, 668; rice, 1030-1031; Ukraine, 1253; wheat, 1334-1336 Grand Banks, 435 Grand Canyon, 972 Granite, 9, 313, 531-532, 595, 706, 752; Turkey, 1249 Granitic plutons, 955 Grapes; France, 470; Italy, 644; Portugal, 968; Spain, 1140 Graphic granite, 532 Graphite, 172-174, 532-535, 735, 757, 801; Brazil, 141; end-use statistics, 534; South Korea, 1130; world production, 533 Grasses, 894 Grasslands, 116, 535-538; China, 199; fires, 427; overgrazing, 894; rangeland, 997-999; U.S., 459 Grate-type incinerators, 599 Gravel, 9-10, 1054-1057, 1200; dredging of, 723; end-use statistics, 1056; mining, 1169; Netherlands, 812; placer deposits, 939; Taiwan, 1200. See also Sand Gray water, 1004 Gray whales, 1331 Grazing, 894-896; rangeland, 997- 999 Grazing Service, U.S., 1208 Great Barrier Reef, 257, 432 Great Depression (1930’s), 1035, 1208, 1210 Great Lakes, 664-665, 667 Great Plains Conservation Program, 806 Greece, 538-542; economic statistics, 539 Green Belt movement, 704-705 Green building, 149 Green building movement, 149 Green Revolution, 17, 542-544, 942; rice, 1030 Greenhouse effect, 22, 545, 974 Greenhouse gas emissions; changes in, 24; U.S. statistics, 546 Greenhouse gases, 216, 513, 544- 548, 662-663, 936, 1032, 1242, 1258, 1263, 1276; abatement, 374; natural gas, 1045 Greenhouses, 506, 517, 1112 Greenockite, 157 Greenpeace, 391, 548, 1065 Gregor, William, 1237 Grignard reagents, 708, 711 Gross domestic product, 975 Gross primary productivity, 973 Grotius, Hugo, 685, 855 Groundwater, 81, 548-550, 585, 587, 1162, 1313, 1319; aquifers, 57-59; Austria, 94; dissolved minerals, 1069; mining wastes, 886; supplies, 620; water rights, 1316 Grove, Sir William Robert, 472 Groves, Leslie Richard, 716 Guano, 342, 550-552 Guatemala, 800 Guayule, 1037 Guggenheim family, 552-553 Guinea pigs, 45 Gulf Stream, 851 Gulf War (1990-1991), 892, 1024, 1159 Gunmetal, 145 Gunpowder, 1175 Gutenberg, Johann, 905 Gypsum, 160-161, 184, 186, 407, 553-555, 752, 1175-1176; Indonesia, 610; Thailand, 1219; world production, 554 Gypsy moth, 113 Gyres, 851 Haber, Fritz, 556, 723, 820 Haber-Bosch process, 556, 583, 818 Habitat conservation plans, 354 Habitat/species area, 797 Haeckel, Ernst, 328 Hahn, Otto, 830, 1284 Halides, 761 Halite, 406, 1050; United Kingdom, 1261 Hall, Charles Martin, 33, 557-558 Hall-Héroult process, 558, 1149 Halogens, 143 Hancock, Thomas, 1036 Global Resources Subject Index • 1483 Hanford, Washington, 717, 839 Hard abrasives, 1 Hardin, Garrett, 434 Hardness. See Mohs hardness scale Hardness of minerals, 757, 771- 772 Hardrock Mining and Reclamation bill, 981 Hardwoods, 464, 1356 Hargreaves, James, 612 Harkin, J. B., 795 Harsten, D. L. G., 534 Harvesting, 578 Hatch, Orrin, 1049 Hatchett, Charles, 817 Haüy, René-Just, 268 Hawleyite, 157 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (1984), 1017 Hazardous wastes, 397, 1003, 1032, 1306; cleanup, 1177- 1182; disposal, 502, 558-563, 836; incineration, 598; nuclear, 838-842; water contamination, 1314 Hazards of resource exploitation, 1031-1033 Health. See Human health Hearth-type incinerators, 599 Heat cogeneration, 232 Heat energy, 503-510, 718; storage, 370 Heat pumps, 358; geothermal, 509 Heating; solar, 1109, 1113 Heating oils, 482, 928 Heavy metals, 1311 Hébert, Louis, 571 Helium, 80, 568-570; end-use statistics, 569 Hematite, 629, 897 Hemp, 440, 570-572, 909, 941, 944-945, 1211 Henry, Joseph, 343, 712 Herbicides, 573-575, 578, 923 Herbivores, 894, 998 Herbs. See Medicinal plants Herkimer diamonds, 988 Hermann, C. H., 268 Héroult, Paul, 33, 557, 1149 Hess, Henry, 1066 Hessel, Johann, 268 Hetch Hetchy valley, 793 High-temperature alloys, 633 Hildebrand, William, 569 Hill, James Jerome, 575-576, 1330 Himalayas, 778 Hippopotamuses, 645-646 Historic sites, 56-57 Historical events and movements. See Category Index Hitchcock, Ethan, 1001 Hittites, 29 Hjelm, Peter Jacob, 774 Holmium, 999 Homestead Act (1862), 296, 972 Homesteading, 1208 Honeybees, 45 Hoover Dam, 582, 666 Hope diamond, 309, 486 Hormones, 128 Hornblende, 118 Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, 1347 Horses, 47; domestication, 45 Horticulture, 18, 576-579; composting, 233-235 Hot springs, 504, 516-518; health value, 518 Household waste, 598 Howard, Sir Albert, 233 Huang River, 1165; floods, 443 Hubbert, Marion King, 360, 911 Hubbert’s peak, 360 Hubble Space Telescope, 1134 Huebnerite, 1244 Hugoton gas field, 871 Human growth hormone, 128 Human health, 563-568; acid precipitation, 4; air pollution, 22-26; animals, 50-52; biotechnology, 128; Environmental Protection Agency, 396; hazardous waste, 558-563; invasive species, 114; lead, 690; mining safety, 763- 767; radioactive elements, 1283; water pollution, 1312- 1315; weather, 82. See also Medicine Human population growth. See Population growth Humboldt, Alexander von, 338, 550 Humus, 1100 Hunger, 449-452; future prospects, 126; statistics, 450 Hunter, M. A., 1237 Hunting, 247, 1342; U.S. regulations, 672 Huntite; Greece, 541 Huntsman, Benjamin, 1148 Hurricanes, 94, 214, 343, 442-443, 1204, 1322 Husbandry. See Animal husbandry Huygens, Christiaan, 617 Hybrid vehicles, 1242 Hybrids, 942 Hydraulic conductivity of aquifers, 59 Hydraulic lime, 753 Hydrocarbons, 325, 481, 625, 858, 864, 867, 977 Hydrochloric acid, 760 Hydrodesulfurization, 930 Hydroelectric dams, 1011 Hydroelectric power. See Hydroenergy Hydroelectricity. See Hydroenergy Hydroenergy, 150, 187, 272, 368, 579-583, 778, 825, 1251; Argentina, 63; Austria, 94; Brazil, 139; Canada, 164; dams, 270, 272; electricity from, 345; France, 469; Germany, 515; India, 600; Norway, 828; Poland, 962; Russia, 1046; Sweden, 1188; Switzerland, 1191; Taiwan, 1200; Tennessee Valley Authority, 1210-1211; Ukraine, 1255; Venezuela, 1294. See also Geothermal energy Hydroenergy plants, 272, 581 Hydrofluoric acid, 446 Hydrofoils, 1239 Hydrogen, 583-585; fuel cells, 473; fuel from, 109, 111, 375 Hydrogen bomb, 83, 957 Hydrogen peroxide, 132 1484 • Subject Index Global Resources Hydrologic cycle, 81, 120, 333, 585-588, 850, 1162, 1308; forests, 465; groundwater, 549 Hydrology, 81, 585-588 Hydrolysis, 1100 Hydroponics, 588-590, 1299 Hydropower. See Hydroenergy Hydrothermal energy, 503-510, 517 Hydrothermal solutions, 590-591, 595, 950 Hydrothermal veins, 955, 1232, 1302, 1371 Hydrothermal vents, 724-725, 852, 1300 Hydroxides, 760 Hydroxyapatite, 933 Hyperbaric chambers, 899 Hypothermal deposits, 591 IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency IAIA. See International Association for Impact Assessment Ice caps, 587 Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite, 683 Ice for food preservation, 169 Iceland, 503-504, 516 Iceland Deep Drilling Project, 276 Ickes, Harold, 592 Idrija, Slovenia, 643 Igneous rock, 592-597; magma, 706-708 Iijima, Sumio, 177 Illinois Central Railroad v. Illinois (1892), 983 Ilmenite, 897, 1236; India, 604 IMF. See International Monetary Fund Immiscible segregations, 596 Immunotoxins, 566 Incineration of waste, 560, 597- 600, 1120 Inconvenient Truth, An (Gore), 393, 531 India, 600-605; air pollution, 25; economic statistics, 601; economy, 975; farmland, 411 Indium, 605-606; end-use statistics, 606 Individualism, 382 Indonesia, 606-610; economic statistics, 607; rubber, 1039 Industrial minerals, 207 Industrial Revolution, 610-615; agriculture, 17; alloys, 1235; capitalism, 170; coal, 220, 362, 1112; glass technology, 522; lead, 690; mechanization, 449; railroads, 1154-1155; steam engines, 1146; textile production, 1211 Industrialization, 610-615 Inert gases, 477-480 Infant mortality, 451 Infantile marasmus, 451 Infinite substitutability law, 171 Inosilicates, 117, 762 Insecticides, 923 Insects, 45 Insulation, 146 Insulin, 50, 128 Integrated circuits, 189 Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 615 Intensive management, 700 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 393, 615-617, 1028, 1263 Internal combustion engines, 480, 613, 617-619, 911, 1241; acid precipitation, 3; ethanol in, 402; gasoline, 480-482 International Association for Impact Assessment, 619-620 International Atomic Energy Agency, 190, 620 International Conservation of Biodiversity Groups, 493 International Council for Science, 902 International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), 52 International Monetary Fund, 303, 1263 International Polar Year (2007- 2008), 902 International Space Station, 1134 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project, 834 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2004), 1186 International Union for Conservation of Nature, 7, 243, 348, 621, 796, 1266, 1362 International Whaling Commission, 377, 1332 Internet, 1242; paper production, 908 Intertidal zone, 117 Intrusions, 706; layered, 707 Intrusive formations. See Plutonic rocks Invasive species, 112-114, 248 Iodine, 621-623; Chile, 192; end- use statistics, 622 Iodized salt, 621 Ion exchange, 295 IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Iran, 623-628, 890; economic statistics, 624; U.S. relations, 365 Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), 364, 873 Iraq, 890, 1024; mercury poisonings, 726; U.S. invasion, 366 Ireland. See United Kingdom Iridium, 951-954 Iron; end-use statistics, 633; world production, 629 Iron Age, 29 Iron and iron ore, 596, 628-634, 755, 1071, 1135; Australia, 88; Brazil, 137; dietary, 730; ferroalloys, 421-423; France, 467; Germany, 515; India, 604; Indonesia, 610; Iran, 627; Kazakhstan, 660; magnetic properties, 712; Peru, 922; Poland, 961; residual deposits, 1014; Russia, 1047; smelting, 1095; South Africa, 1126; Spain, 1138; steel manufacture, 1147-1150; Sweden, 1189; Global Resources Subject Index • 1485 . 1272, 1361 Global positioning systems, 462, 498, 684, 1107, 1132 1482 • Subject Index Global Resources Global ReLeaf, 1007 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, 523 Global 200, 524, 799 Global. acid, 124, 490- 494 Department of Agriculture, U.S., 287-289, 378, 459, 804-806, 909 Department of Energy, U.S., 183, 289-291, 413, 840; organizational structure, 290 Department of the Interior, U.S., 152-153,. 520; recycling of, 1004; for solar heating, 1112 Glauber’s salt, 1116 Glen Canyon Dam, 582 Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, 256-257 Global Crop Diversity Trust, 1186 Global ecology, 328 Global Environment