Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 153 doc

isms to remove toxins from bodies of water or act as pesticides. Bitumen: A generic term for a variety of solid or semisolid hydrocarbons; tar, asphalt, and petro- leum are classified as bitumens. Black lung disease: A pneumoconiosis, or disease of the respiratory system, brought on by long-termin- halation of coal dust. Brine: Water with a higher content of dissolved salts than is normally found in seawater. Carbonate mineral: A mineral compound, such as cal- cite or aragonite, whose fundamental structure in- cludes the CO 3 −2 anion. Cation: An atom, group of atoms, or molecule that has lost electrons to become a positively charged ion. See also Anion. Ceramics: Hard, brittle materials created by firing (baking) nonmetallicmineralssuchas silicatesand clays at high temperatures. Chemical weathering: The chemical decomposition of solid rock by processes that change its original materials into new forms that are chemically stable at or near the Earth’s surface. See also Mechanical weathering; Weathering. Clay: A term with three meanings: a particle size (less than 2 microns); a mineral type (kaolin, smectite, illite); and a fine-grained soil or soft rock that is puttylike when damp. Cleavage: The tendency for minerals to break in smooth, flat planes along zones of weaker bonds in their crystal structure; planar structure in a rock that imparts a preferred direction of fracturing. Climate: A region’s characteristic meteorological conditions, particularly temperature and precipi- tation, averaged over a significant period of time. See also Weather. Coal: Dark brown to black carbonaceous rock formed by heat and compression from the accumulation of plant material in swampy environments; readily combustible, it is used as a fuel. Coal gasification: Conversion of coal to a gaseous product by one of several available technologies. Compost: The relatively stable humus material that is produced from a composting process in which bac- teria in soil mixed with garbage and degradable trash breakdown the mixture into organicfertilizer. Conservation: The perpetuation through sustainable use of renewable resources and the development and wise utilization of nonrenewable resources. Consumption: In terms of energy economics, the amount of energy, derived from various sources, used by the general populace. Crust: The outermost layer of the Earth; the conti- nental crust, composed of dominantly silicon-rich igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, and sedimen- tary rocks, is between 35 and 60 kilometers thick, while the oceanic crust, composed of magnesium- and iron-rich rocks such as basalt, is 5 to 10 kilome- ters thick. Crystal: A solid with an internally ordered, regularly repeating arrangement of component atoms. Crystal structure: The regular arrangement of atoms in a crystalline solid. Crystallization: The formation and growth of a crys- talline solid from a liquid or gas. Daughter product: An isotope that results from the decay of a radioactive parent isotope. Deforestation: A process by which forest or trees are cleared away from an area. Delta: A nearly flat deposit of sediment, often triangu- lar, formed at a river mouth where the wave action of the sea is low. Demonstrated resources: According to the U.S. Geo- logical Survey, “A term for the sum of measured plus indicated” resources. See also Identified re- sources; Indicated resource; Measured resource. Density: The mass per unit volume of a solid, liquid, or gas. Depletion allowance: According to the U.S. Geologi- cal Survey, “a business tax deduction analogous to depreciation, but applies to an ore reserve rather than equipment or production facilities. Federal tax law allows this deduction from taxable corpo- rate income, recognizing that an ore deposit is a depletable assetthat must eventuallybe replaced.” Deposition: The physical or chemical process by which sedimentary grains cometorest after being eroded and transported, or by which mineral matter is pre- cipitated from solution. Desalination: Theprocess of removingsalt and miner- als from seawater or from saline water occurring in aquifers in order to render it fit for agriculture or other human use. Desert: A region that has a mean annual precipitation of 10 inches or less. A desert supports little or no vegetation. Desertification: A process by which deserts are cre - ated, expanded, or changedby the clearing away of 1426 • Glossary Global Resources peripheral forestry or brush, thus allowing the desert to occupy new spaces. Diatomaceous earth: A soft, light-colored, siliceous sedimentary rock composed chieflyof the siliceous cell walls of diatoms, microscopic single-celled aquatic plants similar to algae. Ductility: The ability of a solid to change shape with- out breaking when subjected to stress. Ecology: The sciencedealingwith the relationship be- tween organisms and their environments. Ecosystem: An ecological system composed of organ- isms and their environment. Element: A irreducible substance that cannot be bro- ken down into other substances except by radioac- tive decay. Era: A large division of geologic time, composed of more than one geologic period. Erosion: The removal of weathered rock and mineral fragments and grains from an area by the action of wind, ice, gravity, or running water. Eutrophication: The process by which mineral and or- ganic nutrients present in a body of water increase, leading to an overproduction of aquatic plants such as algae and a reduction of animal life. Evaporite: A mineral that has precipitated upon the evaporation of seawater or lake water; a rock largely composed of evaporite minerals. Ex situ: Latin for “out of place”; said of a rock, soil, fos- sil, or other material that is no longer in its original position. See also In situ. Fault: A fracture or system of fractures across which relative movement of rock bodies has occurred. Floodplain: The relatively flat valley floor on either side of a river which may be partly or wholly occu- pied by water during a flood. Flux: A material that reduces the melting point of an ore, a mixture of metals, or other substances. Food chain: A hierarchical arrangement of the organ- isms of an ecological community according to the order of predation, in which each uses the next, usually lower, member ofthe scale asa food source. Fossil fuel: A general term used to refer topetroleum, natural gas, and coal. Fresh water: Waterwith less than0.2percent dissolved salts, such as is found in most streams, rivers, and lakes. Fuel: A material that is burned or otherwise con - sumed to produce energy. Galvanizing: The process of coating iron or steel with zinc to prevent rust. Gem: A precious or semiprecious stone, especially when cut or polished for ornamental purposes. Geochemical cycle: The path by which Earth mate- rials as erosional products of rock are deposited and reformed intorock; also calledthe rockcycle. Geode: A small, hollow, generally spherical body of rock with inward-projecting crystals lining the in- side wall. Geology: Thestudy of the planetEarth—itshistory,its structure, and its processes. Geothermal: Pertaining to the Earth’s internal heat. Germ plasm: Hereditary material, genes; cells whose principal function is reproduction; the jellylike liv- ing matter outside the nucleus of such a cell. Geyser: Atype of hotspring that periodicallyerupts. Glacier: An accumulation of ice that flows viscously as a result of its own weight; a glacier forms when snowfall accumulates and recrystallizes into a gran- ular snow, which becomes compacted and con- verted into solid, interlocking glacial ice. Glass: A solid without a periodic ordering of atoms; natural glasses frequently form when molten mate- rial is rapidly cooled. Global warming: A gradual, ongoing, planet-wide in- crease in temperature, such as that induced by a buildup of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmo- sphere. Gneiss: Acoarse-grainedmetamorphic rock thatshows compositional banding and parallel alignment of minerals. Granite: Alight-colored igneous rockmadeup mainly of three minerals—two feldspars and quartz—with varying amounts of darker minerals. Grassland: One of Earth’s major biomes, containing the planet’s richest soils, which are intensely farmed and grazed. Greenhouse gases: Gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, that hold the heat that enters a planet’s atmosphere as solar radiation; these gases create a warming effect similar to that inside a green- house. Groundwater: Water that is located beneath the sur- face of the Earth in interconnected pores. Guano: A phosphate or nitrate deposit formed by the leaching of bird or bat excrement; used as a fertil- izer. Global Resources Glossary • 1427 Half-life: The time that it takes for half the atoms in a radioactive sample to decay;eachradioactive mate- rial has a different value. Hardness: Resistance to abrasion or surface deforma- tion; the relative hardness of various minerals is of- ten judged by the Mohs hardness scale. Hectare: A metric unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters (2.471 acres). Herbicide: A class of pesticide used to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted vegetation. Horticulture: A form of commercial agriculture en- tailing cultivation of plants in gardens or orchards to produce food for one’s own consumption or for sale. Hydrocarbons: Chemicals composed chiefly of the elements hydrogen and carbon; the term is often applied to petroleum, natural gas, and their by- products. Hydroelectric power: Electricity generated by moving water in turbines. Hydrologic cycle: The constant circulation of water as a liquid and vapor from the oceans to the atmo- sphere, across the land, and back to the oceans. Hydrology: The science and study of the Earth’s water—its properties, its effects, its distribution, and itscirculation; the term isalso often usedin the more restricted sense of flow in channels. Hydrosphere: The waters of the Earth, including rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater, snow, ice, gla- ciers, and water vapor. Hydrothermal: Related to hot water, particularly in- volving the production or dissolution of minerals. Identified resources: According to the U.S. Geologi- cal Survey, “resources whose location, grade, qual- ity, and quantity are known or estimated from specific geologic evidence [including] economic, marginally economic, and subeconomic compo- nents. To reflect varying degrees of geologic cer- tainty, these economic divisions can be subdivided into measured, indicated, and inferred.” Igneous: A type of rock or mineral that forms by the solidification of molten material. In situ: Latin for “in place”; said of a rock, soil, fossil, or other material that is in its original position. See also Ex situ. Indicated resource: According to the U.S. Geological Survey, an identified resource whose “quantity and grade and(or) qualityare computed from informa - tion similar to that used for measured resources, but the sites for inspection, sampling, and mea - surement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, al- though lower than that for measured resources, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation.” Inert gas: A gas that displays no chemical activity. Inferred resource: According to the U.S. Geological Survey,anidentified resource whose “estimates are based on an assumed continuity beyond measured and(or) indicated resources, for which there is geologic evidence. Inferred resources may or may not be supported by samples or measurements.” Insecticide: A pesticidal agent used to kill or other- wise control insects that are harmful to humans or crops. Intrusive rocks: Igneous rocks formed from magmas that have cooled and crystallized underground, within preexisting rock. Ion: An atom,agroup of atoms, or amoleculethat has lost or gained one or more electrons. See also An- ion; Cation. Isotope: A species of an element having the same number of protons but a different number of neu- trons, therefore having a different atomic weight. Laterite: A deep red soil, rich in iron and aluminum oxides, formed by intense chemical weathering in a humid tropical climate. Lava: The fluid rock issued from a volcano or fissure and the solidified rock it forms when it cools. Leaching: The process of dissolving a material from rock or soil. Limestone: A common sedimentary rock containing the mineral calcite; the calcite originated from fos- sil shellsof marine plants andanimals or byprecipi- tation directly from seawater. Lithosphere: The outer shell of the Earth, including both the crust and the upper mantle, which be- haves rigidly over time periods of thousands to mil- lions of years. Magma: Molten silicate liquid plus any crystals, rock inclusions, or gases trapped therein. Malleability: The ability to be shaped or formed. Mantle: The portion of the Earth’s interior that ex- tends from about 60kilometersto 2,900 kilometers in depth; it is composed of relatively high-density minerals that consist primarily of silicates. Marine vents: Openingson the deep seafloor through 1428 • Glossary Global Resources which superheated water and dissolved minerals from deep inside the Earth are emitted; also called “smokers” because of the dark, smokelike appear- ance of the emitted mineral-laden fluid. Measured resource: According to the U.S. Geological Survey, an identified resource whose “quantity is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings, or drill holes; grade and(or) quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling. The sites for inspection, sampling, and measurements are spaced so closely and the geo- logic character is so well defined that size, shape, depth, and mineral content of the resource are well established.” Mechanical weathering: The disintegration of solid rock by physical processes such as frost action, ab- sorption of water, and salt-crystal growth; also called physical weathering. See also Chemical weathering; Weathering. Metalloid: A nonmetallic element having some of the chemical properties of a metal; examples include arsenic, antimony, boron, germanium, selenium, and tellurium. Metallurgy: The science or procedures of extracting metals fromtheir oresandpreparing themfor use. Metamictization: The process by which the original crystal structure of certain rare minerals breaks down as a consequence of the decay of radioactive elements. Metamorphic: A typeofrock formedwhen an existing rock undergoes changes in mineralogy, chemistry, or structure resulting from changes in tempera- ture, pressure, or chemical environment at depth within the Earth. Mineral: A naturally occurring inorganic crystalline substance with a restricted chemical composition. Mining wastes: Soil and rock removed in the process of extracting and processing minerals; spoil and tailings. Miscible: Capable of being mixed. Mohs hardness scale: A hierarchy of ten minerals ar- ranged and numbered in order of increasing hard- ness, with talc (1) as the softest mineral known and diamond (10) as the hardest. Monoculture: In agriculture or forestry, the cultivation or growth of a single-species crop. Multiple use: Use of land for more than one purpose; for example, grazing of livestock, watershed and wildlife protection, recreation, and timber produc - tion. Native element: An element that occurs naturally un - combined with other elements in a nongaseous state. Natural gas: A flammable vapor found in sedimentary rocks, commonly associated with petroleum; also known simply as gas or methane. Natural resource: A naturally occurring substance that is useful to humans and that is found in such a form that it can be extracted economically. See also Resource. Nitrogen fixation: The process by which certain soil bacteria and algae convert inorganic nitrogen com- pounds into organic compounds that plants can assimilate; the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrogen-containing compounds by natural or industrial processes. Noble gas: An inert gas (a gas that displays no chemi- cal activity). Nonrenewable resource: An Earth resource that is fixed in quantity and will not be renewed within a human lifetime. Nuclear energy: Energy produced from a naturally occurring isotope of uranium. In the process of nuclear fission, the unstable uranium isotope ab- sorbs a neutron and splits to form tin and molyb- denum. This releases more neurons, so a chain reaction proceeds, releasing vast amounts of heat energy. Oceanography: The study of the oceans—their struc- ture, their chemistry, their biology, and their phe- nomena. Oil: Greasy substance that remains liquid at room temperature and is insoluble in water. Oils can be obtained from plants and seeds or from the bodies of animals, but the most economically important oil today is mineral oil or petroleum, sometimes called crude oil. This is a product created millions of years ago from the bodies of marine organisms that were incorporated into layers of sedimentary rocks. The petroleum migrated through perme- able rocks to form series of reservoirs that consti- tute an oil field. Oil shale: A fine-grained, sedimentary rock richinoil, gas, and solid tarlike substances. Open-pit mining: Surface mining in which overbur- den is removed to expose valuable rock. Ophiolite: An assemblage of metamorphosed basaltic and ultramafic igneous rocks intimately associated with unmetamorphosed marine sediment. Global Resources Glossary • 1429 Ore: Any concentration of economically valuable minerals. Original resource: According to the U.S. Geological Survey, “the amount of a resource before produc- tion.” Overburden: The material overlying an ore body. Overgrazing: The practice of allowing animals to graze excessively so that the grazing has a negative ef- fect on an area’s vegetation, rendering the land un- sustainable. Oxidation: A very common chemicalreaction in which elements are combined with oxygen; examples in- clude the burning of petroleum, wood, and coal; the rusting of metallic iron; and the metabolic res- piration of organisms. Oxide: A mineral compound in which oxygen is linked with one or more elements. Ozone: A gas containing three atoms of oxygen; ozone is highly concentrated in a zone of the upper atmo- sphere. Peak oil: The point at which oil availability and pro- duction reaches its zenith, before the Earth’s oil re- sources begin an irreversible decline. Pegmatite: A very coarse-grained igneous rock that forms late in the crystallization of a magma; its overall composition is usually granitic, but it is also enriched inmany rare elementsand gem minerals. Pesticide: An agent used to kill or otherwise control organisms that are harmful to humans or crops. Petroleum: A naturally occurring, diverse mixture of mostly liquid hydrocarbons, obtainedfrom oil wells; also called crude oil. See also Oil. Photovoltaics: Devices and technologies that trans- form sunlight into electricity. Placer deposit: A mass of sand, gravel, orsoilresulting from the weathering of mineralized rocks that con- tains grains of gold, tin, platinum, or other valu- able minerals derived from the original rock. Plate tectonics: The widely accepted theory that the outer surface of the Earth consists of large moving plates that interact to produce seismic, volcanic, and mountain-building activity; the movement of tectonic plates. Playa: A nearly level area at the lowest part of an un- drained desert basin, sometimes temporarily cov- ered with water. Pluton: Ageneric termfor anigneous body thatsolidi - fies well below the Earth’s surface; plutonic rocks are coarse-grained because they cool slowly. Porphyry: An igneous rock in which large crystals are embedded in a fine-grained crystalline base. Preservation: The act of keeping a natural area, as nearly as possible, pristine, unaltered, and uncon- taminated by human influence. Pumice: A porous, glassy rock that is a common con- stituent of silica-rich explosive volcanic eruptions. Quarry: An open-pit mine from which stone is ob- tained. Radioactivity: The spontaneous emission from unsta- ble atomic nuclei of alpha particles (helium nu- clei), beta particles (electrons), and gamma rays (electromagnetic radiation). Rare earth element: Any of the metallic elements hav- ing atomic number 57 through 71. Reclamation: In mining, the array of human efforts— mainly slope reshaping, revegetation, and erosion control—meant to improve adverse conditions pro- duced by mining operations. Remote sensing: The collection and interpretation of information about an object without physical contact with the object; for example, satellite imag- ing, aerial photography, and open path measure- ments. Renewable resource: A resource that can be repro- duced, such as a crop, or that renews itself, such as tidal orsolar energy.See also Biofuels,Photovoltaics. Reserve base: According to the U.S. Geological Sur- vey, “That part of an identified resource that meets specified minimum physical and chemical criteria related to current mining and production prac- tices, including those for grade, quality, thickness, and depth. The reserve base is the in-place demon- strated (measured plus indicated) resource from which reserves are estimated [and] includes those resources that are currently economic (reserves), marginally economic (marginal reserves), and some of those that are currently subeconomic (subeconomic resources).” See also Demonstrated resources. Reserves: Surplus materials stored for possible future use. Reservoir: A body of porous and permeable rock; pe- troleum reservoirs contain pools of crude oil or natural gas. Residual mineral deposit: A mineral deposit formed by residual concentration, a process whereby chemical weathering removes undesired constitu - 1430 • Glossary Global Resources ents from rock to leave behind a concentration of valuable minerals. Resource: Accordingtothe U.S. Geological Survey,“a concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and amount that economic extraction of a commodity from the concentration is cur- rently or potentially feasible.” Riprap: Large fragments of broken rock, used most frequently to prevent or minimize erosion by waves or currents. Rock: A naturally occurring consolidated material consisting of one or more minerals. Salt dome: A naturally formed underground struc- ture in the shape of a circular plug, resulting from the upward movement of salt. Salt water: Water with a salt content of 3.5 percent, such as is found in normal ocean water. Saturated zone: The zone beneath the land surface where all the pores in the soil or rock are filled with water rather than with air. Seafloor spreading: The action in which new ocean floor is created at, and moves away from, mid- oceanic ridges. Secondary enrichment: An ore-deposition process in which an ore mineral is dissolved, carried down- ward in solution, and redeposited to form an en- riched zone. Sediment: Solid matter, either organic or inorganic in origin, that settles on a surface; sediment may be transported by wind, water, or glaciers. Sedimentary: A type of rockresulting from theconsol- idation of loose sediment that has accumulated in flat-lying layers on the Earth’s surface. Semimetal: A metalloid. Silicate: A compound having a crystal structure that contains SiO 4 tetrahedra. Silicosis: A fibrous lung disease caused by inhaling sil- ica dust. Silviculture: Management of forestland for timber. Sintering: A bonding of individual particles into a continuous solid phasethrough heating and subse- quent cooling; this process may involve some de- gree of melting. Slurry: A fluid mixture of a liquid (usually water) and a finely divided material (such as cement or plaster of paris). Smelting: A metallurgical process in which an ore is melted to extract the metal it contains. Spoil: In mining, the waste rock that does not contain economically significantconcentrations of anore. Stone: Rock used in construction, either crushed (sometimes called aggregate) or cut into shaped blocks (sometimes called dimension stone). Strategic resource: A material that is vital to a nation’s military and/or economic security, particularly one that must be obtained largely or entirely from for- eign sources because of insufficient domestic sup- plies. Stratum (pl. strata): A layer of sedimentary rock. Strip mining: Open-pit mining; the term is usually ap- plied specifically to surface-mining operations for obtaining coal. Sublimate: A solid crystalline material that is depos- ited directly from the vapor state. Sublimation: The conversion of a solid directly to the vapor form, without its becoming a liquid. Surface water: Waterthatflows acrossor collects upon the surface of the Earth, including streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. Sustainability: In an ecological sense, the ability of a biome to remain productive and to maintain spe- cies diversity over time. Tailings: The portions of washed or milled ore that have been separatedfrom material of value and are too poor to merit further processing. Tectonics: The study of the processes that formed the structural features of the Earth’s crust; it usually addresses the creation and movement of immense crustal plates (plate tectonics). See also Plate tec- tonics. Topsoil: The organically rich, fertile upper layer of soil that can support plant life. Traceelement: A nonessentialelementfound in small quantities in a mineral; also, a physiologically es- sential element that occurs in minute quantities in plant and animal tissue. Trap: A structure in rocks that allows petroleum or natural gas toaccumulate rather than flow through the area. Ultramafic rocks: Dense, dark-colored, iron- and magnesium-rich silicate rocks composed primarily of the minerals olivine and pyroxene. Uncommitted inventory: According to the U.S. Geo- logical Survey, “the quantity of mineral materials held in the[United States’] National Defense Stock - pile.” Global Resources Glossary • 1431 Vein: A mineral deposit that fills a fault or other frac - ture. Volcanic rock: Fine-grained igneous rock formedat or near the surface of the Earth. Water table: The upper level of the saturated zone; at and below this depth, the pores in the soil and rock are saturated with water. Weather: Atmospheric conditions, including temper- ature, barometric pressure, humidity, and wind ve - locity, at a given place and time. See also Climate. Weathering: The mechanical disintegration and chem- ical decomposition of rocks and sediments. See also Chemical weathering; Mechanical weathering. Wetland:An areathat is saturatedby surfaceor ground- water with vegetation adapted for life under those soil conditions,as swamps, bogs,fens,marshes, and estuaries. 1432 • Glossary Global Resources Bibliography This select bibliography is divided into fourteen sections, arranged alphabetically: Conservation and Environmental Man- agement; Ecological Regions andIssues; EnergyResources; EnvironmentalEngineering; Geological Processes and Formations; Global Climate Change; Government Resources; Mineral and Chemical Resources; Plant and Animal Resources; Pollution and Waste Management; Social, Economic, and Political Issues; Soil and Agricultural Resources; Technology and Industry; and Water Resources and Hydrology. Conservation and Environmental Management Armstrong, Susan J., and Richard G. Botzler, eds. En- vironmental Ethics: Divergence and Convergence. 3d ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Botkin, Daniel B., and Edward A. Keller. Environmen- tal Science: Earthas a Living Planet. 7th ed. NewYork: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. Carroll, Scott P., and Charles W. Fox, eds. Conservation Biology: Evolution in Action. New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2008. Chiras, Daniel D., and John P. Reganold. Natural Re- source Conservation: Management for a Sustainable Fu- ture. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009. Dodds, Walter K. Humanity’s Footprint: Momentum, Im- pact, and Our Global Environment. New York: Colum- bia University Press, 2008. Ehrenfeld, David. BecomingGood Ancestors: How We Bal- ance Nature, Community, and Technology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Farnham, Timothy J. Saving Nature’s Legacy: Origins of the Idea of Biological Diversity. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007. Freyfogle, Eric T. Why Conservation IsFailing and How It Can Regain Ground. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Uni- versity Press, 2006. Hadley, Malcolm, et al. Biosphere Reserves: Special Places for People and Nature. Paris: UNESCO, 2002. Harper,Charles L. Environment and Society: Human Per- spectives on Environmental Issues. 4th ed. Upper Sad- dle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008. Hobbs, Richard J., and Katharine N. Suding, eds. New Models for Ecosystem Dynamics and Restoration. Wash- ington, D.C.: Island Press, 2009. Hunter, Malcolm L., Jr., and James P. Gibbs. Funda- mentals of Conservation Biology. 3d ed. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2007. Jacobson, Michael C., et al. Earth System Science: From Biogeochemical Cycles to Global Change. 2d ed. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, 2000. Jeffries, Michael J. Biodiversity and Conservation.2ded. New York: Routledge, 2006. Knight, Richard L., and Courtney White, eds. Conserva- tion for a New Generation: Redefining Natural Resources Management. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2009. Ladle, Richard J., ed. Biodiversity and Conservation: Critical Concepts in the Environment. 5 vols. New York: Routledge, 2009. Loeffe, Christian V., ed. Conservation and Recycling of Resources: New Research. New York: Nova Science, 2006. Louka, Elli. Biodiversity and Human Rights: The Interna- tional Rules for the Protection of Biodiversity. Ardsley, N.Y.: Transnational, 2002. MacDonald, Glen Michael. Biogeography: Space, Time, and Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. Maclaurin, James, and Kim Sterelny. What Is Biodiver- sity? Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. Miller, G. Tyler, Jr. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. 15th ed. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 2007. Minteer, Ben A., ed. Nature in Common? Environmen- tal Ethics and the Contested Foundations of Environmen- tal Policy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009. Morin, Peter Jay. Community Ecology. 2d ed. Oxford, Oxfordshire, England: Blackwell, 2008. Peacock, Kathy Wilson. Natural Resources and Sustain- able Development. New York: Facts On File, 2008. Pickett, Steward T. A., Jurek Kolas, and Clive G. Jones. Ecological Understanding: The Nature of Theory and the Theory of Nature. 2d ed. Boston: Academic Press, 2007. Portney, Paul R., and Robert N. Stavins, eds. Public Pol- icies for Environmental Protection. 2d ed. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 2000. Primack, Richard B. Essentials of Conservation Biology. 4th ed.Sunderland, Mass.: SinauerAssociates, 2006. Raven, Peter, Linda R. Berg, and David M. Hassen - zahl. Environment. 7th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2009. Rosenbaum, Walter A.Environmental Politics and Policy. 7th ed. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2008. Scott, Nicky. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: An Easy Household Guide. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green, 2007. Sherratt, Thomas N., and David M. Wilkinson. Big Questions in Ecologyand Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Sinclair, Anthony R. E., John M. Fryxell, and Graeme Caughley. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Man- agement. 2d ed. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2006. Somerville, Richard C. J. The Forgiving Air: Understand- ing Environmental Change. 2d ed. Boston: American Meteorological Society, 2008. Traer, Robert. Doing Environmental Ethics. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2009. Trudgill, Stephen. The Terrestrial Biosphere: Environ- mental Change, Ecosystem Science, Attitudes, and Values. New York: Prentice Hall, 2001. Williams, R. J. P.,and J. J. R. Fraústo da Silva. The Chem- istry of Evolution: The Development of Our Ecosystem. Boston: Elsevier, 2006. Ecological Regions and Issues Aber, John D., and Jerry M. Melillo. Terrestrial Ecosys- tems. 2d ed. San Diego, Calif.: Harcourt Academic Press, 2001. Berger, John J. Forests Forever: Their Ecology, Restoration, and Protection. Chicago: Center for American Places, 2008. Bettinger, Peter, et al. Forest Management and Planning. Boston: Academic Press/Elsevier, 2009. Bowyer, James L., Robin Shmulsky, and John G. Haygreen. Forest Products and Wood Science: An Intro- duction. Drawings by Karen Lilley. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell, 2007. Burton, L. DeVere. Introduction to Forestry Science.2ded. Clifton Park,N.Y.: Thomson DelmarLearning,2008. Cain, Michael L., William D. Bowman, and Sally D. Hacker. Ecology. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associ- ates, 2008. Cordell, H. Ken,John C. Bergstrom, andJ.M. Bowker, eds. The Multiple Values of Wilderness. State College, Pa.: Venture, 2005. Côté, Isabelle M., and John D. Reynolds, eds. Coral Reef Conservation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Dale, Virginia H., and Richard A. Haeuber, eds. Ap - plying Ecological Principles to Land Management. New York: Springer, 2001. Davis, Lawrence S., et al. Forest Management: To Sustain Ecological, Economic, and Social Values. 4th ed. Bos- ton: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Dawson, Chad P., and John C. Hendee. Wilderness Management: Stewardship and Protection of Resources and Values. 4th ed. Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum, 2008. Dickinson, Gordon, and Kevin Murphy. Ecosystems.2d ed. New York: Routledge, 2007. Dugan, Patrick, ed. Guide to Wetlands. Buffalo, N.Y.: Firefly Books, 2005. Gane, Michael.ForestStrategy: Strategic Management and Sustainable Development for the Forest Sector. New York: Springer, 2007. Hanna, Kevin S., Douglas A. Clark, and D. Scott Slocombe, eds. Transforming Parks and Protected Areas: Management and Governance in a Changing World. New York: Routledge, 2007. Haslam, Sylvia. Understanding Wetlands: Fen, Bog, and Marsh. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2003. Heacox, Kim. An American Idea: The Making of the Na- tional Parks.Washington,D.C.:National Geographic Society, 2001. Hendee, John C., and Chad P. Dawson. Wilderness Management. 4thed. Golden, Colo.:Fulcrum,2009. Holechek, Jerry L., Rex D. Pieper, and Carlton H. Herbel. Range Management: Principles and Practices. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. Holzman, Barbara A. Tropical Forest Biomes. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2008. Kerasote, Ted, ed. 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