INDEX OF NAMES 1032 Wood, Henry 341 Wood, Henry A.Wise 676 Woolf, Arthur 279 Woolley, Sir Leonard 57, 69 Woolrich, J.S. 357–8 Worcester, Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquis of 33, 273 Worsdell, T.W. 582 Wren, Christopher 860, 867, 881–2 Wright, Orville and Wilbur 39, 622–4 Wyatt, John 824–5, 828, 830 Yost, Paul E. 613 Young, James 211 Young, L.C. 729 Zahn, Johann 731 Zède, Gustave 537 Zeiger, Herbert 737 Zeiss, Carl 417 Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von 617 Zisman 220 Zizka, John 978 Zonca 265, 266 Zuccato, Eugenio de 683 Zuse, Konrad 702 Zworykin, Vladimir K. 745 Zyl, van 251 1033 Aaron Manby (ship) 164 abacus 686, 697–8 Aberdeen (ship) 286 Aberdeen: granite construction 860 abrasives 407–8 accumulator 353–4 acoustic coupler 710 acrylic fibres 850 acrylic plastics 219 adhesives 220 adobe 856 advertising, radio 727 adzes copper 49 stone 11 aerofoil sails (ships) 526 aeronautical alloys 116, 122, 143 aeronautics see balloons; aircraft Africa, early technology 6, 9, 10 Aga cooker 941–2 Agamemnon (ship) 715 Agenoria (locomotive) 562 Agricultural Revolution 802 agriculture 761–802 alternate husbandry 779 animal husbandry 765 animal power in 267, 765 arable farming 767–87 archaeologists’ view 761–2 canals benefiting 512–13 crop rotation 21, 779 crop storage 799–800 dairy farming 791–6 farm traction 787–91 fertilizers 170, 223–4, 774–5 pest control 775–7 weed control 777–8 air, compressed 469, 553, 962 air defence missiles 1008 air warfare 994–5, 998–1000 see also aircraft, military aircraft 609–47 cantilever wing 628 convertible and hybrid 644 engines: gas turbines 39, 330, 333, 335–8, 634–40; piston 39, 319– 20; supercharged 316 jet-propelled 39, 634– 40 jet-supported 639–40 man-powered 646–7 military 628, 630, 632–3, 634, 990, 995, 998 petrol-engined 622–34 recreational 644–6 rocket-propelled 634, 635 ‘spy’ 1010 steam-powered 619–21 supersonic 39–40, 638–9 wing covering (cellulose acetate) 218 wing shapes 635, 636 Wright brothers’ 39, 622–4 see also airliners; airships; biplanes; gliders aircraft carriers 535–6, 1002 aircraft detectors 995 airliners 629, 630–31, 634 jet 636–9 supersonic 39–40, 638–9 airships 614–17 Aisne-Marne Canal 488 Albati see nickel silver alcohol 801 Aldine Press 671 Alecto (ship) 528 Alexandria: Pharos 542 alizarin 202 Alkali Act (1863) (UK) 222 Allegheny Portage Railroad 512 alloy steel 172–5 alloys aeronautical 116, 122, 143 age-hardening 121–3, 124, 126 brazing 80, 87, 96 cutlery 97, 98, 174–5 gilding metal 74 high- temperature 124–8, 144 magnetic 137 single crystal 128 sintered 135–7 superconducting 144–5 see also under names of metals alphabet, evolution 667 Altair calculator kit 706 INDEX OF TOPICS INDEX OF TOPICS 1034 alternate husbandry 779 alternating current 370–71, 372, 960 generators 362 motors 383 waveforms 377 alum 199–200 alumina 102 aluminium 102–113, 115 production: by carbon reduction 106; by electrolysis 105, 107–11, 112–13, 224; by magnesium reduction 106; by sodium reduction 104– 106, 109 aluminium alloys 106, 122–3, 418 American Civil War 533, 988–9, 992, 996–7 American System 407 see also mass production Amerindians copper artefacts 48 platinum artefacts 129 amino acids, selective herbicides 778 ammeter 375 ammonia manufacture 5, 223–4 ammunition anti-tank 994 chain-shot 981–2 conical 986–7 fin-stabilized 1009 grapeshot 982 hollow charge 1004 incendiary 995 rifle (Minié) ball 983–4 roundshot 981 shrapnel shell 986 tank-gun 1003 tracer 995 World War I 990 ampere balance 374 Amsterdam-Rhine Canal 491 Amtrak 598 analysis, chemical 179, 188, 189 Analytical Engine (Babbage) 31, 699–701 Anatolia copper artefacts 48, 50 lead artefacts 68 anchors 540–41 Anderton lift 486 anglesite 68 aniline dyes 201–202, 907 animal husbandry 765 see also dairy farming animal power 13, 260–69, 614, 765, 787–8, 870, 939–40 annealing, bronze 66 anodizing, titanium and titanium alloys 144 antifreeze 212 Antikythera gearing mechanism 17 Antoing-Pommeroeil Canal 493 Apollo space project 653–4, 661–2 aqua regia 220 aqualung 553 aquatints 678 aqueducts 19, 477, 478, 479, 480, 482, 483, 485, 4 87, 4 97, 9 1 8 arable farming 767–87 arc lamps 362–5, 914 arc welding 418–19 arch 872–4 see also arcuated construction arch bridges 462–3, 464–5 archaeological ages 5–6 Archimedean screw 19 architectural orders 858 Architecture Hydraulique (Bélidor) 233 arcuated construction 859 ard 769 Argentan see nickel silver Argosy airliner 629 Ariane rocket 662, 748 armour early 968–9 Greek 970 half 978 horse 974 mediaeval 973 Norman 972 plate 973 World War I 991–2 armoured vehicles 978, 993, 1003, 1004 Aron meter 376 arquebus 977 arrows 968 fire 970 obsidian-headed 195 stone- headed 11 arsenical copper 56–8, 61–2 Art du Tourneur, L’ (Plumier) 394 artificial intelligence 43 artificial silk 849 artillery 977–8, 980–81 anti-aircraft 995 friction tube ignition 986 predicted fire 990 rifled 987, 988 role in World War I 989–91 self- propelled 1004 sound ranging 990–91 ASCC (computer) 41, 702 ASCII codes 709 ashlar 860 asphalt 211 assembly line (cars) 413–14 see also mass production Assyrians chemical tablets 187 glass 16 pottery glazes 191 pulley 18 warfare 969 astrolabe 694 astronomical instruments 24 see also telescopes Athens: Parthenon 858, 859 atmospheric engine 33, 305 atmospheric rail traction 570–71 atomic clock 697 atomic energy 212–16 INDEX OF TOPICS 1035 atomic number 213 atomic structure 213 atomic theory 189, 212–13 atomic weapons 214, 1005–1008 atomic weights 213 Austin 7 car 452–3 Australopithecus 6 autobahns 437 autogiro 642 automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) 425, 426–8 automation 181, 425, 426–8, 796 automotive engines 453–6 see also internal combustion engines; steam engines aviation see aircraft aviation fuel 317 axes copper 48, 50–51 Cretan double 62 Frankish weapon 972 stone 10, 967 axle 13, 16 azo dyes 202 Aztecs, use of rubber 216 azurite 52 Baie Verte Canal 509 Bakelite 218 balance beam 18 ball bearings, mass production 410 ball-point pen 669 ballistic missiles 1007 ballistics 982 ballistite 988 ‘balloon barrage’ 613 balloons 609–14 band saw 418 barges 514–15 Barker’s Mill 243 barley 12, 764 Baroque architecture 880 barque 526 barrel vault 875, 879 BASIC computer language 706 basket grate 916 basketwork 15 bathing 917, 919 battering rams 969–70 battery (electrical) 41, 352–4 for vehicles 455, 458, 459 battery (hollow ware) 82 battle cruisers 535 battleships 534, 535, 996 pocket 324 bauxite 104 purification 111–12 bayonet 979 beam engine 275, 280–81 bearings ball, mass production 410 roller 413 sintered bronze 137 bell 65 Bellifortis (Kyeser) 648 bellows 13, 18 ‘bends’ (compression sickness) 553 benzene 201, 208 beryllium and beryllium alloys 123–4 bevel gear 17 bibliographic databases 756 bicycles 37, 217, 442–7 mass production 409–10 biological pest control 777 biological warfare 1009 biplane 624, 626–8, 629, 632 bitumen 211, 220 Biwako Canal 506 Black Arrow rocket 662 Black Country 156 black powder see gunpowder blacksmithing 17 blade tools copper 48, 62 stone 10 blankets, raising pile 818 blast furnace iron 149–51, 153, 154, 157–8, 160, 162–3, 178 zinc 94 blast furnace gas, engine fuel 314 blasting gelatine 190, 223 bleaching 205, 835 bleaching powder 205, 222, 835 bleu de Deck (glaze) 194 ‘Blimp’ 615 Blitzkrieg concept 1002 block (pulley) 522 mass production 30, 398, 404–405 block printing 669 textiles 835 wallpaper 903 bloomery 149, 151 blowpipe 13 Blücher (locomotive) 560 ‘blue whiteners’ 205 boat, electric 378, 380 Boeing 707 airliner 637 Boeing 747 airliner 637–8 Bombardier Français, Le (Bélidor) 982 INDEX OF TOPICS 1036 bombards 975 see also cannon bomber aircraft 632–3 bombs 980, 1000 bone china 194 bone tools 9 boneshaker (bicycle) 443, 445 books illustration 673–4, 678–9 printing 671–2, 676–7 technological and practical 187, 232, 235–6, 242, 251, 265–6, 672 Boolean algebra 701 boot-making 854 Bordeaux mixture 777 boring machines 155–6, 396–7, 403, 415 boron 102 bottle 198 bottle jack 940 bow 9, 967–8, 969, 972 see also crossbow bow-drill 9, 389 bow drives 389, 392 bowstring girder bridge 463 box girder bridge 464 brace, carpenter’s 26 braiding 820 braking systems coach 439 motor car 452 railway 580–81 Brandtaucher (ship) 537 brass 72–6, 79, 80, 81, 82–3, 84, 85–92 coinage alloy 66 gears 17, 23 Brayton cycle 329 brazing alloys 80, 87, 96 breakwater 548 breech-loading gun 984, 987 brewing, fuels used in 207 brickmaking 868, 869–70 bricks 873 flooring 904 sun-dried 856 brickwork 866–9 bridges 462–7 arch 463–4, 464–5 bowstring girder 463 box girder 464 cantilever 463–4, 883 clam 462 clapper 462, 859 glossary of terms 466 iron 156, 463, 465, 893, 895 reinforced concrete 890–91 Roman 19, 462–3 suspension 465–6 transporter 496, 518 Bridgewater Canal 477, 482 brig 525 Brightray C alloys 125 Bristol: soap industry 204 Britannia (Ogilvy) 461 British plate see nickel silver broaching machines 414 broadcloth 817, 818, 821 Brooklyn Bridge 465 bronze 57–66 aluminium 106, 109 Chinese 59, 63–5, 73, 79 gears 17 Grecian 62–3, 65–6 lead in 64–5, 76 patina 65 Roman 66, 67 sintered bearings 137 Bronze Age 57–63, 67, 69, 73 bridges 462 tools 388–9 weapons 388–9, 968 Browning automatic rifle 992 Brussels-Charleroi Canal 493 Brussels lace 848 brutalist architecture 891–2 bubble-car 449 bucket wheel excavator 471 building and architecture 22, 855–901 building materials bricks 856, 868, 869–70, 873, 904 concrete 886–8, 889; pre-cast 891; pre-stressed 466, 891–3; reinforced 466, 859, 885, 889–91 earth 855–6 flint 856–7 iron 893–6 masonry 859–61 plastics 900 steel 859, 896–9 tiles 870–71, 885; floor 904 wood 856, 857, 861–6, 905, 906 bulldozer 471 Bunsen burner 210, 914 Bunsen cell 353 buoys mooring 541 navigational markers 542– 3 bureaufax 744 buses 457–8 butter churning machines 262, 269 butter-making 794 buttons 852 buttresses 876–9 Bydgoszcz Canal 505 Byzantine Empire 971 architecture 880 cables power transmission 371–2 ships’ 541 submarine telegraphy 715, 965 CAD (computer aided design) 425 calamine 75, 80, 81, 82, 83 calcium carbide 112 calculating devices 31, 398, 697–701, 702, 707 electronic 706 see also Analytical Engine, Babbage, computers, Difference Engine INDEX OF TOPICS 1037 Calder Hall nuclear power station 215 Caledonian (Great Glen) Canal 480–81 calico-printing machine 835 calipers 391, 417 gunner’s 25 calotype process 732 cam 25 CAM (computer aided manufacture) 425 camera obscura 730, 731 camouflage 991 Campbell Diagram 299 can opener 937 canal and river craft 514–15 Canal de Bourgogne 487 Canal de Briare 483 Canal de l’Est 488 Canal de Mons (Canal du Centre) 487, 493 Canal d’Entreroches 499–500 Canal des Houillères de la Sarre 488 Canal d’Orleans 486 Canal du Berry 517 Canal du Centre (Canal de Mons) 487, 493 Canal du Loing 486 Canal du Midi 484–5, 486, 516 Canal Lateral à la Garonne 485 canals 161, 439, 474–518 associated railway construction 556 glossary of terms 517–18 irrigation 768 water power 241 see also individual canal entries by location candle-clock 22, 23 candles 912–13 canned food 798, 937 cannon 403 cannon borers 396–7 cantilever bridges 463–4, 883 cantilever construction 882–3 Cape Cod Canal 510 caracole (cavalry tactic) 977 carbide tools 135–7, 412, 417 carbine 979 carbon filament lamp 366, 368, 386 carbon paper 683 carburettor 310, 311, 454 carding 82, 809, 812 carding machines 830–31, 836–7 cargo handling 548, 549–50 see also containerization carnallite 114 Carnot cycle 343 carpenter’s tools 14–15, 17, 26 carpentum 438 carpet shampooer 927 carpet sweepers 924–5 carpets 905–906 weaving 812, 845–6, 905–906 carraca dormitoris 438 carrack 520 carriages 437–8, 440 steam-powered 35, 441–2 cartography 546 cartridges 979, 984 carving, cave 11 caschrom 13 casein plastics 218 cassiterite 58, 60 cast-iron 18, 85, 149–53, 168 gears 17 gun barrels 987 millwork 238 rails 161, 556 water pipes 954 Castile Canal 505 casting bronze 61–2, 64–5 continuous 177, 179– 80 copper 49–51, 62, 67–8 ploughshares 771 castle 974 Catal Hüyük 50, 68 catalysts 222 Haber process 224 hydrochloric acid oxidation 222 hydrogenation of oils 190 catalysts—cont petroleum re-forming platforming 212 sulphur dioxide oxidation 222–3 catapult 969 caterpillar track 472 cathedrals 22 treadwheels 263–4 cathode ray tube 377, 744–5 cathodic protection 144 caustic soda, manufacture 225 cavalry 979, 988 Assyrian 969 Byzantine 971 caracole tactic 977 Hun 971 cave art 11, 686 CD see compact disc ceilings 903 cells, electric 352–4 Celluloid 217 cellulose acetate 217–18 cellulose nitrate 217, 218 cement 466, 887, 888–9 central heating 917 INDEX OF TOPICS 1038 Central Pacific Railroad 574, 579–80 Centurion tank 1003 ceramics 190–95 tools 412 cereals cultivation 764, 769 harvesting 779–83 storage 799–801 yields 800 cerussite 69, 71 Chaff (radar jamming system) 1000 chain cable 541 chain mail 968 chain shot 981–2 Chalcolithic Age 48, 52 chalcopyrite 55, 70 Channel Tunnel 470 charcoal 206 use in smelting 52, 60, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155 chariots 438, 969 charka (spinning wheel) 813 Charlotte Dundas (ship) 527 charts 546 chauffeur (origin of term) 460 cheese-making 794–5 Chemical Essays (Watson) 88 chemical industry 189–90 Chemical Manipulation (Faraday) 352 chemical milling 419 chemical weapons gas 992–3, 998, 1009 Greek Fire 971 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal 510 Chesapeake and Raritan Canal 510 chimney crane 939 chimneys 22 China, Ancient bellows 18 bronze 59, 63–5, 73, 79 building and architecture 868 canals 475 cantilever bridges 463 cast iron 18 cereal storage 799 clocks 392, 694, 695 fire 7 gunpowder 19 optical glass 197 paktong 80 paper 18–19, 667 plough mouldboard 770 pottery and porcelain 192 rockets 648 scythe 780 steel 18 terrace field systems 767 umbrella 853 voice reproduction 720 weapons 974 writing (ideograms) 15, 667 zinc 78–9, 80 ‘china ware’ 194 chisel 146 chlorate match 912 chlorine manufacture 222 uses: in bleaching 205; in water treatment 953 weapon 992 chromium alloys high-temperature 125, 126–7 nichrome 386 chronometer 544, 696 chrysocolla 52 cider mill 260 cinematography film 218 see also motion pictures Cistercians 232 Citroën cars 452, 453 cladding materials 861, 900 clam bridges 462 clapper bridges 462, 859 clay 190–91 Clean Air Acts (US) 319 cleaning 922–8 Clermont (ship) 35, 527 clipper ships 524, 525 clocks 22–4, 392, 694–7 atomic 697 candle 22, 23 electric 696 gears 17 pendulum 23–4 water 16, 22–3, 392, 694 see also chronometers close stool 921 clothes press 931–2 clothing manufacture 850–51 coaches 438–9, 440, 562, 963–4 Coade stone 871–2 coal 207–208 canal transport 477 heating fuel 915–16 ships’ fuel 529 smelting and refining fuel 83, 84, 153, 157 coal gas 40, 161, 208–10, 957–9 coal gas balloons 612 coal gas engines 305–307, 310, 314 coal mining 207–208, 555, 559, 560 coal tar 201, 208 Coalbrookdale 154, 155, 156, 157, 207, 465, 556, 559, 893 coastguard service 539–40 cobalt alloys high-temperature 127–8 magnetic 137 cobalt glazes 192 COBOL computer language 704 cochineal 200 code-breaking machines 422, 701–702, 1001 Codice Atlantico (Leonardo da Vinci) 390 coffer dams 19, 462–3 cog 520 cog and rung gears 269 INDEX OF TOPICS 1039 coinage metals brass 66, 75, 76 cupro-nickel 97, 99 nickel silver 98–9 paktong 97 zinc 78–9 coins 27–8, 71 coke 85, 153–4, 157, 207 collodion process 733 Colossus code-breaking machine 701–702 colour motion pictures 723, 742 colour photography 735–6 colour printing 681–2 colour television 745, 746 Columbian printing press 675 combine harvester 781, 786–7 combing (textile fibres) 809 combing machines 839–40 Comet (ship) 35, 537 Comet airliner 637 communications satellites 657, 746–8, 965–6 commutator 3 57 compact disc (CD) 725, 755–6 comparators 406, 421 compass gyro 545 magnetic 21, 350, 545 Complete Course of Lithography, A (Ackermann) 678 component interchangeability 29–30, 405–406, 771, 983 composite materials 138 compound steam engines 278–9, 284–5, 530, 581–2 compression ignition engines 310, 321–5, 454 marine 323–5, 531, 532 see also diesel engines compression sickness 553 computer aided design (CAD) 425 computer aided manufacture (CAM) 425 computer assisted learning (instruction) 754 computer graphics 702, 709 computer integrated manufacturing 427 computer languages 704, 705–706 computers 41–2, 701–703 applications: in printing 681; in public services 966; in steel-making 181–2; in war 1010 data storage and retrieval systems 707, 751, 752–6 fifth generation 43 interactive terminals 704 laptop 709–10 mainframe 703–705, 707; time-sharing 704–705 mainframe—micro communication 708–10 micro705–708 mini705 operation and programming 703–705 precursor 31 remote job entry 704 Concorde aircraft 40, 639 concrete 886–8, 889 pre-cast 891 pre-stressed 466, 891–3 reinforced 466, 859, 885, 889–91 concrete bridges 466 concrete roads 437 Constellation airliner 634 contact materials (electrical) 133, 138 container ships 532 containerization 477, 550, 601 controls machine tool 421–3 steel strip thickness 181 cooking 93 8–47 with electricity 373, 944–6 with gas 210, 942–4, 958 with microwaves 946–7 pressure 946 with solid fuel 940–42 Copernicus satellite 658 copper 12–13, 47–57, 68 arsenical 56–8, 61–2 cold-forged native 47–9 melted and cast native 49–51 mining 51, 67, 79–80, 82 refining 84, 85 separation from nickel 100 ships’ hull protection 524 smelted 51–5 Copper Age 5, 48, 51–2, 55 copper alloys 123, 124 see also arsenical copper; brass; bronze; cupro-nickel; gilding metal; Monel metal; paktong coppersmith’s tongs 15 copying machines 683–4, 736 corbelling 882–3 cordite 988 Corinth Canal 501 Corliss engines 282–3, 285 corn mills animal-powered 230, 262–3, 265, 266 automatic 30–31 drive mechanisms 26 gears 17 steam-powered 257 text-book 238 water-powered 233 wind-powered 245–8, 250–51 Cornish engines 277–8 Cornwall (locomotive) 569 Corporal missile 1007 corrosion prevention see cathodic protection; galvanizing corrugated iron 95–6, 180 corvette 536 Côteau du Lac Canal 506 cotton 804, 807–808, 833–4 bleaching 83 5 carding 836–7 cleaning and opening INDEX OF TOPICS 1040 machines 835–6 combing 840 mercerized 849 sizing 842–3 spinning 824–5, 837–8 cotton mill, horse-driven 266 counting 686, 697–8 County of York (ship) 286 Coventry bicycle industry 445 motor cycle industry 448 crane 19, 549 treadwheel 264 crank 25–6, 276, 390 bell 269 cream separator 794 creep (metals) 299 Crete bronze artefacts 62 building and architecture 857–8 Crimean War 533 crimping devices 933 Crinan Canal 481 cristallo glass 196 crop rotation 21, 779 crossbow 25, 972–3 crucible furnace 50, 60 crucible steel 159–60, 397 crucibles, Bronze Age 60–61 cruck building 861–2 cruise missiles 1007–1008 cruisers 534, 536 cryolite 104, 105, 107–108, 109 Crystal Palace 895, 899 crystal radio sets 726 cubit 391 cuneiform script 15, 666 cuprite 52 cupro-nickel alloys 97, 98, 99, 101, 124 curfew 911 Curtis turbines 293–4 cutlery alloys 97, 98, 174–5 cutting tools sintered carbide 135–7 steel 159, 174, 412 tungsten alloy 412 water-powered manufacture of 240 see also drills; lathes; etc. cyclopean masonry construction 860 cylinder boring machine 397 Cyprus: copper artefacts 73 2,4-D 778 Dacron 220, 850 daguerreotypes 732–3, 735 dairy farming 791–6 Dalsland Canal 502 dams canal reservoir 484, 507 coffer 19, 462–3 river impoundment 951–2, 955 Daniell cell 353 Danube river, canalization 504 data storage and retrieval systems 707, 751, 752–6 database, bibliographic 756 Dataplatter system 750 davits 540 Daylight trains 597 daymarks 543 DDT 776–7 De Architectura (Vitruvius) 230, 864 De Magnete (Gilbert) 41, 350 De Motu Animalium (Borelli) 646 De Re Metallica (Agricola) 14, 196, 232, 233, 264–5 De Rerum Natura (Lucretius) 212 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (Copernicus) 672 Decca navigator 546 decimalization 401, 403 Delaware and Hudson Canal 511–12 delftware 192 demotic script 667 depth charge 535, 997–8, 1001 depth sounding 544–5 derrick 211, 549 desalination plant 955 destroyers 534–5, 536 detergents, synthetic 204–205 detonators 988 diamond drill bits 212 diamond mining 267 Dictionnaire de Chimie (Macquer) 129–31 diesel engines 310, 311–14 marine 531, 532 see also under locomotives Difference Engines (Babbage) 31, 699, 701 Differential Analyzer (Bush) 750 diffraction gratings 423 digital watches 697 ‘dinanderie’ 81 diode valve 41, 720, 726 direct current 370, 372 generators 356–62 motors 383 directed energy weapons 1010 directional solidification (alloys) 127 INDEX OF TOPICS 1041 dishwashers 927–8 Dismal Swamp Canal 510 distaff 809 dividers 391 dividing engine 394, 395 diving 553 Dneiper river, canalization 503–504 dobby 844 docks dry 551–2 wet 548 dockyards, naval 552 dog grates 916 dog-powered treadmill 269 dog turnspit 939–40 Dolby noise reduction system 724 dolomite 119, 120, 170, 195 domes 879–82 donkey power 230 Dortmund-Ems Canal 496–7, 498 Doxford engine 325 dragline excavators 471 dragoons 979 drainage mills, wind-powered 249–50 drains sewage disposal 956–7 soil 771, 782 surface water 955–6 Draisine (bicycle) 442 draw boy loom 816 drawing frame 831–2 dreadnought 535 dredgers 550–51 drilling oilfield 211–12 ultrasonic 419 drilling machines, controls for 422, 424 drills bow 9 compressed air 469 rocking 389 tungsten steel 174 drive mechanisms 25 drop-valves 282 dry-cleaning 208, 854 dry-stone construction 859–60 drying (laundry) 931 ducted fan engines see turbofan engines Duke of Argyle (ship) 35 dump truck 471 duplicator, stencil 683 Duralumin (alloy) 122 Dutch loom 820 dyers’ weed see weld dyestuffs 199–203, 907 dynamite 190, 223, 988 Eagle (ship) 537 ear trumpet 687 earth closet 922 earth construction 855–6 earthmoving machinery 470–72 Ebbw Vale 158, 163, 181 Echo I satellite 657, 747 echo-sounder (sonar) 536, 545, 998 EDVAC 702 Eddystone lighthouse 542, 888 Edison effect 720, 726 Eemskanaal 492 Egyptians, Ancient arch 462 armour 968 art (profile convention) 15 boats 520 bronze artefacts 59, 62 building and architecture 18, 856, 857, 872, 887 Egyptians, Ancient— cont canals 474–5 chicken-rearing 796 cleansing agents 203 copper artefacts 12, 50, 56, 59, 62 copper smelting and refining 54 dairy farming 791 dyeing 199, 200 fuels 206 glass 16, 195 glues 220 iron artefacts 18 irrigation 767 lathe 389 lead artefacts 69 machines 17–18 obelisks 13 pottery glaze 191 river impoundment 952 silver artefacts 70 standards of length 18, 391 weapons 969 welding 417 writing 666–7 Eiffel Tower 894 Eisernen Wasserräder (Henne) 242 El Gobernador (locomotive) 580 elastic fabrics 853 Elbaski Canal 504 Elbe-Havel Canal 495 Elbe Seiten Canal 498 Elbe-Trave Canal 494 electric arc 352 see also arc lamps; arc welding electric arc furnace 106, 176, 182 electric boats and ships 378, 380, 531 electric cells 352–4 electric clock 696 electric cookers 373, 944–6 electric current measurement 374–5 see also alternating current; direct current electric heating 916–17 electric iron 934 electric lighting 41, 358, 360, 369, 386–7, 914– 15, 959, 961 . 787–8, 870, 939–40 annealing, bronze 66 anodizing, titanium and titanium alloys 144 antifreeze 212 Antikythera gearing mechanism 17 Antoing-Pommeroeil Canal 493 Apollo space project 653–4, 661–2 aqua. (Canal du Centre) 487, 493 Canal d’Entreroches 499–500 Canal des Houillères de la Sarre 488 Canal d’Orleans 486 Canal du Berry 517 Canal du Centre (Canal de Mons) 487, 493 Canal du Loing 486 Canal. aided manufacture) 425 camera obscura 730, 731 camouflage 991 Campbell Diagram 299 can opener 937 canal and river craft 514–15 Canal de Bourgogne 487 Canal de Briare 483 Canal de l’Est 488 Canal