INDEX 555 Index Activity-Based Approach (ABA) 263, 264 aerial photography 81, 85, 93 Africa, GDP per capita 63–7 agglomeration economy 3, 7–22, 35, 66, 89, 90–1, 251, 313, 315, 324–8, 406 geographical scope of 16–18 sources of 12, 18–20 agglomeration, index of 19 agriculture 4, 40–1, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50 AHS see United States, American Housing Survey air pollution 143, 502–14 aggregate emissions 505–6 ambient 505–6 and bronchitis 512 government actions 506–8 sources of emissions 504–5 airport 290, 315, 316, 321 Alabama gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 allocation equilibrium 121–3 Pareto-optimal 114–19 Alonso model 75–6, 109, 110, 113–14, 126, 281 amenities, urban 483–6 Angola, GDP per capita 56 Antigua, GDP per capita 67 apartheid 60–1, 537, 545, 551, 552 Argentina 62, 312 air pollution 504 Arizona gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 453, 454, 455 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Arkansas gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Asian debt crisis (1998) 219, 221–2 Atlanta, GA employment growth 420 ghettoization index 539, 540 land use 87, 91, 92, 289 residential mobility 405–7, 408 spatial mismatch 421, 411 unemployment rate 419 auctioneer, Walrasian 145 Austin, TX, software development 9 Australia business land tax 316 population density 57 property tax 348 real estate 144 Babylonia 46–50 bullae 51–2 cities in 53 ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:53PM555 A Companion to Urban Economics Edited by Richard J. Arnott, Daniel P. McMillen Copyright © 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 556 INDEX Babylonia (cont’d) kin groups 47, 51, 53 see also Mesopotamia backyard economy 2 Baltimore, MD ghettoization index 539 spatial mismatch 421 Bangladesh, population density 57 bank size 444, 457, 458 barter 47, 50, 51, 52, 53 base multiplier 463–7, 468, 471, 477 BEA see United States, Bureau of Economic Analysis Belgium, urban transport subsidy 302 bicycle use see Netherlands BID see United States, business improvement district bid-rent analysis 76, 99–100, 103–5, 106, 108, 281–2, 285, 290, 423–5, 434, 435, 482 binary choice model 265–6 Birmingham, AL, spatial mismatch 411 birth studies 15, 16, 21 BJS see United States, Bureau of Justice Statistics blockbusting 546 Bloomberg, Michael 22 borrowing, city 316–17 Boston, MA employment growth 420 ghettoization index 538 healthcare industry 311 high tech industry 476 household relocation 177 land use 92 local government 308 mortgage lending 206 Moving to Opportunity program 523–4 population density 132 Route 128 20 software development 9, 10, 20, 21 unemployment rate 419 Botswana GDP per capita 65 HIV 65 Box–Cox methods 489, 491, 493 Brazil 14 city deficits 317 devaluation 312 favelas 537 Buffalo, NY, ghettoization index 538 Build–Operate–Transfer (BOT) 262 Burma, GDP per capita 56 Burundi, GDP per capita 67 business cycle 441, 442, 447, 457 California city financing 323 city services 323 gross state product 443 Montrose Technology Park project 212–16, 219–23, 225–7 pollution 508–9 Proposition 13 323, 352–3 Proposition 60 353 response to funds rate increase 455, 456 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 software development 9, 10, 22, 36–7 wine industry 7, 8 Canada acid rain 506 air pollution 509 and fiscal federalism 309 GDP per capita 56 PM-10 particulate emissions 509 population density 57, 60 capital market 211, 214, 221–3, 225, 226 capital structure 222 capital, agglomeration of 7 capital–land ratio 101, 130–1, 132, 362 Çatalhöyük (Çatal Hüyük) 40, 41, 43–6, 50 architecture 44 development of 45–6 kin groups 45, 53 production and trade 44–5 as regional trading center 45 religion 45 specialization 45 causality 15, 468–9 CBD see central business district Center for International Earth Science Information Network 57–8 central business district (CBD) 74, 75–6, 89, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 107, 129–40, 356, 390–1, 423–4, 426, 428–9, 433–7 centrally planned economy see economy, centrally planned ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:53PM556 INDEX 557 CET see United States, Center for Employment Training Charleston, SC, quality of life index 497 Charlotte, NC, financial services sector 467 Chicago, IL employment growth 420 floor-area ratio 137–8 ghettoization index 539 Greektown 543 housing relocation 177 land values 134 mass transit 289–90 as monocentric city 390 population density 58, 60, 133, 136 population growth 62, 87, 135, 311 real estate values 144 spatial mismatch 405, 411, 421 specialization 66 transportation infrastructure 61 unemployment rate 419 urban subcenters 89, 390 zoning 282, 289–90 Childs, Richard 374 China air pollution 511, 514 city development 60 “commodity housing” 182–3 commuting 60 economic reform 182 electric utilities 506 floor space 189–91, 193–4 guanxi, role of 191 housing demand 179–80, 181, 182–3, 189–91, 193–4 Housing Funds 183 housing market 143, 180–5 housing subsidy 183 new housing policy (1998) 183 one-child policy 194 population density 57 primacy index 68 rural–urban migration 194–5 state-owned enterprises (SOE) 182–3 urbanization rate 62, 67 Cincinnati, OH, ghettoization index 538 city 24–38 business services 321 car use in 293–5 climate as amenity 481 “closed” 104, 105, 107–8, 131 council government 314, 319–21, 322, 327, 328 decentralization of 390, 391, 405, 408, 412, 415–16, 428 defense of 41, 42–3, 44, 46, 53 definition of 2 as economic center 313 financing 311–31 first cities 4, 40–53 “fractal” 88, 92 ghettoization of 418 governance of 326–8 growth cycle 461–2, 463 “high-wage” 30 infrastructure 313–16, 321, 322, 323, 326, 328 land values 326 log-rolling 320, 327 monocentric see monocentric city model “open” 104 optimum size 69 policy gridlock 320 political administration 4 polycentric see polycentric city model poverty 311, 312, 315, 324–5, 328 property values 324, 327–8 public services 313–15 contracting out 318–19, 327 see also public services and religion 40, 41, 43, 45, 47–51, 53 residential services 319–21 role of 312–13 shared infrastructure 321 size 3, 9, 12, 13, 14 and crime 522 spatial structure 356 spillovers 322 strong mayor government 314, 319, 320, 321, 326, 327, 328 tax assignment 325–6 transaction costs 503 transportation in 242 and value 312–13, 323–8 Cleveland, OH ghettoization index 538 population growth 87 spatial mismatch 421 climate, amenity value of 7, 30, 46, 55, 75, 153, 303, 393 ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:53PM557 558 INDEX “closed-city” model see city, “closed” CMBS see commercial mortgage backed security Coase Theorem 553 Cobb–Douglas reaction function 336–7 cointegration 469–71 Colorado gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 455–6 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Columbus, OH, ghettoization index 538 commercial mortgage backed security (CMBS) 222 commercial space, market for 213–16 communism 504–5 commuting 74, 75, 81, 87, 89–90, 91, 97, 106, 107, 110, 113–20, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 131–2, 135, 136, 139, 263, 265, 315–16, 325, 326, 386, 387, 390–2, 406–9, 410, 412, 413, 416, 422–5, 426, 429–38 comparative advantage 66 comparative statics 104–6, 128, 131–2, 486 compensating differential theory 394 competition, imperfect 145, 146 competitive equilibrium 112–13, 120 condominium 152–3, 184 congestion 25–6, 33, 35, 41, 74, 87, 89, 91, 107, 129 pricing 242, 244, 251, 271–8 theory of 242–4, 245–8, 251, 254, 255, 257 toll 243, 244, 246, 251, 261, 262, 267, 271–3, 275, 276, 277, 279 Connecticut gross state product 443 population density 57–8 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 constant returns to scale (CRS) 100–2, 103 Constantinople 536 contract curve 111–12, 114–19, 123–4 Cook County, IL Assessor’s Office 137, 144 floor-area ratio 137–8 corporate finance, principal agent model of 153 corporate governance, municipal 372–83 cost–benefit analysis 143, 258–9 country data, analysis of 56, 62, 65 credit risk 197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 209 credit scoring 198, 200, 202, 203, 209–10 crime 26, 74, 87, 292, 304, 406, 407, 408, 418, 480, 481, 484, 488, 489, 490, 492, 495, 497, 499, 513 categorization of 516–17 and city size 522 and education 525–9 and socioeconomic status 516, 518–21, 524–34 urban 515–34 see also United States, crime rates in metropolitan areas; United States, urban crime cross-country analysis 26 cross-section analysis 26 cubic spline method 133, 137 “Cult of Skulls,” Jericho 43 Cyprus, ethnic segregation 545, 552 Dallas, TX employment growth 420 ghettoization index 539 residential development 90 unemployment rate 419 Dead Sea 42, 43, 45 deadweight loss (DWL) 249–50, 251, 258, 260 decentralization, urban 77, 87–8, 89, 92, 93, 94 Delaware gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Denmark, GDP per capita 67 density, urban 88–9 Denver, CO ghettoization index 639 population density 57 Detroit, MI automobile industry 463–5 banking industry 467 employment growth 420 ghettoization index 538 location quotient 467–8, 475 manufacturing 472–3, 475, 476 mass transit 431 ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:53PM558 INDEX 559 spatial mismatch 405, 421 time series analysis 461–2 unemployment rate 419 development discontinuous see leapfrogging taxonomy for 56 and urbanization 65–9 Dickey–Fuller test, augmented 469 Digital Electronics Corporation 18, 20 discrete-choice model 262, 264–70, 271 discrimination racial see racial discrimination statistical 197 dissimilarity, index of 420, 421 Djibouti, GDP per capita 67 “double taxation” problem 349 durable investment 147–9 DWL see deadweight loss econometrics, structural 12 economic activity, spatial pattern of 2, 3 economic development level of 56 patterns of 56–65 economic growth 13, 15, 16, 21 economy of scale 56, 65–7, 309, 315, 318 external 3, 9, 15, 20 internal 9 economy, agglomeration see agglomeration economy economy, centrally planned 4, 49, 60 economy, localization see localization economy economy, subnational see subnational economy economy, urbanization see urbanization economy Edgeworth box 75, 111–12, 115–17, 118, 120 education 25, 26, 29–32, 34, 35, 38, 313, 318, 319, 322, 327, 361, 369, 480, 481, 483, 484, 488, 489, 492, 495, 497, 499, 500 K-12 314, 315, 318, 319, 322, 325, 327, 328 school attendance 407–8, 417 subsidies to 25, 26, 28, 29, 34 effect, fixed see fixed effect efficiency wages 393–4, 421–2, 425–8, 431, 432, 433, 436, 437 EKC see environmental Kuznets curve employment 15, 16, 283, 285, 289–90, 399, 420, 445, 460–77 Engels, Friedrich 504 Engle, Robert 388 Enron 317 environment 57, 301–3 see also air pollution; pollution environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) 510, 511 EPA see United States, Environmental Protection Agency Erudi, Babylonia 46 ES see United States, Employment Service estimator, nonparametric/semiparametric 133 Ethiopia and Eritrea, GDP per capita 67 ethnic segregation 536–53 efficiency of 548–51 public policy and politics of 551–3 ethnicity 197, 199, 201 see also race; racial discrimination Euphrates river 46 Europe, gasoline tax 246 European Central Bank (ECB) 442 European Monetary Union 442 European Union 195, 348, 388, 552 and fiscal federalism 309, 310 eviction 150, 151 excise tax effects 357, 362, 364, 365 externality 292, 295–6, 298, 299, 302, 304 ability 34–5 human capital 24–38 internalized 34–5 Jacobs 66 Marshall–Arrow–Romer (MAR) 66 reciprocal 27 exurban county 81, 83–5, 90, 93, 94 FHA see United States, Federal Highway Administration firm size 444, 457 First Welfare Theorem 75 fiscal federalism 308–9, 358 Fisher Ideal formula 232 fixed effect 31 Florida gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:53PM559 560 INDEX FOMC see United States, Federal Open Market Committee Fort Lauderdale, FL, ghettoization index 539 Fourier expansion 133 France 15, 37, 56, 62, 313 Algerian ghettos 482, 537 construction-subsidized housing 162–3 Epargne Logement 164 French Housing Survey (1996) 169–70 government housing policy 143, 160–5 habitation à loyer modéré (HLM) 160, 162–3, 165–71, 175, 176 housing subsidies 172 Livret A financial circuit 162 low-income households 159–77 Ministry of Housing 175 notary act 160 Prêt à Taux Zéro (PTZ) 159, 164, 174–6 Prêt Conventionné (PC) 164 Prêt d’Accession à la Propriété (PAP) 164 private rental sector housing 171–4 public spending 165, 166 unemployment rate 422 free-rider problem 48, 49, 51, 53 Furlong, Tom 18 GAAP see generally accepted accounting practices Gary, IN, pollution 504 GDP per capita 56–7, 63–5, 67–8 general equilibrium demand function 251–2, 253 generally accepted accounting practices (GAAP) 317 Geographic Information and Retrieval Analysis System (GIRAS) 85, 87, 90 geographic information software (GIS) 512, 513 Georgia carpet industry 9, 11, 19, 22 gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 453, 454, 455 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Germany 22, 62 Bausparkassen system 164 trade 66 Turkish ghettos 482, 537, 552 Ghana 56 ghetto 482 derivation of term 537 and discrimination 544–5 and education 551 and exclusion 544, 545 involuntary 543–6 multiethnic 543 optimal size 548 and prejudice 544 and racism 544 sectoral pattern of 549 self-segregation 541–2 voluntary 542–3 Chinatowns 537, 538, 542–3 ghettoization 536–53 and rents 546–8 index 538–40 GIRAS see Geographic Information and Retrieval Analysis System GIS see geographic information software governance, city 326–8 government strategic interaction 332–45 system of 308 Granger causality 468–9 Granger, Clive 388 grant-in-aid, intergovernmental 309, 313 Greece, Ancient 4, 536 Greenpeace 510 gross state product (GSP) 443–4, 447–8, 457 see also individual US states Gumbel distribution 266, 269 Hampton City, VA, quality of life index 497 Hartford, CT, ghettoization index 538 HBU see space market analysis, “highest and best use” health production function (HPF) 512 hedonic model 143, 228–39, 480, 481, 489, 490, 491, 492, 512, 513, 514 Henry George Theorem 360, 361, 366 heterogeneity 154–5 HLM see France, habitation à loyer modéré HMDA see United States, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act home value insurance 382–3 homeownership 164–5, 174–6 ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:53PM560 INDEX 561 “homevoter” 376–9 Hong Kong population density 57 primacy index 68 urbanization rate 67 Hoover, Herbert 380 household African-American 203–5, 206 low-income 159–77 housing 141–239, 282, 287–9 allowances 171–4 appreciation 147 demand 179–95 depreciation 147, 148 durability of 143, 145, 146, 147–9, 153 equity 170–1, 219, 221–3, 349 “hold up” problem 150 investment in 144, 147–9, 150, 152, 153, 156, 159 lock-in effects 153, 156, 157 market 145, 157, 180–5 mobility trap 167 policy 159–77 price index 228–39 hedonic price model 230–2 hybrid model 234, 239 repeat-sales model 232–4 representative-property method 230, 236, 237 prices 138–9, 155–7, 180, 181, 183, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192 private rental sector 171–4 public 143 racial transition 382 subsidies 173–6 tenure choice 145–57, 185–9 vacancy rate 144, 145, 146, 147, 154–7, 216–17, 218, 219, 220, 227 Houston, TX employment growth 420 ghettoization index 539 spatial mismatch 421 unemployment rate 419 vacant land 88 HPF see Health Production Function HUD see United States, Department of Housing and Urban Development human capital externalities 24–38 Hungary, air pollution 504–5 hunter–gatherer communities 41, 42 Idaho gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 455 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 IIA see Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives Illinois Department of Revenue 137 gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 immigration 387, 395, 398, 401 impulse response function 475 Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) 267–8, 277–8, 279 India 56, 312 air pollution 511 Dhavari slum community 537 electric utilities 506 Gujarat riots (2002) 543, 552 Muslim ghettos 482, 538 population density 57 primacy index 68 urbanization rate 62 Indiana gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 453, 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Indianapolis, IN ghettoization index 538 spatial mismatch 411 indifference curve 97, 98, 99, 110–12, 116–17, 119 industrial organization 20–1 Industrial Revolution 4, 62 “industry is in the air” argument 35 industry high-technology 9, 13–14, 15, 22 location of 16–18 size of 3, 9, 12, 13, 15, 21 inequality, politics of 551–3 inflation, and housing 148 information, imperfect, theory of 145, 147 infrastructure, nonexcludability property 296 ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:53PM561 562 INDEX innovation 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, 36–7, 41, 43, 46, 52, 53 input sharing 12, 18–19 institutionalization see United States, institutionalization; United States, prison population instrumental variables (IV) 15, 30–1, 342, 344, 395, 398 insurance, home value 382–3 internal rate of return (IRR) 224–7 Internet boom 30, 31 interregional trade, Babylonia 50 inventory–sales ratio 20 investment analysis, real estate 223–5 investment in housing 144, 147–9, 150, 152, 153, 156, 159 return on 223 Iowa gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Iraq 40, 46 Ireland, property tax 348 IRR see internal rate of return isoquant 101–3 Israel 312 ethnic segregation 545, 552 Italy 312–13 Jacobs externality 66 Jamaica, land taxation 350 Japan 14, 312 congestion pricing 257 demography 195 floor space 189–94 gasoline tax 246 GDP per capita 56, 67 housing demand 179–82, 185–94, 195 Housing Loan Corporation (JHLC) 180–1, 191–3 housing market 143, 180–5 housing subsidy 180–1, 191, 192–4 housing tenure choice 185–6, 187–9 land price bubble 182 personal taxation 189, 194 population density 57 property taxation 186–9 real estate 144 residential overcrowding 191, 194 urban mass transit 245–6, 248, 257 urbanization rate 62, 67 Jericho 40, 41–3, 45, 46, 53 “Cult of Skulls” 43 development of 43 walls of 42–3 JHLC see Japan, Housing Loan Corporation jitney 416 job opportunity model 409 Jobs, Steve 17 Jordan Valley 40, 41–2, 50 Jordan, GDP per capita 67 Kalb, Jeffrey 20–1 Kansas City, ghettoization index 538 Kansas gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Kent, MI, quality of life index 497 Kentucky gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Kenya, land taxation 350 Keynesian model 465, 471–2 Kish, Babylonia 46 knowledge spillover 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 36 Konya plain, Turkey 43, 45 Korea, North, GDP per capita 63 Korea, South population density 57 urbanization rate 62 Kuznets curve see environmental Kuznets curve labor market adjustment 394–400 hysteresis 397 intervention 399–400 pooling 12, 18, 19, 20, 35 urban 385–77 demand shock 395–7 spatial mismatch 404–17 supply shock 398–9 ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:53PM562 INDEX 563 labor agglomeration of 7 urban, economic theory of 418–38 land conversion hazard model of 91 rural–urban 77, 79–80, 90, 91, 92, 93 land grant 31, 49 land rent 58, 74–6, 89, 107–8 land taxation 348–69 efficient 358–61 equilibrium 358–61 incidence of 353–5 neutrality of 351, 354, 355, 357, 361, 365 land use control 350, 368 pattern of 77–94, 107, 281, 283, 284, 289 regulation 372–83, 405, 412, 416 urban 73–140, 142, 244 and urban transportation 281–90 land, agricultural 131–2 landlord absentee 119–20, 121, 126 market power of 150, 154, 155, 159 Laos 56 GDP per capita 63 Las Vegas, NV, growth rate 472 Laspeyres formula 232 latent demand 262 leapfrogging 90–1, 93–4 Lebanon, GDP per capita 67 Liberia, GDP per capita 67 life expectancy 57 life insurance 222 LIHTC see United States, Low Income Housing Tax Credit Linear Random Utility Model (LRUM) 265, 269 literacy 57 loan-to-value ratio (LTV) 160, 175, 198, 199, 200, 206, 207 local government reform 310 localization economy 3, 12–16, 17, 66 location quotient 463, 467–8, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475 location, importance of 55 logit model 266, 267, 409 mixed 269–70 nested 268–9 see also multinomial logit model Los Angeles, CA employment growth 420 entertainment industry 312 ghettoization index 539 home price model 513 Hughes Air 14 labor market 386 land use 87, 91 mass transit 245 pollution 502, 507 population density 58, 60 spatial mismatch 411, 421 specialization 66 time series analysis 461–2 unemployment rate 419 urban subcenters 89, 390 Louisiana gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454, 455 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Luxembourg, GDP per capita 67 macroeconomics, urban 385–477 Maine gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 MAR see Marshall–Arrow–Romer externality marginal cost pricing 242–3, 247, 250, 254, 258 market failure 35–6 market, thin 154–5 Marshall, Alfred 12, 13, 18, 25, 32, 35, 66 Marshall–Arrow–Romer (MAR) externality 66 Marx, Karl 504 Maryland Department of Planning (MRP) 81–5 gross state product 443 Howard County Office of Planning 85–6 land conversion data 91 land use 77, 81–5 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:54PM563 564 INDEX mass transit 262, 289–90, 429, 431, 434 Massachusetts gross state product 443 population density 57–8 Proposition 2 1 / 2 327 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 tax assignment 327 Mauritius, GDP per capita 65 maximum likelihood (ML) methods 342, 344 McFadden, Daniel 242, 243, 244 MCSUI see United States, Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality mega-city 68, 504 Mesopotamia 40, 46–53 ecological setting 46–7 public goods 48–9 religious beliefs 46–7 temple enterprises 49–51 writing technology 51–2 see also Babylonia metropolitan statistical area see United States, metropolitan statistical area Mexico 56, 63, 312 air pollution 510 urbanization rate 62 Miami, FL ghettoization index 538, 539 quality of life index 499 spatial mismatch 421 Michigan gross state product 443–4 response to funds rate increase 453, 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 microeconomic theory 100–13, 118 Middle East 4 migration, of labor force 396, 397, 398–9 Milwaukee, WI ghettoization index 538, 540–2 population density 132, 133 minimum border-length hypothesis 549 Minneapolis, MN ghettoization index 538 Neighborhood Employment Network 400 software development 9 Minnesota gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Mississippi gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Missouri gross state product 443 home value insurance 382 response to funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 MLS see United States, multiple listing service MNL see multinomial logit model mobility cost 145, 146, 149, 154 mobility trap 167 modal choice 107 monetary policy 440–58 monocentric city model 74–5, 76, 87, 88–9, 90, 96–108, 142, 356 empirics 129–38 floor-area ratio 130–1, 136–8, 139, 282, 290 housing consumers 129–30 housing prices 138–9 housing producers 130–1 land values 134–6 population density 134–6 monocentricity, testing for 128–40 monopoly 50–1 pricing 295, 296, 318 Montana gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 455 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Monte Carlo simulation 450 mortgage lending 143, 147, 148, 153, 156, 157, 198–201 differential pricing 207–8 differential rejection rates 205–7 discrimination in 197–210 performance 204–5 segregation of applicants 203–4 segregation of loans 203–4 ACTZ01 18/04/2006, 02:54PM564 [...]... Zealand land taxation 350 property taxation 348 Newark, NJ ghettoization index 539 spatial mismatch 421 NIMBY see “not in my back yard” NLCD see United States, National Land Cover Data Norfolk, VA, ghettoization index 539 normal distribution 266 North America Free Trade Association (NAFTA) 510 North Carolina gross state product 443 land use 92 pantyhose industry 19 research triangle 9 response to funds... Moscow, transportation infrastructure 60 population density 57 urbanization rate 62 see also Soviet Union Sacramento County, CA, quality of life index 493 sacrifice ratio 441 Salt Lake City, UT, population density 57 San Antonio, TX, ghettoization index 539 San Diego, CA, ghettoization index 539 San Francisco, CA Bay Area road pricing 244, 261 Bay Area Travel Study 261, 277–8 computer hardware/software industry... Pittsburgh, PA and monetary policy 442 ghettoization index 538 land tax 316 Places Rated ranking 495 pollution 502, 504 population growth 87 property tax reforms 354 tax assignment 326 Places Rated rankings 495 PMI see United States, private mortgage insurance PMSA see United States, primary metropolitan statistical area Poland air pollution 502, 504–5 Warsaw ghetto 537, 545 political economy, urban 308... 413–14 urban labor market 389, 390, 391, 392, 396 urban land, total 80–5 urbanization rate 62, 67, 74 Urbanized Area (UA) 81, 91 USA Today 495 Value Pricing program 261, 271 War on Drugs 532–3 welfare reform 405, 412 wine industry 7–9, 20, 22 zoning 378–80, 381, 383 see also individual US cities, counties, and states Ur, Babylonia 46 urban development, cross-country patterns 55–70 urban sprawl see sprawl... ghettoization index 539 labor market 386 land use 92 mass transit 243 population density 133 urban subcenters 89 San Joaquin Valley, CA, labor market 386 San Jose, CA Center for Employment Training (CET) 400 ghettoization index 539 time series analysis 461–2 Sarasota, FL, quality of life index 497 satellite imagery 81, 84–5, 93 SBD see suburban business district schools see education Schwarz information... funds rate increase 454 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 North Dakota gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase 454, 455–6 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 North Korea, GDP per capita 63 Norway, road pricing 294 “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) 378, 382–3 NPV see net present value NRI see United States, National Resources Inventory Oak Park, IL, home value insurance... marginal 110, 123 UTP see urban transportation planning vacant land 88, 90 Value of Reliability (VOR) 272–4, 276, 279 Value of Time (VOT) 272–4, 276, 278–9 variables demographic 31 instrumental see instrumental variables vector autoregression (VAR) 447, 448, 449, 450, 474–6 vehicle lanes, high-occupancy 293–4 Venezuela, GDP per capita 67 Vermont gross state product 443 response to funds rate increase... differentials 392 across industries 393–4 intraurban 392–3 Washington State response to funds rate increase 455 small-firm employment 445 small-bank loans 446 software development 9 wine industry 7, 8 Washington, DC employment growth 420 ghettoization index 539 gross state product 443 land use 85 residential development 90 response to funds rate increase 456 spatial mismatch 421 unemployment rate 419 Washoe,... 445 New Orleans, LA, ghettoization index 539 New York apparel industry 12 arts industry 312 Astoria, Queens 543 “capital outlays” 316 congestion 257 deficit financing 317 employment growth 420 fashion industry 313 financial services sector 312, 467 ghettoization index 539 gross state product 443 housing consumption 169–70 land use 91–2 mass transit 245 police stop and arrest data 531 population density... state product 443 response to funds rate increase 453, 455, 456 small-bank loans 446 small-firm employment 445 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 348 Ottoman Empire 536–7 outsourcing 18 overage 199, 208 Paasche formula 232 Palm Beach, FL, quality of life index 497 PAP see France, Prêt d’Accession à la Propriété Pareto optimality 111–19, 121, 123–4, 310, 507, 514, 549–50 park . Consortium 84 National Ambient Air Quality Standard 508–9 National Association of Realtors 230 National Climatic Data Center 489 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 517 National Health Interview. density 57 San Antonio, TX, ghettoization index 539 San Diego, CA, ghettoization index 539 San Francisco, CA Bay Area road pricing 244, 261 Bay Area Travel Study 261, 277–8 computer hardware/software industry 9,. United States, National Land Cover Data Norfolk, VA, ghettoization index 539 normal distribution 266 North America Free Trade Association (NAFTA) 510 North Carolina gross state product 443 land use